Assignment 2 8606

Course: (Citizenship Education and Community Engagement (8606)
Level: B.Ed. (2.5 Years) Semester: Autumn, 2022
ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement (8606)

Semester: Autumn,
B.ED. (2.5 Years)
ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
Student Name: Saba Naz
Registration# 0000391691|09|16BH|1012
Q 1 Discuss the means of social control in a society.
Social Control
The ways in which society prevents and sanctions behavior that violates social norms.
Social control refers to societal and political mechanisms that regulate individual and group
behavior in an attempt to gain conformity and compliance to the rules of a given society, state, or
social group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control – informal control and formal
control.
Formal Control
Formal social control typically involves the state. External sanctions are enforced by the
government to prevent chaos, violence, or anomie in society. An example of this would be a law
preventing individuals from committing theft. Some theorists, like Émile Durkheim, refer to this
type of control as regulation.
Informal Control
Informal control typically involves an individual internalizing certain norms and values.
This process is called socialization. The social values present in individuals are products of
informal social control, exercised implicitly by a society through particular customs, norms, and
mores. Individuals internalize the values of their society, whether conscious or not of this
indoctrination.
Informal sanctions may include shame, ridicule, sarcasm, criticism, and disapproval, which
can cause an individual to conform to the social norms of the society. In extreme cases, sanctions
may include social discrimination, exclusion, and violence. Informal social control has the
potential to have a greater impact on an individual than formal control. When social values become
internalized, they become an aspect of an individual’s personality.
Informal sanctions check ‘deviant’ behavior. An example of a negative sanction is depicted

in a scene in ‘The Wall,’ a film by Pink Floyd. In this scene, a young protagonist is ridiculed and
verbally abused by a high school teacher for writing poetry in a mathematics class. Another
example occurs in the movie “About a Boy”. In this film, a young boy hesitates to jump from a
high springboard and is ridiculed for his fear. Though he eventually jumps, his behavior is
controlled by shame, not by his internal desire to jump.
In your opinion, which social control agents are influential in our society and why.
Social control which implies the social intercourse is regulated in accordance with
established and recognized standards, is comprehensive, omnipotent and effective to stimulate
order, discipline and mutuality; and to discourage, and if need be, to punish the deviance. The aim
of social order, Parsons has well said, is “nipping deviant tendencies in the bud”. If that be not
done, social order would cease to exist; the law of the brute would prevail. The world would be
that ‘brutish’ and ‘nasty’ state will prevail in society. Just the opposite is the process and influence
that regulated social action.
The mechanics of socialization, the process of internalization of values etc. and the
bondage due to emotion – repulsion and attraction, that individuals, generally come up as
conformists. Social control works always and all the time. But in view of the fact that society is
subject to external impact, and internal revulsions, that continuity and change is the character of
social system, the enforcement of social control is not simple.
Some may be dissatisfied with it and they may find satisfaction in deviance. The danger is
always present; it cannot be eliminated. It is also not tolerable. The effectiveness of social control
would therefore depend on the appropriate coordination of the accepted means of social control.
Meaning of Social Control
Generally speaking, social control is nothing but control of the society over individuals. In
order to maintain the organization and the order of the society, man has to be kept under some sort
of control. This control is necessary in order to have desired behavior from the individual and
enable him to develop social qualities.
Society in order to exist and progress has to exercise a certain control over its members
since any marked deviation from the established ways is considered a threat to its welfare. Such
control has been termed by sociologists as social control.
Social control is the term sociologists apply to those mechanisms by which any society
maintains a normative social system. It refers to all the ways and means by which society enforces
conformity to its norms. The individual internalizes social norms and these become part of his
personality. In the process of socialization the growing child learns the values of his own groups
as well as of the larger society and the ways of doing and thinking that are deemed to be right and
proper.
But every social group makes errors, great or small, in the socializing the young, says
Lapeer. Even at best, the internalization be so the social norms can scarcely have complete that a
person’s own desires exactly coincide with the social expectations of his group.
Hence, there is some deviations from group norms in every group. But any deviation
beyond a certain degree of tolerance is met with resistance, for any marked deviation from the
accepted norms is considered a threat to the welfare of the group.
Hence sanctions – the rewards or punishments- are applied to control the behavior of the
individual and to bring the nonconformists into line. All these efforts by the group are called social
control, which is concerned with the failures in socialization. Social control, as says Lapiere, is
thus a corrective for inadequate socialization.
Q2 a) Analyze the effect of school on community in a progressive society.

