********************Chapter-2*********************

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********************2. Operators******************:-
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Operator is a symbol that performs certain operations.
Python provides the following set of operators

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators or Comparison Operators
3. Logical operators
4. Bitwise operators
5. Assignment operators
6. Special operators
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1. Arithmetic Operators:

+ ==>Addition
- ==>Subtraction
* ==>Multiplication
/==>Division operator
% ===>Modulo operator
// ==>Floor Division operator
** ==>Exponent operator or power operator
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Eg: test.py:
1) a=10
2) b=2
3) print('a+b=',a+b)
4) print('a-b=',a-b)
5) print('a*b=',a*b)
6) print('a/b=',a/b)
7) print('a//b=',a//b)
8) print('a%b=',a%b)
9) print('a**b=',a**b)
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Output:
1) Python test.py or py test.py
2) a+b= 12
3) a-b= 8
4) a*b= 20
5) a/b= 5.0
6) a//b= 5
7) a%b= 0
8) a**b= 100
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Eg:
1) a = 10.5
2) b=2
3) a+b= 12.5
4) a-b= 8.5
5) a*b= 21.0
7) a/b= 5.25
8) a//b= 5.0
9) a%b= 0.5
10) a**b= 110.25
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Eg:
10/2==>5.0
10//2==>5
10.0/2===>5.0
10.0//2===>5.0
Note: / operator always performs floating point arithmetic.
Hence it will always returns float value.

But Floor division (//) can perform both floating point and
integral arithmetic. If arguments are int type then result is int
type. If at least one argument is float type then result is float
type.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
Note:

We can use +,* operators for str type also. If we want to use
+ operator for str type then compulsory both arguments
should be str type only otherwise we will get error.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
1) >>> "Prasanna"+10
Ans:-TypeError: must be str, not int
3) >>> "Prasanna"+"10"
Ans:- 'Prasanna10'

If we use * operator for str type then compulsory one

argument should be int and other argument should be str
type.

2*"Prasanna"
"Prasanna"*2
2.5*"Prasanna" ==>TypeError: can't multiply sequence by
non-int of type 'float'
" Prasanna "*" Prasanna "==>TypeError: can't multiply
sequence by non-int of type 'str'

+====>String concatenation operator

* ===>String multiplication operator

Note: For any number x,

x/0 and x%0 always raises "ZeroDivisionError"

10/0 10.0/0 .....

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Relational Operators:
……………………………………………………
>,>=,<,<=
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Eg 1:
1) a=10
2) b=20
3) print("a > b is ",a>b)
4) print("a >= b is ",a>=b)
5) print("a < b is ",a<b)
6) print("a <= b is ",a<=b)
………………………………………………………………………………..
O/P:-
………………….
8) a > b is False
9) a >= b is False
10) a < b is True
11) a <= b is True
We can apply relational operators for str types also
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Eg 2:
1) a=" Prasanna "
2) b=" Prasanna "
3) print("a > b is ",a>b)
4) print("a >= b is ",a>=b)
5) print("a < b is ",a<b)
6) print("a <= b is ",a<=b)
O/P:-
a > b is False
a >= b is True
a < b is False
a <= b is True

Eg:
1) print(True>True)
False
2) print(True>=True)
True
2) print(10 >True)
True
3) print(False > True)
False
5) print(10>' Prasanna ')
TypeError: '>' not supported between ninstances of 'int'
and 'str'
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Eg:
1) a=10
2) b=20
3) if(a>b):
print("a is greater than b")
else:
print("a is not greater than b")
………………………………………………………………………..
Output:-a is not greater than b
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Note: Chaining of relational operators is possible. In the
chaining, if all comparisons returns True then only result is
True. If atleast one comparison returns False then the result
is False
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Eg:
1) 10<20 ==>True
2) 10<20<30 ==>True
3) 10<20<30<40 ==>True
4) 10<20<30<40>50 ==>False
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************equality operators: == , != **************:-
……………………………………………………………………………………………
We can apply these operators for any type even for
incompatible types also
1) >>> 10==20 ==>False
2) >>> 10!= 20 True
3) >>> 10==True  False
4) >>> False==False True
5) >>> " prasanna"==" prasanna " True
6) >>> 10==" prasanna "  False
 …………………………………………………………………………………………..
Note: Chaining concept is applicable for equality operators. If
atleast one comparison returns False then the result is False.
otherwise the result is True.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Eg:
1) >>> 10==20==30==40  False
2) >>> 10==10==10==10 True
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***************Logical Operators:******************:-
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and, or ,not
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We can apply for all types.

