Serial Communication Protocols

Serial Communication Protocols

Before starting with Serial Communication Protocols, Let’s break the terminology in three parts.

The communication is very well known terminology which involves the exchange of

information between two or more mediums. In embedded systems, the communication means the

exchange of data between two microcontrollers in the form of bits. This exchange of data bits in

microcontroller is done by some set of defined rules known as communication protocols. Now

if the data is sent in series i.e. one after the other then the communication protocol is known

as Serial Communication Protocol. More specifically, the data bits are transmitted one at a
time in sequential manner over the data bus or communication channel in Serial Communication.

Types of Communication Protocols

There are different types of data transfer available in the digital electronics such as serial

communication and parallel communication. Similarly the protocols are divided into two types

such as Serial Communication Protocol and Parallel Communication Protocols. Examples

of Parallel Communication Protocols are ISA, ATA, SCSI, PCI and IEEE-488. Similarly there

are several examples of Serial Communication Protocols such as CAN, ETHERNET, I2C,
SPI, RS232, USB, 1-Wire, and SATA etc.

1
Fig. Serial Communication Protocols

Fig. Parallel Communication Protocols

In this article, the different types of Serial Communication Protocols will be discussed. Serial

communication is the most widely used approach to transfer information between data

processing peripherals. Every electronics device whether it is Personal Computer (PC) or Mobile

runs on serial communication. The protocol is the secure and reliable form of communication

2
having a set of rules addressed by the source host (sender) and destination host (receiver) similar

to parallel communication.

Transmission Modes in Serial Communication

As already said above that in serial communication data is sent in the form of bits i.e. binary

pulses and it is well known that, binary one represents the logic HIGH and zero represents the

logic LOW. There are several types of serial communication depending on the type of

transmission mode and data transfer. The transmission modes are classified as Simplex, Half

Duplex and Full Duplex.

Simplex Method:

In simplex method either of the medium i.e sender or receiver can be active at a time. So if the

sender is transmitting the data then receiver can only accept and vice versa. So simplex method

is one-way communication technique. The well-known examples of simplex method are

Television and Radio.

Half Duplex Method:

In half duplex method both sender and receiver can be active but not at the same time. So if the

sender is transmitting then receiver can accept but cannot send and similarly vice versa. The

well-known examples of the half duplex is the internet where the user sends a request for a data

and the gets it from server.

Full Duplex Method:

In full duplex method, both receiver and transmitter can send data to each other at the same time.

The well-known example is mobile phone.

3
Apart from this, for appropriate data transmission, the clock plays important role and it is one of

the primary source. Malfunction of the clock results in unexpected data transmission even

sometimes data loss. So, the clock synchronisation becomes very important when using serial

communication.

Clock Synchronization
The clock is different for serial devices and it is classified in two type viz. Synchronous Serial

Interface and Asynchronous Serial Interface.

Synchronous Serial Interface:

It is a point-to-point connection from a master to slave. In this type of interface, all the devices

use single CPU bus to share data and clock. The data transmission becomes faster with same bus

to share clock and data. Also there is no mismatch in baud rate in this interface. In transmitter

side, there is a shift of the data onto serial line providing the clock as a separate signal as there is

no start, stop and parity bits are added to data. In receiver side, the data is being extract using the

clock provided by the transmitter and converts the serial data back to the parallel form. The well-

known examples are I2C and SPI.

4
Asynchronous Serial Interface:

In asynchronous Serial Interface, the external clock signal is absent. The Asynchronous Serial

Interfaces can be seen in mostly in long distance applications and are a perfect fit for the stable

communication. In asynchronous Serial Interface the absence of external Clock Source makes it

rely on several parameters such as Data Flow Control, Error Control, Baud Rate Control,

Transmission Control and Reception Control. On the transmitter side, there is a shifting of

parallel data onto the serial line using its own clock. Also it adds the start, stop and parity check

bits. On the receiver side, the receiver extracts the data using its own clock and convert the serial
data back to the parallel form after stripping off the start, stop, and parity bits. The well-known
examples are RS-232, RS-422 and RS-485.