Ans:
Schools were particularly credited with improving student attitudes and behaviors in
addition to performing the academic functions of increasing knowledge and career preparation.
They were referred to as "bank accounts" that are helping communities to prepare for their futures
through investments in children. Students at the schools were thought to be more likely to avoid
jail, pregnancy, and delinquency and to get good jobs that would benefit the overall community.
Even if the students left to finish school elsewhere, it was thought they would be likely to return
and work in the area. The schools also benefit the communities by employing teachers who would
otherwise be without jobs and income. This is indicative of the sense that the schools are key
players in a virtuous cycle for communities. By benefiting students, families, teachers, and other
stakeholders, those individuals develop the skills and stability to help others, thereby perpetuating
an ongoing process of community development.
Coupled with these strong feelings about the importance of the schools, participants expressed a
deep sense of ownership of the schools. This reinforces the centrality of the schools to the
communities, and is also a credit to the manner in which the schools were developed and the
methods used to generate community engagement. Because of the sense that the schools belong to
the communities, the teachers, parents, and other focus group participants all expressed willingness
to volunteer to help the schools in any way that they could. Many described ways in which they
have helped in the past or on an ongoing basis—such as assisting with construction, providing
materials, hauling water and food, setting up events, and cleaning. And they appeared eager to
assist in the future as new needs arise. They reported attending meetings whenever the principal
organized them to remain current on what is happening in the school and to help as needed. In
addition, they all desired the formation of school committees in order to facilitate participation in
decision making, maintain awareness of the schools’ needs, and identify new opportunities to
provide assistance. Parents’ and teachers’ reports of their roles in making decisions for the schools
did vary across the schools, indicating that some principals welcomed advice and additional
perspectives more than others
What strategies can a teacher apply to strengthen the relationship between school and
community?
Education is not all about finding X in a mathematical equation or writing book reports. It
extends to how students will fit into the real world during their school days and afterward. A good
education produces young people with a positive sense of self- concept and sound emotional and
mental well-being.
These young people will be able to form healthy, positive relationships with their parents,
family members, and the rest of the community. Plus, they will become good future employees
and employers. The school on its own cannot instill these values. In the same vein, parents and
social groupings alone cannot produce well-rounded individuals.
This is why the school and the community must work together to get the best outcomes for
young people. Today, we will offer strategies for building relationships between the school and
the community to promote student success.
Why Promote Positive School-Community Relations
When schools and communities work together:
• Students score better grades

• They skip fewer classes
• More students achieve higher qualifications
• Lower incidences of bullying and delinquency are recorded
In a case study of the Oakland Unified School District, researchers found that community
involvement positively impacted school outcomes. According to the case study, The Oakland
International High School is a successful case of a great school and community partnerships. In
2010, 29% of the schools' population were recent immigrants from other countries. The majority
of the school’s students were refugees who had endured difficult trauma, which was pulling down
school outcomes.
Through successful community-school engagement programs, they managed to turn the

situation around. For instance, they offered after-school language classes for school learners and
their parents.
Here are some of the positive results of these initiatives. In a 2015-16 survey, two- thirds of
students reported being "happy" or “very happy” with their educational experience.72% of
students were able to graduate, with a high number taking and passing all required courses for
admittance into California state universities.
51% took enough rigorous college-prep classes to make them eligible to attend either UC or
CSU schools—6 times higher than peers district-wide.
It’s plain to see that the community and school can help young people achieve more when they
work together.
Here are some strategies for bridging the gap between the school and the community.
Consider the School and Community Equal Partners
Research on school-community partnerships in rural Tennessee schools established that