For boolean types behaviour:

……………………………………………………………………………………………
and ==>If both arguments are True then only result is True
or ====>If atleast one argument is True then result is True
not ==>complement
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True and False ==>False
True or False ===>True
not False ==>True
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For non-boolean types behaviour:
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0 means False
non-zero means True
empty string is always treated as False
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x and y:
==>if x is evaluates to false return x otherwise return y
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Eg:
10 and 20
0 and 20
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If first argument is zero then result is zero otherwise result is
y
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x or y:
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
If x evaluates to True then result is x otherwise result is y
10 or 20 ==> 10
0 or 20 ==> 20
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not x:
……………………………………………………………………………………………
If x is evalutates to False then result is True otherwise False
………………………………………………………………………………………….
not 10 ==>False

not 0 ==>True
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Eg:
1) " prasanna" and " prasannasoft" ==> prasannasoft
2) "" and " prasanna" ==>""
3) " prasanna" and "" ==>""
4) "" or " prasanna" ==>" prasanna"
5) " prasanna " or ""==>" prasanna"
6) not ""==>True
7) not "prasanna" ==>False
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*******************Bitwise Operators: ***********
………………………………………………………………………………………….
We can apply these operators bitwise. These operators are
applicable only for int and boolean types. By mistake if we
are trying to apply for any other type then we will get Error.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
&,|,^,
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print(4&5) ==>valid
print(10.5 & 5.6) ==>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for &: 'float' and
'float'
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print(True & True) ==>valid
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& ==> If both bits are 1 then only result is 1 otherwise result
is 0
|==> If atleast one bit is 1 then result is 1 otherwise result is 0
^ ==>If bits are different then only result is 1 otherwise
result is 0

print(4&5) ==>4
print(4|5) ==>5
print(4^5) ==>1
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Operator Description
&If both bits are 1 then only result is 1 otherwise result is 0
| If atleast one bit is 1 then result is 1 otherwise result is 0
^ If bits are different then only result is 1 otherwise result
is 0
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Shift Operators:
………………………………………………..
<< Left shift operator:-
After shifting the empty cells we have to fill with zero
print(10<<2)==>40

>> Right Shift operator :-

…………………………………………………………….
After shifting the empty cells we have to fill with sign bit.( 0
for +ve and 1 for -ve)

print(10>>2) ==>2
We can apply bitwise operators for boolean types also
print(True & False) ==>False
print(True | False) ===>True
print(True ^ False) ==>True
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**********Assignment Operators:-*****************:-
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We can use assignment operator to assign value to the
variable.

Eg: x=10
We can combine assignment operator with some other
operator to form compound assignment operator.

Eg: x+=10 ====> x = x+10

The following is the list of all possible compound assignment

operators in Python

->+=
 -> -=
->*=
->/=
-> %=
->//=
-> **=
->&=
->|=
->^=
->-->>=
<<=
Eg:
1) x=10
2) x+=20
3) print(x) ==>30

Eg:
1) x=10
2) x&=5
3) print(x) ==>0
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***********Ternary Operator:*****************:-
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Syntax: x = firstValue if condition else secondValue

If condition is True then firstValue will be considered else

secondValue will be considered.