Other Terms Related to Serial Communication

Apart from Clock Synchronization there are certain things to remember when transferring data

serially such as Baud Rate, Data bit selection (Framing), Synchronisation and error checking.

Let’s discuss these terms in brief.

Baud Rate: Baud rate is rate at which the data is transferred between the transmitter and receiver

in the form of bits per second (bps). The most commonly used baud rate is 9600. But there are

other selection of baud rate such as 1200, 2400, 4800, 57600, 115200. The more the baud rate

5
will be fats the data will be transferred at a time. Also for the data communication the baud rate

has to be same for both transmitter and receiver.

Framing: Framing is referred to the number of data bits to be sent from transmitter to receiver.

The number of data bits differs in case of application. Most of the application uses 8 bits as the

standard data bits but it can be selected as 5, 6 or 7 bits also.

Synchronisation: Synchronization Bits are important to select a chunk of data. It tells the start

and end of the data bits. The transmitter will set start and stop bits to the data frame and the
receiver will identify it accordingly and do the further processing.

Error Control: The error control plays an important role while serial communication as there

are many factors which affects and adds the noise in the serial communication. To get rid of this

error the parity bits are used where parity will check for even and odd parity. So if the data frame

contains the even number of 1’s then it is known as even parity and the parity bit in the register is

set to 1. Similarly if the data frame contains odd number of 1’s then it is known as odd parity and

clears the odd parity bit in the register.

Protocol is just like a common language that system uses to understand the data. As described

above, the serial communication protocol is divided into types i.e. Synchronous and

Asynchronous. Now the both will be discuss in detail.

Synchronous Serial Protocols

The synchronous type of serial protocols such as SPI, I2C, CAN and LIN are used in

different projects because it is one of the best resources for onboard peripherals. Also these are

the widely used protocols in major applications.

SPI Protocol

6
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous interface which allows several SPI

microcontrollers to be interconnected. In SPI, separate wires are required for data and clock line.

Also the clock is not included in the data stream and must be furnished as a separate signal. The

SPI may be configured either as master or as a slave. The four basic SPI signals (MISO, MOSI,

SCK and SS), Vcc and Ground are the part of data communication. So it needs 6 wires to send

and receive data from slave or master. Theoretically, the SPI can have unlimited number of

slaves. The data communication is configured in SPI registers. The SPI can deliver up to 10Mbps

of speed and is ideal for high speed data communication.

Most of the microcontrollers have inbuilt support for SPI and can be directly connected SPI

supported device:

7
I2C Serial Communication

Inter integrated circuit (I2C) two-line communication between different ICs or modules where

two lines are SDA (Serial Data Line) and SCL (Serial Clock Line). Both the lines must be

connected to a positive supply using a pull up resistor. I2C can deliver speed up to 400Kbps and

it uses 10 bit or 7 bit addressing system to target a specific device on the i2c bus so it can

connect up to 1024 devices. It has limited length communication and is ideal for onboard

communication. I2C networks are easy to setup since it uses only two wires and new devices can

simply be connected to the two common I2C bus lines. Same like SPI, microcontroller generally

have I2C pins to connect any I2C device:

USB

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is widely protocol with different versions and speeds. A maximum

of 127 peripherals can be connected to a single USB host controller. USB acts as "plug and play"

device. The USB are used in almost devices such as keyboards, printers, media devices, cameras,

scanners and mouse. It is designed for easy installation, faster data rated, less cabling and hot

swapping. It has replaced the bulkier and slower serial and parallel ports. USB uses differential
signalling to reduce interference and allow high-speed transmission over a long distance.

