Webservices API FAQ’S

Definition & Functions of an API (Common Web API Testing

interview questions)

1. What is an API?

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a software intermediary that enables two

applications to communicate with each other. It comprises a number of subroutine
definitions, logs, and tools for creating application software.

In an API testing interview, you could be asked to give some API examples, here are the
well-known ones: Google Maps API, Amazon Advertising API, Twitter API, YouTube API, etc.

2. What are main differences between API and Web Service?

• All Web services are APIs but not all APIs are Web services.
• Web services might not contain all the specifications and cannot perform all
the tasks that APIs would perform.
• A Web service uses only three styles of use: SOAP, REST and XML-RPC for
communication whereas API may be exposed to in multiple ways.
• A Web service always needs a network to operate while APIs don’t need a
network for operation.

3. What are the Limits of API Usage?

Many APIs have a certain limit set up by the provider. Thus, try to estimate your usage and
understand how that will impact the overall cost of the offering. Whether this will be a
problem depends in large part on how data is leveraged. Getting caught by a quota and
effectively cut-off because of budget limitations will render the service (and any system or
process depending on it) virtually useless.

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Creating an API (Common Web API Testing interview
questions)

4. What are some architectural styles for creating a Web API?

This is one of the fundamental Web API interview questions. Bellows are four common
Web API architectural styles:

• HTTP for client-server communication

• XML/JSON as formatting language
• Simple URI as the address for the services
• Stateless communication

5. Who can use a Web API?

Web API can be consumed by any clients which support HTTP verbs such as GET, PUT,
DELETE, POST. Since Web API services do not require configuration, they can be easily used
by any client. In fact, even portable devices such as mobile devices can easily use Web API,
which is undoubtedly the biggest advantage of this technology.

Testing an API – Top Web API Testing interview questions

& answers

6. What is API Testing?

API testing is a kind of software testing which determines if the developed APIs meet
expectations regarding the functionality, reliability, performance, and security of the
application.

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7. What are the advantages of API Testing?

In an API interview, they are likely to ask about the advantages of API testing. So be
prepared with the significant ones such as:

• Test for Core Functionality: API testing provides access to the application
without a user interface. The core and code-level of functionalities of the
application will be tested and evaluated early before the GUI tests. This will
help detect the minor issues which can become bigger during the GUI
testing.
• Time Effective: API testing usually is less time consuming than functional GUI
testing. The web elements in GUI testing must be polled, which makes the
testing process slower. Particularly, API test automation requires less code so
it can provide better and faster test coverage compared to GUI test
automation. These will result in the cost saving for the testing project.
• Language-Independent: In API testing, data is exchanged using XML or JSON.
These transfer modes are completely language-independent, allowing users
to select any code language when adopting automation testing services for
the project.
• Easy Integration with GUI: API tests enable highly integrable tests, which is
particularly useful if you want to perform functional GUI tests after API
testing. For instance, simple integration would allow new user accounts to be
created within the application before a GUI test started.

8. Some common protocols used in API testing?

Many protocols are now available to be used in API testing, such as JMS, REST, HTTP, UDDI
and SOAP.

9. What is the test environment of API?

Setting up the API’s test environment is not an easy task, so you should have a ready
answer if your API testing interview is coming. The test environment of API is a bit complete

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and requires the configuration of the database and server, depending on the software
requirements. No GUI (Graphical User Interface) is available in this test form.

When the installation process is complete, API is verified for the proper operation.
Throughout the process, the API called from the original environment is set up with
different parameters to study the test results.

10. What are principles of an API test design?

The five most important principles of an API test design are:

• Setup: Create objects, start services, initialize data, etc

• Execution: Steps to apply API or the scenario, including logging
• Verification: Oracles to evaluate the result of the execution
• Reporting: Pass, failed or blocked
• Clean up: Pre-test state

11. What are the common API testing types?

While there are certainly specialty tests, and no list can be asked to be comprehensive in
this realm, most tests fit broadly into these following nine categories that you should
remember before attending in an API testing interview.