Eg 1:
1) a,b=10,20
2) x=30 if a<b else 40
3) print(x) #30

Eg 2: Read two numbers from the keyboard and print

minimum value
1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) min=a if a<b else b
4) print("Minimum Value:",min)

Output: Enter First Number:10

Enter Second Number:30
Minimum Value: 10
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Note: Nesting of ternary operator is possible.
Q. Program for minimum of 3 numbers
1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
4) min=a if a<b and a<c else b if b<c else c
5) print("Minimum Value:",min)
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Q. Program for maximum of 3 numbers
1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) c=int(input("Enter Third Number:"))
4) max=a if a>b and a>c else b if b>c else c
5) print("Maximum Value:",max)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Eg:
1) a=int(input("Enter First Number:"))
2) b=int(input("Enter Second Number:"))
3) print("Both numbers are equal" if a==b else "First Number
is Less than Second Number" if a<b else "First Number
Greater than Second Number")
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Output: D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:10
Both numbers are equal
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D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
First Number is Less than Second Number
…………………………………………………………………………………..
D:\python_classes>py test.py
Enter First Number:20
Enter Second Number:10
First Number Greater than Second Number
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*****************Special operators:*****************:-
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Python defines the following 2 special operators

1. Identity Operators
2. Membership operators
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1. Identity Operators :-
……………………………………….
We can use identity operators for address comparison.
2 identity operators are available
1. is
2. is not

Note:-r1 is r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are pointing to

the same object r1 is not r2 returns True if both r1 and r2 are
not pointing to the same object
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Eg:
1) a=10
2) b=10
3) print(a is b) - True
4) x=True
5) y=True
6) print( x is y)-True
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Eg:
1) a="prasanna"
2) b="prasanna"
3) print(id(a))
4) print(id(b))
5) print(a is b)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Eg:
1) list1=["one","two","three"]
2) list2=["one","two","three"]
3) print(id(list1))
4) print(id(list2))
5) print(list1 is list2)  False
6) print(list1 is not list2) True
7) print(list1 == list2) True
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Note: We can use is operator for address comparison where
as == operator for content comparison.
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2. Membership operators:
………………………………………………………………………………………
We can use Membership operators to check whether the
given object present in the given collection.(It may be
String,List,Set,Tuple or Dict)

in :- Returns True if the given object present in the specified

Collection
not in :- Retruns True if the given object not present in the
specified Collection
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Eg:
1) x="hello learning Python is very easy!!!"
2) print('h' in x)  True
3) print('d' in x) False
4) print('d' not in x) True
5) print('Python' in x) True
………………………………………………………………………
Eg:
1) list1=["sunny","bunny","chinny","pinny"]
2) print("sunny" in list1) True
3) print("prasanna" in list1) False
4) print("prasanna" not in list1) True
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************Operator Precedence:**************:-
………………………………………………………………………………………..
If multiple operators present then which operator will be
evaluated first is decided by operator precedence.

Eg:
print(3+10*2) 23
print((3+10)*2) 26
………………………………………………………………………………………..
The following list describes operator precedence in Python

() ->Parenthesis
** ->exponential operator
~,- ->Bitwise complement operator,unary minus operator
*,/,%,//-> multiplication,division,modulo,floor division
+,- addition,subtraction
<<,>> ->Left and Right Shift
& bitwise And
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
^  Bitwise X-OR
| Bitwise OR
>,>=,<,<=, ==, != ==>Relational or Comparison operators =,
+=,-=,*=... ==>Assignment operators ,
is ,is not Identity Operators
in , not in ->Membership operators
not ->Logical
not and ->Logical
and or-> Logical or
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Eg:
1) a=30
2) b=20
3) c=10
4) d=5
5) print((a+b)*c/d) 100.0
6) print((a+b)*(c/d))--100.0
7) print(a+(b*c)/d) 70.0
9)3/2*4+3+(10/5)**3-2
11) 3/2*4+3+2.0**3-2
12) 3/2*4+3+8.0-2
13) 1.5*4+3+8.0-2
14) 6.0+3+8.0-2
15) 15.0
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**********Chapter-3*******************:-
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********* Input and Output Statements***********:-