8
A differential bus is built with two wire, one of represents the transmitted data and the other its

complement. The idea is that the 'average' voltage on the wires does not carry any information,

resulting in less interference. In USB, the devices are allowed to draw a certain amount of power

without asking the host. USB uses only two wires to for data transfer and are faster than the

serial and parallel interface. USB versions supports different speeds such as 1.5Mbps (USB

v1.0), 480 Mbps (USB2.0), 5Gbps (USB v3.0). Length of individual USB cable can reach up to

5 meters without a hub and 40 meters with hub.

CAN

The Controller Area Network (CAN) is used in e.g. automotive to allow communication between

ECUs (Engine Control Units) and sensors. The CAN protocol is robust, low-cost and message

based and covers in many applications - e.g. cars, trucks, tractors, industrial robots. The CAN

bus system allows for central error diagnosis and configuration across all ECUs. CAN messages

are prioritized via IDs so that the highest priority IDs are non-interrupted. Each ECU contains a

chip for receiving all transmitted messages, decide relevance and act accordingly - this allows

easy modification and inclusion of additional nodes (e.g. CAN bus data loggers). The

applications include start/stop of vehicles, collision avoidance systems. The CAN bus systems

can provide speed up to 1Mbps.

Microwire

MICROWIRE is a 3Mbps [full-duplex] serial 3-wire interface essentially a subset of the SPI

interface. Microwire is a serial I/O port on microcontrollers, so the Microwire bus will also be

found on EEPROMs and other Peripheral chips. The 3 lines are SI (Serial Input), SO

(SerialOutput) and SK(Serial Clock). The Serial Input (SI) line to the microcontroller, SO is the

serial output line, and SK is the serial clock line. Data is shifted out on the falling edge of SK,
and is valued on the rising edge. SI is shifted in on the rising edge of SK. An additional bus

9
enhancement to MICROWIRE is called MICROWIRE/Plus. The main difference between the

two buses seems to be that MICROWIRE/Plus architecture within the microcontroller is more

complex. It supports speeds up to 3Mbps.

Asynchronous Serial Protocols

The asynchronous type of serial protocols are very essential when it comes to longer distance

reliable data transfer. Asynchronous communication does not require a timing clock that is

common to both devices. Each device independently listens and sends digital pulses that

represent bits of data at an agreed-upon rate. Asynchronous serial communication is sometimes

referred to as Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) serial, where the high voltage level is logic 1,

and the low voltage equates to logic 0. Almost every microcontroller on the market today has at

least one Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART) for serial communication. The

examples are RS232, RS422, RS485 etc.

RS232

The RS232 (Recommended Standard 232) is very common protocol used to connect different

peripherals such as Monitors, CNCs etc. The RS232 comes in male and female connectors. The

RS232 is point-to-point topology with maximum one device connected and covers distance up to

15 meters at 9600 bps. Information on the RS-232 interface is transmitted digitally by logical 0

and 1. The logical "1" (MARK) corresponds to a voltage in the range from -3 to -15 V. The

logical "0" (SPACE) corresponds to a voltage in the range from +3 to +15 V. It comes in DB9

connector which has 9 pinouts such as TxD, RxD, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, GND.

RS422

The RS422 is similar to RS232 which allows to simultaneously send and receive messages on
separate lines but uses a differential signal for this. In the RS-422 network, there can only be one

10
transmitting device and up to 10 receiving devices. The data transfer speed in RS-422 depends

on the distance and can vary from 10 kbps (1200 meters) to 10 Mbps (10 meters). The RS-422

line is 4 wires for data transmission (2 twisted wires for transmission and 2 twisted wires for

receiving) and one common GND ground wire. The voltage on the data lines can be in the range

from -6 V to +6 V. The logical difference between A and B is greater than +0.2 V. Logical 1

corresponds to the difference between A and B less than -0.2 V. The RS-422 standard does not

define a specific type of connector, usually it can be a terminal block or a DB9 connector.

RS485

Since RS485 uses multi-point topology, it is most used in the industries and are industry

preferred protocol. RS422 can connect 32 line drivers and 32 receivers in a differential

configurations but with the help of additional repeaters and signal amplifiers up to 256 devices.