1. Validation Testing
2. Functional Testing
3. UI testing
4. Load testing
5. Runtime/ Error Detection
6. Security testing
7. Penetration testing
8. Fuzz testing
9. Interoperability and WS Compliance testing

12. What is the procedure to perform API testing?

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 1. Choose the suite to add the API test case
2. Choose the test development mode
3. Demand the development of test cases for the required API methods
4. Configure the control parameters of the application and then test conditions
5. Configure method validation
6. Execute the API test
7. Check test reports and filter API test cases
8. Arrange all API test cases

13. What must be checked when performing API testing?

During the API testing process, a request is raised to the API with the known data. This way
you can analyze the validation response. While testing an API, you should consider:

• Accuracy of data
• Schema validation
• HTTP status codes
• Data type, validations, order and completeness
• Authorization checks
• Implementation of response timeout
• Error codes in case API returns, and
• Non-functional testing like performance and security testing

14. What is the best approach method to perform API testing?

The following factors should be considered when performing API testing:

• Defining the correct input parameters

• Verifying the calls of the mixture of two or more added value parameters
• Defining the basic functionality and scope of the API program
• Writing appropriate API test cases and making use of testing techniques such
as equivalence class, boundary value, etc. to check the operability
• Testing case execution

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 • Comparing the test result with the expected result
• Verifying the API behavior under conditions such as connection to files and
so on.

15. What are tools could be used for API testing?

There are myriad of different API testing tools available. A few of common tools
are: Katalon Studio, Postman, SoapUi Pro, Tricentis Tosca, Apigee, etc. While doing Unit
and API testing, both targets source code. If an API method uses code based in .NET then
another supporting tool must have .NET.

16. What are differences between API Testing and Unit Testing?

17. What are differences between API Testing and UI Testing?

• API enables communication between two separate software systems. A

software system implementing an API contains functions or subroutines that
can be executed by another software system.

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 • On the other hand, UI ( User Interface) testing refers to testing graphical
interface such as how users interact with the applications, testing application
elements like fonts, images, layouts etc. UI testing basically focuses on look
and feel of an application.

18. What are major challenges faced in API testing?

If you can overcome the challenges in API Testing, you can be confident in the API testing
interview too. They are:

• Parameter Selection
• Parameter Combination
• Call sequencing
• Output verification and validation
• Another important challenge is providing input values, which is very difficult
as GUI is not available in this case.

19. What are the testing methods that come under API testing?

One of the most common Web API testing interview questions is about the testing
methods. They are:

• Unit testing and Functional testing

• Load testing to test the performance under load
• Discovery testing to list, create and delete the number of calls documented in
API
• Usability and Reliability testing to get consistent results
• Security and Penetration testing to validate all types of authentication
• Automation testing to create and run scripts that require regular API calls
• End to end Integration and Web UI testing
• API documentation testing to determine its efficiency and effectiveness

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20. Why is API testing considered as the most suitable form for
Automation testing?

API testing is now preferred over GUI testing and is considered as most suitable because:

• It verifies all the functional paths of the system under test very effectively.
• It provides the most stable interface.
• It is easier to maintain and provides fast feedback.

21. What are common API errors that often founded?

Not only API fundamental questions, the interviewer also determine your knowledge and
experience by asking about the API errors in a Web API testing interview. So the most
common ones are:

• Missing module errors

• Documentation errors
• Parameter validation errors
• And some standard error expectations as if the result is not so predicted
then the occurrence of errors can be seen and for the same warnings are
specified in the form of a message. There can be one or more warnings
within an individual module.

22. What kinds of bugs that API testing would often find?

• Missing or duplicate functionality

• Fails to handle error conditions gracefully
• Stress
• Reliability
• Security
• Unused flags
• Not implemented errors
• Inconsistent error handling

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 • Performance
• Multi-threading issues
• Improper errors

Documenting the API (Common Web API Testing interview

questions)

23. What is API documentation?

The API documentation is a complete, accurate technical writing giving instructions on how
to effectively use and integrate with an API. It is a compact reference manual that has all
the information needed to work with the API, and helps you answer all the API testing
questions with details on functions, classes, return types, arguments, and also examples
and tutorials.

24. What are API documentation templates that are commonly

used?