the community is more invested in learning outcomes if they are treated as equal partners. If school
leaders make it clear to all stakeholders that they are an equal partner in the children’s
development, the result is a solid school-community relationship. The school should view
communities and families as equal experts in a child’s education. In addition, schools should tap
into the values and strengths that the outside parties bring to the table. Plus, it helps cultivate a
sense of trust and belonging among students, educators in the school districts, and families by
partnering with the community.
For instance, schools can invite community organizations and families to take the lead in
some school programs and events, such as quiz competitions, athletic events, or talent shows.
Q.3 a) Explain why communication skills are essential for effective teaching.
Ans:
One of the most important skills of a good teacher is communication skills.
Communicating effectively with students creates a positive learning environment and

fosters student success. Strong communication skills also enable teachers to build strong
relationships with students, parents, and colleagues.
Table of Contents
• Good communication skills are important for several reasons:

• Here are a few other ways how teachers can improve communication skills:
• 7 Reasons Why Good Communication Skills Are Important For Teachers
• To Be Effective, Teachers Need To Be In Control of Their Classrooms
• Good Communication Skills Are Important for Student Learning
• Good Communication Skills Can Decrease Teacher Turnover
• Good Communication Skills Are Necessary For Parent-Teacher Interaction
• Good Communication Skills Can Help Teachers Spot Problems Early On in a Student’s
Educational Program
• Good Communication Skills Are Important for Teachers Who Are Dealing
• With Special Needs Children
• Good Communication Skills Can Influence Parents’ and Students’ Perceptions
• Of Teachers
• Final Thoughts
• One of the most important skills of a good teacher is communication skills.
Communicating effectively with students creates a positive learning environment and fosters
student success. Strong communication skills also enable teachers to build strong relationships
with students, parents, and colleagues.
Communication is essential in the workplace. Good communication skills can help you build
strong working relationships, resolve conflict, and increase productivity. Therefore, the
importance of communication in the workplace cannot be underestimated.
• Good communication skills are important for several reasons:

• When you can communicate effectively, you can better teach skills to others.
• Good communication skills can help you build strong relationships with the people around
you.
• Effective communication can help you better understand the world around you.
One of the most important skills in the workplace is effective communication. Communication
is essential to maintain relationships with co-workers, superiors, and customers. Good
communication skills can help to resolve conflicts, build relationships, and increase productivity.
A few key things to remember when communicating effectively in the workplace: be clear,
concise, and respectful. Good communication skills are essential for teachers. They need to be able
to communicate effectively with their students and other teachers and school staff. Good
communication skills can help teachers to better understand their students, and to build positive
relationships with them. In addition, good communication skills can help teachers resolve conflicts
and manage their classrooms effectively.
Teachers need to be able to communicate with students and parents. Good communication
skills are important for the success of any teaching profession.
Why it is necessary to have good communication skills and some other ways teachers can
improve their effectiveness in delivering instruction and educating students.
First impressions do matter! A teacher’s first impression of a student can affect future
interactions with that student in or out of school. Therefore, a teacher must demonstrate positive
images through verbal cues and nonverbal messages such as tone of voice, facial expressions, body
language, eye contact, etc.
Here are a few other ways how teachers can improve communication skills:
• Have a systematic plan with clear goals, objectives, and expectations for each class period.
• Have enough engagement with students by involving them in academic activities and
experiences outside the classroom.
• Show enthusiasm for the activities that teachers are facilitating in their classrooms.
• Communicate the importance of their role as a teacher and role models to their students.
• Demonstrate positive behavior, language, and instructional techniques.
• Help students find success in school and remind them that they are all learners as well.
b) How can effective communication result in improved management?
Communication and management are closely linked. Communication refers to the process
by which information is exchanged between two or more people (increasingly, machines are also
included in communication, but we limit the discussion here to communication between people).
Each of the management roles—planning, organizing, leading, and controlling—depends on
effective communication. Managers must be able to receive accurate information to determine
plans, and they must be able to send accurate information for the plans to be implemented. When
information is accurately sent and received, everyone in an organization can be informed. As we
see in the earlier example, however, when information is misinterpreted or when incorrect
information spreads, communications can create significant problems in organizations.
The Role of Communication in Management
The role of management is to accomplish the goals of an organization. To do this, managers

