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Vlsi Notes

A register stores information using a group of flip flops connected in series. Shift registers can transfer this stored information. A serial-in parallel-out shift register converts serial data to parallel data for communication lines. Counters count events and up counters increase count on each clock rise while down counters decrease count. An operational amplifier is a voltage amplifier used with feedback to perform various operations. MOSFETs use a MOS structure to control current between source and drain using a gate voltage and include P-channel and N-channel types. Differentiators and integrators are op-amp circuits where differentiators produce a derivative output and integrators produce an integral output.

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Ritik Pant
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42 views

Vlsi Notes

A register stores information using a group of flip flops connected in series. Shift registers can transfer this stored information. A serial-in parallel-out shift register converts serial data to parallel data for communication lines. Counters count events and up counters increase count on each clock rise while down counters decrease count. An operational amplifier is a voltage amplifier used with feedback to perform various operations. MOSFETs use a MOS structure to control current between source and drain using a gate voltage and include P-channel and N-channel types. Differentiators and integrators are op-amp circuits where differentiators produce a derivative output and integrators produce an integral output.

Uploaded by

Ritik Pant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Shift register?

A Register is a device which is used to store such information. It is a group of flip flops
connected in series used to store multiple bits of data.
The information stored within these registers can be transferred with the help of shift
registers.
 Serial in Parallel out shift register?
It is used to convert serial data into parallel data thus they are used in communication lines
where demultiplexing of a data line into several parallel line is required.
 Up counter & Down counter?
Counters are used in digital electronics for counting purpose, they can count specific event
happening in the circuit.
In up counter, counter increases its count for every rising edge of clock.
 Op-Amp 741?
An Operational Amplifier is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to be used
with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and
input terminals. These feedback components determine the resulting function or
“operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback configurations whether
resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform a variety of different operations,
giving rise to its name of “Operational Amplifier”.

An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high


impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or
“minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive
or “plus” sign ( + ). The third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output port
which can both sink and source either a voltage or a current.
 MOS?
MOSFET or Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor is made from MOS structure.
MOS contains 3 layers – Metal gate electrode, Insulating oxide layer(SiO2), p-type substrate.
MOSFET contains 2 p-n junctions placed closed to the channel region and this region is
controlled by gate voltage. To make both p-n junction reverse biased, substrate potential is
kept lower than the other three terminals potential.

MOSFET can function in two ways:


a) Depletion mode - When there is no voltage across the gate terminal, the channel
shows its maximum conductance. Whereas when the voltage across the gate
terminal is either positive or negative, then the channel conductivity decreases.
b) Enhancement mode - When there is no voltage across the gate terminal, then the
device does not conduct. When there is the maximum voltage across the gate
terminal, then the device shows enhanced conductivity.
Working principle of MOSFET: The main principle of the MOSFET device is to be able to
control the voltage and current flow between the source and drain terminals. It works
almost like a switch and the functionality of the device is based on the MOS capacitor. The
MOS capacitor is the main part of MOSFET.
There are two types of it:
a) P-channel MOSFET - The P- channel MOSFET has a P- Channel region located in
between the source and drain terminals. It is a four-terminal device having the
terminals as gate, drain, source, and body. The drain and source are heavily doped
p+ region and the body or substrate is of n-type. The flow of current is in the
direction of positively charged holes.

b) N-channel MOSFET - The N-Channel MOSFET has an N- channel region located in


between the source and drain terminals. It is a four-terminal device having the
terminals as gate, drain, source, body. In this type of Field Effect Transistor, the drain
and source are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate or body are of P-type.

Regions of operation:

a) Cut-off region - It is the region where the device will be in the OFF condition and
there zero amount of current flow through it. Here, the device functions as a basic
switch and is so employed as when they are necessary to operate as electrical
switches.
b) Saturation region - In this region, the devices will have their drain to source current
value as constant without considering the enhancement in the voltage across the
drain to source. This happens only once when the voltage across the drain to source
terminal increases more than the pinch-off voltage value. In this scenario, the device
functions as a closed switch where a saturated level of current across the drain to
source terminals flows. Due to this, the saturation region is selected when the
devices are supposed to perform switching.
c) Linear/ohmic region - It is the region where the current across the drain to source
terminal enhances with the increment in the voltage across the drain to source path.
When the MOSFET devices function in this linear region, they perform amplifier
functionality.
 Differentiator & Integrator?
A differentiator is an electronic circuit that produces an output equal to the first derivative
of its input. This section discusses about the op-amp based differentiator in detail.

An op-amp based differentiator produces an output, which is equal to the differential of


input voltage that is applied to its inverting terminal.
In the above circuit, the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp is connected to ground.
That means zero volts is applied to its non-inverting input terminal.
According to the virtual short concept, the voltage at the inverting input terminal of opamp
will be equal to the voltage present at its non-inverting input terminal. So, the voltage at the
inverting input terminal of op-amp will be zero volts.

The nodal equation at the inverting input terminal's node is –

An integrator is an electronic circuit that produces an output that is the integration of the
applied input. This section discusses about the op-amp based integrator.
An op-amp based integrator produces an output, which is an integral of the input voltage
applied to its inverting terminal.
In the circuit shown above, the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp is connected to
ground. That means zero volts is applied to its non-inverting input terminal.
According to virtual short concept, the voltage at the inverting input terminal of op-amp will
be equal to the voltage present at its non-inverting input terminal. So, the voltage at the
inverting input terminal of op-amp will be zero volts.

The nodal equation at the inverting input terminal is –

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