The RS-485 does not define a specific type of connector, but it is often a terminal block or a DB9

connector. The speed of operation also depends on the length of the line and can reach 10 Mbit /

s at 10 meters. The voltage on the lines is in the range from -7 V to +12 V. There are two types

of RS-485 such as half duplex mode RS-485 with 2 contacts and full duplex mode RS-485 with

4 contacts. To learn more about using RS485 with other microcontrollers, check the links:

Conclusion
Serial Communication is one of the widely used communication interface systems in electronics

and embedded systems. The data rates can be different for different applications. The Serial

Communication Protocols can play decisive role when dealing in this kind of applications. So

choosing the right Serial protocol becomes very important.

11
Role of RTC(Real Time Clock) in Embedded Devices

RTC is an IC(integrated circuit) device and also a computer clock that keep track of
the current time. It assists to keep and maintain accurate time in devices.

It is powered by an internal lithium battery. As a result of which even if the power

of the system is turned off, the RTC clock keeps running. Below picture is an
anatomy of rtc IC and it has a tiny lithium battery.

RTC maintains its clock by counting the cycles of an oscillator — usually an

external 32.768kHz crystal oscillator circuit, an internal capacitor-based oscillator,
or even an embedded quartz crystal. Some can detect transitions and count the
periodicity of an input that may be connected.

Many RTCs can detect this change-over and go into an ultra-low power state where
they power down all circuitry except those essential for maintaining the clock in
order to conserve battery life. RTCs can also include alarm functions — set times
that when reached trigger the RTC to drive an output that wakes the processor up.

12
Data flow diagram of rtc time function

In general RTC ICs regulate time with the use of a crystal oscillator and do not rely
on clock signals like most hardware clocks. Aside from being responsible for the
timing function of the system and its clock, RTC ICs ensure that all processes

13
occurring in the system are appropriately synchronized. Although some may argue
that this is a job for the system clock, the system clock is actually dependent on the
RTC, making the RTC indirectly responsible for the synchronization.

Difference between RTC and System Clock?

Processor relies on a small quartz crystal circuit called the system clock to control
the timing of all computer operations. While RTC is the form of an IC which is
used to keep tracks of the current time. The term RTC refers to the devices used in
servers, personal computers and embedded systems

What is the System Clock?

System clock best analogy is a heartbeat. Just as your heart beats at a regular rate to
keep your body functioning, the system clock generates regular electronic pulses, or
ticks, that set the operating pace of components of the system unit. The processor
relies on a small quartz crystal circuit called the system clock to control the timing
of all computer operations. The pace of the system clock, called the clock speed, is
measured by the number of ticks per second.

For example, personal computer processors have clock speeds in the gigahertz
range. Thus, one gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion ticks of the system clock per
second. A computer that operates at 3 GHz has 3 billion (giga) clock cycles in one
second (hertz). The faster the clock speed, the more instructions the processor can
execute per second. The speed of the system clock is just one factor that influences
a computer’s performance. Other factors, such as the type of processor chip,
amount of cache, memory access time, bus width, and bus clock speed.

What is a RTC?

RTC confusion gets cleared with any other hardware clocks. Other hardware clocks
only produce signals which actually governs Digital Electronics. Other Hardware
Clocks does not help humans to count time but Real-Time Clock does this.
14
A real-time clock that was notable for its high accuracy, simplicity, flexibility and
low cost. The computer’s power supply produces a pulse at logic voltages for either
each half-wave or each zero crossing of AC mains. A wire carries the pulse to an
interrupt. The interrupt handler software counts cycles, seconds, etc. In this way, it
can provide an entire clock and calendar.

The clock also usually formed the basis of computers’ software timing chains; e.g.
it was usually the timer used to switch tasks in an operating system. Counting
timers used in modern computers provide similar features at lower precision, and
may trace their requirements to this type of clock.

15