create a plan that defines what needs to be done, when it will be done, and how it will be done. To
implement the plan, managers must convey this information to everyone in the organization. That
is, they must communicate the plan to members of the organization. However, managers need to
do much more than just inform people what they need to do to support the plan. They also must
motivate people to support the plan, build commitment to the organization, establish rapport and
collaboration, and keep everyone informed of events and actions that affect the organization. Good
communication not only informs but also helps to create a culture that makes people feel like they
belong to and want to support the organization. The opening example shows what can result from
poor communication. Following are some of the benefits of effective communication.
Provides clarity. Confusion, uncertainty, and ambiguity make people uncomfortable and
uncooperative. Making roles, responsibilities, and relationships clear gives everyone the
information they need to do their jobs and to understand their contributions to the organization.
Effective communication reduces the cost associated with conflicts, misunderstandings, and
mistakes.
Builds Relationships
A culture that promotes open communication reduces tension between hierarchical levels
of employees, both professionally and socially. In a trusting and collaborative culture, people are
more likely to seek help with problems and to suggest solutions and improvements. Effective
communication creates a collegial culture that fosters teamwork and encourages cooperation.
Creates commitment
Effective communication involves not only sending information but also receiving it. By
listening to employees’ concerns, allowing them to have input on their work and their workplace,
and giving consideration to their suggestions, managers can make everyone in the organization
feel like they are valued contributors. When employees feel like they are valued in the
organization, they will likely be more engaged and motivated. Effective communication creates
support and commitment.
Defines expectations
When people are uncertain about what is expected of them and how they will be evaluated,
they can’t do their jobs well. Performance reviews are difficult because the employee does not
know the performance standards they are expected to meet. And if corrective measures are
necessary, the employee may be resentful if he can’t see how his behaviors reduced his
effectiveness. When expectations and standards are clear, employees know what they need to do
to get a positive review and the benefits that come with it.
Q.4 a) Describe the relationship between technological change and society.
Technology and Social Change
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the making of tools to solve

specific problems. Technological advances such as automobiles, airplanes, radio, television,
cellular phones, computers, modems, and fax machines have brought major advances and changes
to the world. Indeed, 20th century technology has completely— and irreversibly—changed the
way people meet, interact, learn, work, play, travel, worship, and do business.
Technological information increases exponentially: The entire database of scientific

knowledge doubles every several years. This “technological explosion” is due in part to an
“Information explosion,” as well as to advances in storage, retrieval, and communication of data.
In other words, a cycle occurs: Improvements in technology lead to increases in knowledge and
information and, thus, to uncovering the means to create better technology. Consequently,
sociologists are concerned with how technological societies will be forced to adapt to the social
changes that improvements in technology will continue to bring.
Computer technology
In the 1990s, people witnessed an explosion of computer technology—both in America

and around the globe, which has in turn led to a change in how and where people work.
Telecommuters are employees of agencies or business firms who work full‐time or part‐time at
home instead of in the office. They connect to their offices via electronic networking: phone,
computer, e‐mail, and fax. Telecommuting allows employees to work under supervisors in another
state or country. This form of employment especially helps disabled individuals who are unable to
leave home or travel to an office, as well as working parents of young children.
The Internet—the world's largest computer network—has revolutionized electronic