There are several available API documentation templates help to make the entire process
simple and straightforward, which could be answered in your API testing interview, such
as:

• Swagger
• Miredot
• Slate
• FlatDoc
• API blueprint
• RestDoc
• Web service API specification

25. When writing API document, what must be considered?

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 • Source of the content
• Document plan or sketch
• Delivery layout
• Information needed for every function in the document
• Automatic document creation programs

26. How often are the APIs changed and, more importantly,
deprecated?

APIs, especially modern RESTful APIs, are a nice creation that can certainly simplify and
accelerate integration efforts, which makes it more likely you will benefit from them. But
APIs can and do change for various reasons, sometimes abruptly, and hence REST APIs do
not differ from traditional integration methods in this respect. If an API call is obsolete and
disappears, your procedure will interrupt and it is important to understand how often the
APIs you depend on change or are deprecated.

REST (Common Web API Testing interview questions)

27. What is REST?

REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for developing web services
which exploit the ubiquity of HTTP protocol and uses HTTP method to define actions. It
revolves around resource where every component being a resource that can be accessed
through a shared interface using standard HTTP methods.

In REST architecture, a REST Server provides access to resources and REST client accesses
and makes these resources available. Here, each resource is identified by URIs or global
IDs, and REST uses multiple ways to represent a resource, such as text, JSON, and XML. XML
and JSON are nowadays the most popular representations of resources.

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28. What is a RESTFul Web Services?

Mostly, there are two kinds of Web Services which should be remembered in your next API
testing interview:

1. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) – an XML-based method to expose web

services.
2. Web services developed in the REST style are referred to as RESTful web
services. These web services use HTTP methods to implement the concept of
REST architecture. A RESTful web service usually defines a URI, Uniform
Resource Identifier a service, provides resource representation like JSON and
a set of HTTP methods.

29. What is a “Resource” in REST?

REST architecture treats any content as a resource, which can be either text files, HTML
pages, images, videos or dynamic business information.
REST Server gives access to resources and modifies them, where each resource is identified
by URIs/ global IDs.

30. What is the most popular way to represent a resource in REST?

REST uses different representations to define a resource like text, JSON, and XML.
XML and JSON are the most popular representations of resources.

31. Which protocol is used by RESTful Web services?

RESTful web services use the HTTP protocol as a medium of communication between the
client and the server.

32. What are some key characteristics of REST?

Key characteristics of REST are likely asked in a Web API Testing interview. So please get the
answer ready in your mind with these 2 ones:

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 • REST is stateless, therefore the SERVER has no status (or session data)
With a well-applied REST API, the server could be restarted between two calls,
since all data is transferred to the server
• Web service uses POST method primarily to perform operations, while REST
uses GET for accessing resources.

33. What is messaging in RESTful Web services?

RESTful web services use the HTTP protocol as a communication tool between the client
and the server. The technique that when the client sends a message in the form of an HTTP
Request, the server sends back the HTTP reply is called Messaging. These messages
comprise message data and metadata, that is, information on the message itself.

34. What are the core components of an HTTP request?

An HTTP request contains five key elements:

1. An action showing HTTP methods like GET, PUT, POST, DELETE.

2. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), which is the identifier for the resource on
the server.
3. HTTP Version, which indicates HTTP version, for example-HTTP v1.1.
4. Request Header, which carries metadata (as key-value pairs) for the HTTP
Request message. Metadata could be a client (or browser) type, format
supported by the client, format of a message body format, cache settings,
and so on.
5. Request Body, which indicates the message content or resource
representation.

35. What are the most commonly used HTTP methods supported
by REST?

• GET is only used to request data from a specified resource. Get requests can
be cached and bookmarked. It remains in the browser history and haS length

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 restrictions. GET requests should never be used when dealing with sensitive
data.
• POST is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource. POST
requests are never cached and bookmarked and do not remain in the
browser history.
• PUT replaces all current representations of the target resource with the
request payload.
• DELETE removes the specified resource.
• OPTIONS is used to describe the communication options for the target
resource.
• HEAD asks for a response identical to that of a GET request, but without the
response body.

36. Can GET request to be used instead of PUT to create a

resource?

The PUT or POST method should not be used to create a resource. You can use the GET
operation which has view-only rights.

37. Is there any difference between PUT and POST operations?

PUT and POST operation are quite similar, except the terms of the result generated by
them.

PUT operation is idempotent, so you can cache the response while the responses to POST
operation are not cacheable, and if you retry the request N times, you will end up having N
resources with N different URIs created on server.

