Test 1 Learning Objectives

Chapter 12, “Social Psychology”:
1. How do the authors describe attribution theory; what is the fundamental

attribution error?
He explained the attribution theory by saying that we all want to explain why we do what
we do. The fundamental attribution error is to underestimate the impact of the situation
and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. (393)
2. Define attitude; explain how attitudes and actions affect each other.
Attitutied - feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a
particular way to objects, people, and events.
They affect each other, such as intense social pressures, and can override the attitude-
behavior connection.
3. Summarize the findings of Asch’s experiments on conformity?
Asch's experiments were about showing how it is easy to conform, agree or go along
with a group even if it’s against what you think is right because everyone else agrees
and you don’t want to be the odd one out.
4. Describe Milgram’s experiments on obedience.
Milgram’s experiments were about telling the “teachers” that they were in control but
were really the ones being tested. Giving orders to the “teachers” and seeing how much
they obeyed.
5. Define the following terms: social facilitation, social loafing, and
deindividuation.
Social facilitation - strengthened performance in others presence
Social loafing - when in a crowd people feel less accountable (more into what they’re
doing) vs when alone
Deindividuation - Losing self awareness or self restraint because you’re in a big group
or crowd
6. Define the term, prejudice, and identify its 3 parts; distinguish between explicit
and implicit attitudes.
Prejudice - preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Explicit; radar screen of our awareness - Implicit; unthinking response
7. Describe the social and emotional roots of prejudice.
Social, belief that one’s culture is superior to all others
Emotional, believing what you heart tells or how you’re feeling emotionally
8. Define the term, aggression; list the biological influences on aggression.
Aggression - violent behavior or attitude towards someone
Genetic, neural and biochemical
9. What is the impact on men of watching violent pornography depicting acts of
sexual coercion?
Like adding fuel to a fire it heightens risk of sexual aggresion
10. What are the elements of attraction?
Proximity, attractiveness, and similarity.
11. Define the following terms: altruism and the bystander effect.
Altruism - unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander effect - the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if
other bystanders are present.
12. Discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing
social conflict.
There's lots of effective ways first starters if everyone could work together and
encourage each other rather than bring each other down.
Chapter 10, “Motivation and Emotion” (Pages 347-362)(Note for those who have a
digital copy of the text: In Chapter 10 you should read the section toward the end
of the chapter that starts with the label: "Introduction to Emotion" through to the
end of the chapter) :
1. Identify the three components of emotion; contrast the James-Lange,
Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theories of emotion.
Arousal, behavior and cognition The James-Lange theory is arousal comes before
emotion and the Cannon-Bard theory is arousal and emotion come simultaneously, but
the two-factor theory is a bit more different from the others as the theory is that our
physical actions and thoughts create emotions.
2. Describe the position of researchers Zajonc and Lazarus on the question,
does cognition always precede emotion?
Their position on the question was that we actually have many emotional reactions
before our conscious interprets them.
3. Who is better at detecting emotions in others?
women
4. Describe the cultural differences in the facial expression of emotions.
In some cultures something we may perceive as a smile others see it as fear and shock.
People read facial expressions differently because of what they’re used to seeing.
Chapter 11, “Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing”:
1. Describe the phases and physical characteristics of the general adaptation
syndrome.
Alarm reaction, nervous system activated
Resistance, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration remain high.
Exhaustion, With exhaustion, you become more vulnerable to illness or even, in
extreme cases, collapse and death
2. Describe the subfield, psychoneuroimmunology; describe the effect of stress
on immune system functioning.
Focuses on mind-body interactions. Stress affects your immune system by your
nervous and endocrine systems influence your immune system
3. Discuss the role of stress in causing coronary heart disease; contrast Type A
and Type B personalities.
Stress causes cholesterol and clotting measures rise to dangerous levels. Stress
predicted heart attack risk.
Type A negative emotions have higher stress levels. Tybe B more laid back have lower
stress levels and lower chance of heart attack.
4. Identify two ways people cope with stress; describe how a perceived lack of
control can affect health.
Find a healthy distraction and distance yourself. Lack of control an uncontrollable
threats trigger the strongest stress responses
5. Describe the findings about the impact of optimism vs. pessimism as well as
social support on a person's health.
Optimistic people had lower stress levels and were overall happier than pessimistic
people who had negative thoughts and more stress. Social support by friends and
family causes overall more happiness and less stress
6. Discuss the advantages of aerobic exercise as a technique for managing
stress and fostering well-being.
Aerobic exercise, sustained, oxygen-consuming exertion—is one of those rare near-
perfect “medicines.”
The advantages are boosts your quality of life, with more energy, better mood, and
stronger relationships
7. Identify some potential causes and consequences of happiness; describe the
adaptation level phenomenon and the relative deprivation principle
Spending money on others increases happiness donating a kidney, despite the pain,
leaves donors feeling good
Adaptation level phenomenon - our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of
income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
Relative deprivation principle - the perception that we are worse off relative to those with
whom we compare ourselves.

Test 1 Learning Objectives

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Test 1 Learning Objectives

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Chapter 12, “Social Psychology”:

1. How do the authors describe attribution theory; what is the fundamental

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