networking. The number of people using the Internet continues to double annually, with at least
50 percent of all Americans “online” in 2000.
The Internet originally developed from a system built by the U.S. Defense Department to
permit governmental work in the aftermath of a nuclear attack. Although originally only those with
governmental or University World Wide Web service. Net‐surfers can telecommute, read articles,
check stock prices, conduct research, comparison price, and shop from home, meet others in chat
rooms or on bulletin boards, take college courses, and even earn an accredited degree.
The Internet has certainly provided exciting new possibilities for electronic
communication, yet critics argue that a dark side exists to this informational tool. One area of
special concern, especially for families with young children, is the ability to access and download
pornographic materials. Internet users can download pornographic photos, trade sexual messages
on a bulletin board, have overtly sexual conversations with a distant “playmate,” play erotic games,
or purchase tickets for a singles cruise. In recent years, sexual predators have also used the Internet
to identify potential victims. Other areas of concern include potential social isolation, random and
reckless dissemination of non-verifiable or inaccurate information, plagiarism, and family
estrangement.
Biotechnology
Recent decades have produced dramatic—though controversial—scientific advances in

biotechnology (the application of technology to the practice of medicine). Advances in such areas
as reproductive technologies, surrogate parenthood, sex preselection, and genetic engineering have
raised difficult political, ethical, and moral questions.
Reproductive technologies and sex preselection
Not every couple wanting to conceive can do so. If they fail to conceive after one year or
more of trying, the couple is considered infertile. At any one time, up to 20 percent of couples in
the United States may be infertile.
In many cases, doctors can successfully treat infertility:
Fertility drugs (ovulation‐stimulating hormones) can help when the woman's inability to
ovulate causes the infertility.
Artificial insemination, which involves collecting and introducing sperm into the vagina
using a syringe, proves particularly useful when the man possesses a below‐normal sperm count.
In vitro fertilization, or the “test‐tube baby” method, involves fertilizing an egg outside the
woman's body and implanting it into the uterus. This procedure is useful when the woman has
blocked fallopian tubes.
b) Analyze the response of Pakistani society to technological change.
Pakistan’s startups need government help to foster innovation and protect intellectual
property. Technology, including the IT industry, in Pakistan has enormous potential for growth.
But teething problems, especially a lack of funds and encouragement for product development,
have deterred start-ups from moving forward with disruptive innovations or technologies. While
Pakistan’s technology sector struggles to get off the ground, Indian IT exports have reached more
than $100 billion. However, Pakistan can turn a corner by investing in tech start-ups and disruptive
technologies, providing facilities like incubators, office space, and financial leeway. Such
measures could not only promote entrepreneurship and innovation-based critical thinking but
would also clean the Augean stables of poverty and unemployment. Technology is sine qua non
for the 21st century and ignoring it could result in unquantifiable lost economic opportunities.
Pakistan has a very robust youth population and with measures like incubators and financial
assistance the country can create a roadmap toward innovation-based technologies and
breakthroughs– much like the United States did at the start of 20th century and India did in the
early 1990s.
Technological innovation can be classified in different ways: product vs process, disruptive