In a Web API Testing interview, you should give a specific example for PUT and POST
operations to make crystal clear to the interviewer. Below is an example:

Scenario: Let’s say we are designing a network application. Let’s list down few URIs and their
purpose to get to know when to use POST and when to use PUT operations.

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GET /device-management/devices : Get all devices
POST /device-management/devices : Create a new device

GET /device-management/devices/{id} : Get the device information identified by “id”

PUT /device-management/devices/{id} : Update the device information identified by “id”
DELETE /device-management/devices/{id} : Delete device by “id”

38. Which purpose does the OPTIONS method serve for the RESTful
Web services?

The OPTIONS Method lists down all the operations of a web service supports. It creates
read-only requests to the server.

39. What is URI? What is the main purpose of REST-based web

services and what is its format?

URI stands for Uniform Resource Identifier. It is a string of characters designed for
unambiguous identification of resources and extensibility via the URI scheme.

The purpose of a URI is to locate a resource(s) on the server hosting of the web service.

A URI’s format is <protocol>://<service-name>/<ResourceType>/<ResourceID>.

40. What is payload in RESTFul Web services?

The “payload” is the data you are interested in transporting. This is differentiated from the
things that wrap the data for transport like the HTTP/S Request/Response headers,
authentication, etc.

41. What is the upper limit for a payload to pass in the POST
method?

<GET> appends data to the service URL. But, its size shouldn’t exceed the maximum URL
length. However, <POST> doesn’t have any such limit.

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So, theoretically, a user can pass unlimited data as the payload to POST method. But, if we
consider a real use case, then sending POST with large payload will consume more
bandwidth. It’ll take more time and present performance challenges to your server. Hence,
a user should take action accordingly.

42. What is the caching mechanism?

Caching is just the practice of storing data in temporarily and retrieving data from a high-
performance store (usually memory) either explicitly or implicitly.

When a caching mechanism is in place, it helps improve delivery speed by storing a copy of
the asset you requested and later accessing the cached copy instead of the original.

SOAP (Common Web API Testing interview questions)

43. What are SOAP Web services?

This is one of the fundamental Web services testing questions that you must know the
answer. The SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is defined as an XML-based protocol. It
is known for designing and developing web services as well as enabling communication
between applications developed on different platforms using various programming
languages over the Internet. It is both platform and language independent.

44. How does SOAP work?

SOAP is used to provide a user interface that can be accessed by the client object, and the
request that it sends goes to the server, which can be accessed using the server object. The
user interface creates some files or methods consisting of server object and the name of
the interface to the server object. It also contains other information such as the name of
the interface and methods. It uses HTTP to send the XML to the server using the POST
method, which analyzes the method and sends the result to the client. The server creates

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more XML consisting of responses to the request of user interface using HTTP. The client
can use any approach to send the XML, like the SMTP server or POP3 protocol to pass the
messages or reply to queries.

45. When to use SOAP API?

Use the SOAP API to create, retrieve, update or delete records, like accounts, leads, and
user-defined objects. With more than 20 different calls, you can also use the SOAP API to
manage passwords, perform searches, etc. by using the SOAP API in any language that
supports web services.

46. How users utilize the facilities provided by SOAP?

• PutAddress(): It is used to enter an address in the webpage and has an

address instance on the SOAP call.
• PutListing(): It is used to allow the insertion of a complete XML document into
the web page. It receives the XML file as an argument and transports the XML
file to XML parser liaison, which reads it and inserts it into the SOAP call as a
parameter.
• GetAddress(): It is used to get a query name and gets the result that best
matches a query. The name is sent to the SOAP call in the form of text
character string.
• GetAllListing(): It is used to return the full list in an XML format.

47. What is the major obstacle users faced when using SOAP?

When using SOAP, users often see the firewall security mechanism as the biggest obstacle.
This block all the ports leaving few like HTTP port 80 and the HTTP port used by SOAP that
bypasses the firewall. The technical complaint against SOAP is that it mixes the
specification for message transport with the specification for message structure.

48. What are the various approaches available for developing SOAP
based web services?

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There are two different methods available for developing SOAP-based web services, which
are explained below:

• Contract-first approach: the contract is first defined by XML and WSDL, and
then Java classes are derived from the contract.
• Contract-last approach: Java classes are first defined, and then the contract is
generated, which is normally the WSDL file from the Java class.