vs sustaining. It is imperative that government should enable institutions and corporations working
on all types of innovation based technologies and, importantly, the processes involved. Another
important step to enhance innovation would be to have a legal framework to protect intellectual
property (IP) rights. Such framework would not only penalize IP rights infringement (which is
currently quite prevalent in corporate circles of Pakistan) but would also help in creating an
atmosphere for innovation. It is important for the government to understand the importance of IP
rights. IP protection and the related legal framework could not only enable innovation based
thinking, businesses, and products but would also help develop the IP industry in Pakistan. IP, in
the form of patents, contributes enormously to national and state economies, but for now,
Pakistan’s IP is stuck leap years behind other countries. The strength of the U.S. IP industry and
accompanying legal framework show in the data. According to the Global Intellectual Property
Center, IP intensive industries employ 55 million Americans and are worth $5.8 trillion, more than
the nominal GDPs of France and Britain. IP accounts for 72 percent of all U.S exports, which
amounts to nearly $1.5 trillion. All that is possible because the U.S. government understands the
importance of mechanisms that enable IP rights protection and further technological innovation.
Q.5 a) Explicate the roles and responsibilities of school, parents and local
bodies.
Ans:
The role of parents, community and schools are the main stakeholders related to a student’s
quality education. I have focused to this because the education system has not shown the proper
ability to complete the tasks and problems occurred with the education provided by Nepalese
Educational institutions. The study is focused how to ensure the capabilities in the children during
the time of proving the education in our formal education system.
Importance of study
Each and every study should have with great importance for its practicality. The study
which is improper and impractical is meaningless. So, I have taken that this article will play an
important role for those who are really establishing the formal foundation of learning among the
responsible authorities to ensure children’s quality education.
Objectives of study:
The main objectives of my article are to:
• Provide awareness for newly establishing educational institutions for ensuring quality
education.
• Provide guidelines for related stakeholders about their roles in education.
• Show the main limitation of getting the trouble in quality education.
Role of Parents
A kid’s education starts from home. Parents are their first teachers and they have a key role
in shaping up their character. A balance of education at home and school molds a student’s actual
learning. Be a helping hand in their educational journey and travel with them with true inspiration.
Parental encouragement had played a crucial role in successful students. Their role is not limited
to home but involvement in school activities too. A child’s learning scale is highly related to how
they are treated at home. Here are a few ways which parents can adopt to help with their child’s
education:
Be a role model
Kids would be easily inspired by what their parents do. So it would be good to be a role
model in their learning phase. Parents are a kid’s first teachers and so learn the first things together
at home. Show them how exciting and meaningful a school life can be if they give out their best.
Inspire them to learn novel elements in and out of school with friendly reminders and guidance.
Doing things together with parents give them a sense of support and confidence. Reading the
lessons together is one of the best ways to be close with the child’s learning at school. This not
only improves their vocabulary but invokes interest in them to read more. It is also a good idea to
visit the library together and share quality books to help them get additional knowledge than
classroom lessons. Oversee child’s activity: It is important to have an eye on the child’s activity in
school and home. Their general habits are closely linked to how they perform in their studies. So
give timely advices and correct any abnormal behavior right from the childhood days and inspire
them to be good citizens. Help them to be more organized with their daily routine and find enough
time for the lessons. No over scheduling: It is not a good idea to over schedule them with learning
activities at home. They are spending about half of their day at school. So help them schedule their
extra learning and homework time at home without burdening them. Balancing the time between
lessons, play time and rest is important to have a quality student life. Provide pleasant atmosphere:
Parents should make sure that the kids are provided with a peaceful and pleasant atmosphere at
home. It is good to avoid discussing family problems in kid’s presence and don’t create a mess at
home with unnecessary quarrels. Both father and mother should consider the importance of their
study life and give them adequate moral support. Give constructive criticism: If you notice that
your kid is not performing well or giving less importance to studies, correct them at the beginning
itself. However, it is not good to spoil their peace of mind with ill words. Have some patience and
give only constructive criticism if you notice any downsides. Make them understand what is right
and wrong rather than simply blaming them.
b) Do you think teachers' personality can be a source of motivation for their Students? Give
argument.
Motivating Students
One of the most difficult aspects of becoming a teacher is learning how to motivate your
students. It is also one of the most important. Students who are not motivated will not learn
effectively. They won’t retain information, they won’t participate and some of them may even
become disruptive. A student may be unmotivated for a variety of reasons. They may feel that they
have no interest in the subject, find the teacher’s methods un-engaging or be distracted by external
forces. It may even come to light that a student who appeared unmotivated actually has difficulty
learning and is in need of special attention.
Interested in developing your skills as a teacher? Explore online education short courses
designed to give you an in-depth understanding of various skills in teaching.
While motivating students can be a difficult task, the rewards are more than worth it.
Motivated students are more excited to learn and participate. Simply put: Teaching a class full of
motivated students is enjoyable for teachers and students alike. Some students are self-motivated,
with a natural love of learning. But even with the students who do not have this natural drive, a
great teacher can make learning fun and inspire them to reach their full potential.
Here are five common steps to get your students excited about learning:
1. Encourage Students
Students look to teachers for approval and positive reinforcement, and are more likely to be
enthusiastic about learning if they feel their work is recognized and valued. You should encourage
open communication and free thinking with your students to make them feel important. Be
enthusiastic. Praise your students often. Recognize them for their contributions. If your classroom
is a friendly place where students feel heard and respected, they will be more eager to learn. A
“good job” or “nice work” can go a long way.
2. Get Them Involved
One way to encourage students and teach them responsibility is to get them involved in the
classroom. Make participating fun by giving each student a job to do. Give students the
responsibility of tidying up or decorating the classroom. Assign a student to erase the blackboard
or pass out materials. If you are going over a reading in class, ask students to take turns reading
sections out loud. Make students work in groups and assign each a task or role. Giving students a
sense of ownership allows them to feel accomplished and encourages active participation in class.
3. Offer Incentives
Setting expectations and making reasonable demands encourages students to participate, but
sometimes students need an extra push in the right direction. Offering students small incentives
makes learning fun and motivates students to push themselves. Incentives can range from small to
large giving a special privilege to an exemplary student, to a class pizza party if the average test
score rises. Rewards give students a sense of accomplishment and encourage them to work with a
goal in mind.
4. Get Creative
Avoid monotony by changing around the structure of your class. Teach through games and
discussions instead of lectures, encourage students to debate and enrich the subject matter with
visual aids, like colorful charts, diagrams and videos. You can even show a movie that effectively
illustrates a topic or theme. Your physical classroom should never be boring: use posters, models,
student projects and seasonal themes to decorate your classroom, and create a warm, stimulating
environment.
5. Draw Connections to Real Life
“When will I ever need this?” This question, too often heard in the classroom, indicates
that a student is not engaged. If a student does not believe that what they’re learning is important,
they won’t want to learn, so it’s important to demonstrate how the subject relates to them. If you’re
teaching algebra, take some time to research how it is utilized practically for example, in
engineering and share your findings with your students. Really amaze them by telling them that
they may use it in their career. Showing them that a subject is used every day by “real” people
gives it new importance. They may never be excited about algebra but if they see how it applies to
them, they may be motivated to learn attentively.

Assignment 2 8606

Uploaded by

Assignment 2 8606

Uploaded by

Course: (Citizenship Education and Community Engagement (8606)

Level: B.Ed. (2.5 Years) Semester: Autumn, 2022

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Course: Citizenship Education and Community Engagement (8606)

Informal sanctions check ‘deviant’ behavior. An example of a negative sanction is depicted

Meaning of Social Control

Q2 a) Analyze the effect of school on community in a progressive society.

Why Promote Positive School-Community Relations

When schools and communities work together:

• Students score better grades

Through successful community-school engagement programs, they managed to turn the

Consider the School and Community Equal Partners

Research on school-community partnerships in rural Tennessee schools established that

Communicating effectively with students creates a positive learning environment and

• Good communication skills are important for several reasons:

• Good communication skills are important for several reasons:

b) How can effective communication result in improved management?

The Role of Communication in Management

The role of management is to accomplish the goals of an organization. To do this, managers

Q.4 a) Describe the relationship between technological change and society.

Technology and Social Change

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the making of tools to solve

Technological information increases exponentially: The entire database of scientific

In the 1990s, people witnessed an explosion of computer technology—both in America

The Internet—the world's largest computer network—has revolutionized electronic

Recent decades have produced dramatic—though controversial—scientific advances in

Reproductive technologies and sex preselection

In many cases, doctors can successfully treat infertility:

b) Analyze the response of Pakistani society to technological change.

Technological innovation can be classified in different ways: product vs process, disruptive

The main objectives of my article are to:

2. Get Them Involved

5. Draw Connections to Real Life

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