“Contract-first” method is the most popular approach.

49. What are the elements of a SOAP message structure?

It is a common XML document that contains the elements as a SOAP message

Envelope: It is an obligatory root element that translates the XML document and defines
the beginning and end of the message.

Header: It is an optional item which contains information about the message being sent.

Body: It contains the XML data comprising the message being sent.

Fault: It provides the information on errors that occurred while during message processing.

50. What are the syntax rules for a SOAP message?

• Must use encoded XML

• Envelope namespace must be used
• Encoding namespace must be used
• Must not consist of a DTD reference
• Must not have XML processing instruction

51. What is the transport method in SOAP?

Application layer and transport layers of a network are used by SOAP; HTTP and SMTP are
the valid protocol of the application layer used as the transport for SOAP. HTTP is more

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preferable, since it works well with the current Internet infrastructure, in particular with
firewalls.
The SOAP requests can be sent using an HTTP GET method while the specification only
contains details about HTTP POST.

52. What are some important characteristics of a SOAP envelope

element?

• SOAP message has a root Envelope element

• Envelope is an obligatory part of the SOAP message.
• If an envelope includes a header element, it should not contain more than
one.
• Envelope version will change if the SOAP version changes.
• The SOAP envelope is indicated by the prefix ENV and the envelope element.
• The optional SOAP encoding is also specified using a namespace and the
optional encoding style element.

53. What are the major functionalities provided by the SOAP

protocol class?

The SOAP protocol is used to provide simple access methods for all the applications
available on the Internet, providing the following functionalities:

• Call: A class which provides the main functionality for a remote method for
which a call is needed. It is used to create the call() and to specify the
encoding style of the registry that will be assigned when if necessary. This
call() function is used by the RPC call, which represents the options of the call
object.
• Deployment Descriptor: A class used to provide the information about the
SOAP services. It enables easy deployment without the need for other
approaches.

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 • DOM2 Writer: A class that serializes and uses DOM node as XML string to
provide more functionalities.
• RPC Message: A class used as the base class that calls and replies to the
request submitted to the server.
• Service Manager: A class that provides, lists and then outputs all SOAP
services.

54. What are the web relation functionalities provided by SOAP

protocol?

• HTTPUtils: This provides the functionality of the POST method to safely meet
the requirements.
• Parameter: It is an argument for an RPC call used by both the client and the
server.
• Response: It is an object that represents an RPC reply from both client and
server, but the result will not be displayed until after the method call.
• TCPTunnel: It is an object that provides the ability to listen on a specific port
and to forward all the host and port names.
• TypeConverter: It helps to convert an object of one type into another type
and this is called using the class in the form object.

55. How does the message security model allow the creation of
SOAP more secure to use?

The security model includes the given security tokens. These tokens comprise digital
signatures for protection and authentication of SOAP messages. Security tokens can be
used to provide the bond between authentication secrets or keys and security identities.
Security token uses the authentication protocols and an X.509 certificate to define the
relationship between the public key and identity key. The signatures are used to verify the
messages and their origin, generate knowledge to confirm the security tokens to bind the
identity of a person to the identity of the originator. Security model prevents different
attacks and can be used to protect the SOAP architecture.

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56. What is the difference between top down & bottom up
approach in SOAP Web services?

• Top down SOAP Web services include creating WSDL document to create a
contract between the web service and the client, with a required code as an
option. This is also known as Contract-first approach. The top-down
approach is difficult to implement because classes must be written to
confirm the contract defined in WSDL. One of the benefits of this method is
that both client and server code can be written in parallel.
• Bottom up SOAP web services require the code to be written first and then
WSDL is generated. It is also known as Contract-last approach. Since WSDL is
created based on the code, bottom-up approach is easy to implement and
client codes must wait for WSDL from the server side to start working.

57. What are advantages of SOAP?

• SOAP is both platform and language independent.

• SOAP separates the encoding and communications protocol from the
runtime environment.
• Web service can retrieve or receive a SOAP user data from a remote service,
and the source’s platform information is completely independent of each
other.
• Everything can generate XML, from Perl scripts through C++ code to J2EE app
servers.
• It uses XML to send and receive messages.
• It uses standard internet HTTP protocol.
• SOAP runs over HTTP; it eliminates firewall problems. When protocol HTTP is
used as the protocol binding, an RPC call will be automatically assigned to an
HTTP request, and the RPC response will be assigned to an HTTP reply.
• Compared to RMI, CORBA and DCOM, SOAP is very easy to use.
• SOAP acts as a protocol to move information in a distributed and
decentralized environment.
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 • SOAP is independent of the transport protocol and can be used to
coordinate different protocols.

58. What are disadvantages of SOAP?

SOAP is typically significantly slower than other types of middleware standards, including
CORBA, because SOAP uses a detailed XML format. A complete understanding of the
performance limitations before building applications around SOAP is hence required.

SOAP is usually limited to pooling and not to event notifications when HTTP is used for the
transport. In addition, only one client can use the services of one server in typical
situations.

If HTTP is used as the transport protocol, firewall latency usually occurs since the firewall
analyzes the HTTP transport. This is because HTTP is also leveraged for Web browsing, and
so many firewalls do not understand the difference between using HTTP within a web
browser and using HTTP within SOAP.

SOAP has different support levels, depending on the supported programming language.
For instance, SOAP supported in Python and PHP is not as powerful as it is in Java and .NET

59. What are the differences between SOAP and REST?

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60. SOAP or Rest APIs, which method to use?

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SOAP is the heavyweight choice for Web service access. It provides the following
advantages when compared to REST:

• SOAP is not very easy to implement and requires more bandwidth and
resources.
• SOAP message request is processed slower as compared to REST and it does
not use web caching mechanism.
• WS-Security: While SOAP supports SSL (just like REST) it also supports WS-
Security which adds some enterprise security features.
• WS-AtomicTransaction: Need ACID Transactions over a service, you’re going
to need SOAP.
• WS-ReliableMessaging: If your application needs Asynchronous processing
and a guaranteed level of reliability and security. Rest doesn’t have a
standard messaging system and expects clients to deal with communication
failures by retrying.
• If the security is a major concern and the resources are not limited then we
should use SOAP web services. Like if we are creating a web service for
payment gateways, financial and telecommunication related work, then we
should go with SOAP as here high security is needed.

REST is easier to use for the most part and is more flexible. It has the following advantages
when compared to SOAP:

• Since REST uses standard HTTP, it is much simpler.

• REST is easier to implement, requires less bandwidth and resources.
• REST permits many different data formats whereas SOAP only permits XML.
• REST allows better support for browser clients due to its support for JSON.
• REST has better performance and scalability. REST reads can be cached,
SOAP based reads cannot be cached.

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 • If security is not a major concern and we have limited resources. Or we want
to create an API that will be easily used by other developers publicly then we
should go with REST.
• If we need Stateless CRUD operations then go with REST.
• REST is commonly used in social media, web chat, mobile services and Public
APIs like Google Maps.
• RESTful service returns various MediaTypes for the same resource,
depending on the request header parameter “Accept” as application/xml or
application/json for POST and /user/1234.json or GET /user/1234.xml for
GET.
• REST services are meant to be called by the client-side application and not
the end user directly.
• ST in REST comes from State Transfer. You transfer the state around instead
of having the server store it, this makes REST services scalable.

61. What are the factors that help to decide which style of Web
services – SOAP or REST – to use?

Generally, REST is preferred due to its simplicity, performance, scalability, and support for
multiple data formats.

However, SOAP is favorable to use where service requires an advanced level of security and
transactional reliability.

But you can read the following facts before opting for any of the styles.

• Does the service expose data or business logic? REST is commonly used for
exposing data while SOAP for logic.
• The requirement from clients or providers for a formal contract. SOAP can
provide contract via WSDL.
• Support multiple data formats.
• Support for AJAX calls. REST can apply the XMLHttpRequest.
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• Synchronous and asynchronous calls. SOAP enables both synchronous/
asynchronous operations whereas REST has built-in support for
synchronous.
• Stateless or Stateful calls. REST is suited for stateless operations.
• Security. SOAP provides a high level of security.
• Transaction support. SOAP is good at transaction management.
• Limited bandwidth. SOAP has a lot of overhead when sending/receiving
packets since it’s XML based, requires a SOAP header. However, REST
requires less bandwidth to send requests to the server. Its messages are
mostly built using JSON.
• Ease of use. REST based application is easy to implement, test, and maintain.

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