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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DAE 32603

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
LABORATORY

INSTRUCTION SHEET

Lab No 3
Lab Title Frequency Modulation Generation in Matlab
Semester 2
Session 2022 / 2023
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Contents
Contents ..................................................................................................................... 2

A. Outcomes ......................................................................................................... 2

B. Guidelines ........................................................................................................ 3

C. Theoretical........................................................................................................ 3

1. Equipments / Tools .............................................................................................. 8

2. Procedures .......................................................................................................... 8

3. Results ............................................................................................................... 10

4. Verifications ....................................................................................................... 13

5. Discussion ......................................................................................................... 13

6. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 15

Rubric Assessments.................................................................................................... i

A. Outcomes

At the end of this course, students should be able to:

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CLO 1 : Solve the problems related to the fundamental of the communication

engineering systems. [LOD2, PLO2, C3]
CLO 2 : Reproduce the mechanism of fundamental communication systems using
related software or hardware. [LOD9, PLO5, P3]
CLO 3 : Perform individual or group ability to find additional information related to
communication engineering. [LOD13, PLO12, A2]

B. Guidelines
C. Grouping: Lab group is predetermine and consists with two members per groups.
D. Registration: Students are required to register the course before attending the class.
Students are also required to register in the Author UTHM according to the given class
appointed by the laboratory instructor in order to submit the report attachment at the
end of each lab sessions.
E. Lab Activities: All lab activities such as lab assignments, questions and analysis must
be held in the respective lab location and completed within the given times.
F. Demonstration: Student must demonstrate the complete lab assignments to the
respective instructor. Verification only will be given upon completion of all lab activities
and initialized by the instructor on the respective page.
G. Report Organization: Report must be properly handwritten.
H. Conclusion: Must be measurable, term such as understand or learnt shall not be use
as a conclusion. Conclusion is a summary made from the observations and lab
activities which relate the theoretical aspect and implementations.
I. Report Submission: Report must be submitted at the end of each lab session to the
respective instructor.
J. Cover Page: Please fill in ALL the necessary information on the cover page. One (1)
mark will be deducted for the each incomplete information.

K. Theoretical
Frequency modulation was originally developed to cope with undesirable noise which competed
with the desired signal when amplitude modulation was used. Most noise appeared as an additional
amplitude modulation on the signal.
When frequency modulating a carrier, information is placed on the carrier by varying its
frequency while holding its amplitude fixed. Upon being received, variations in amplitude are
eliminated prior to demodulation without affecting the information content contained in the
frequency variations, thereby eliminating any noise which may appear as an amplitude modulation
of the carrier.
In general an FM signal equation is represented as below :
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( )
vFM (t ) Vc cos ωc t + ∫ k f vm (t )dt
=

= V cos (ω t + ∫ k V cos(ω t )dt )

c c f m m

= V cos (ω t + k V ∫ cos(ω t )dt )

c c f m m (1.1)

𝑣𝑣𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉. cos(𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛽𝛽 sin 𝜔𝜔𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡) (1.2)

where :

Vc = Amplitude of carrier frequency

𝜔𝜔𝑐𝑐 = Carrier frequency (rad/s)
𝜔𝜔𝑚𝑚 = Modulating frequency (rad/s)
β = Modulation index :

Figure 1 illustrates frequency modulation of a sinusoidal carrier by a single frequency modulating

signal.

There are some parameters should be emphasized in this experiments and the parameters
are summarized as below :
(i) The change in the carrier frequency is called the frequency deviation, fd, typically given
as the peak frequency shift in hertz.
(ii) Deviation sensitivities, kf are the output-versus-input transfer function for the
modulators, which gave the relationship between what output parameter changes in
respect to specified changes in the input signal.
(iii) β is known as modulation index. In FM modulation index is directly proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal and inversely proportional to the frequency of the
modulating signal.

𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑑𝑑

𝛽𝛽 = = (1.3)
𝜔𝜔𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚

(iv) Theoretically, a FM signal contains an infinite number of side frequencies so that the
bandwidth required to transmit such signal is infinite. In practice, the bandwidth of a
FM signal can be determined by knowing the modulation index and using the Bessel
function table (refer to Table 1).
(v) By using Bessel function, minimum bandwidth for angle modulated wave is
BW = 2 (N x fm) Hz (1.4)
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where N is the number of significant sideband and fm is the modulating signal

frequency.
(vi) An alternative way to calculate the bandwidth of a FM signal is to use Carson’s rule.
This rule takes into consideration only the power in the most significant sidebands
whose amplitudes are greater than 1 percent of the carrier.
(vii) Carson’s Rule stated that minimum bandwidth required to transmit angle modulated
wave is twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the highest modulating
signal frequency
BW = 2(fd + fm) Hz (1.5)
where fd is the maximum frequency deviation, and fm is the
maximum modulating frequency.

Figure 1 :
Frequency modulation of a sine-wave carrier by a sine wave signal: unmodulated carrier; (b)
modulating signal; (c) frequency-modulated wave

Figure 3 shows an example of power spectrum when β = 1. From Bessel Table when β =
1 the spectrum has 3 sideband pairs which are J1, J2 and J3.

Pc

Plsb 1 Pusb1

Plsb 2 Pusb 2
Plsb 3 Pusb 3

f(kHz)
fc-3fm fc-2fm fc-fm fc fc+fm fc+2fm fc+3fm

Figure 3: Power spectrum for FM when β = 1.

Table 1: Tabulated value of Bessel Functions for the First Kind of the nth order.
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DAE32603 COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY

About Students:
Name Matric No. Section: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 /
8
Instructor’s Name:

About Experiment:
Title Venue

Date

FOR INSTRUCTORS ONLY

Domain Item Marks Total

CLO1- Discussions /15
PLO2- Conclusion /10 /30
LOD2 Format & Report Organization /5
CLO2-
PLO5- Modern Tool Usage Skills /60 /60
LOD9
CLO3-
PLO12- Lifelong Learning /10 /10
LOD13

TOTAL MARKS Instructor’s Comment Submission Stamp

/100
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1. Equipments / Tools
a) Laptop / Desktop
b) Matlab software (pre-installed with DSP SystemToolbox and Communication
Toolbox)

2. Procedures

1. State the student 1 and student 2 matric numbers in MATLAB code. The matric numbers
must be displayed as comments.

2.1 FM Generation in Matlab Code

a) For an FM modulator with a modulation index β = 4,

i. Modulating signal frequency, fm = 1 kHz

ii. Amplitude of modulating signal, Vm = (Average of matric numbers' last two digits) V
iii. Carrier signal frequency, fc = 10 kHz + (Average of matric numbers' last four digits)
Hz
iv. Amplitude of carrier signal, Vc = 100 V
v. Sampling rate = 1/fm s

b) Create a Matlab code for modulating signal, carrier signal and FM signals respectively.

c) Generate plots of the signals created.

2.2 FM Generation in Simulink

a) Parameters for an FM modulator are stated as below :

i. Modulating signal frequency, fm = 100 Hz

ii. Amplitude of modulating signal, Vm = 2 V
iii. Carrier signal frequency, fc = 3 kHz
iv. Amplitude of carrier signal, Vc = 7 V
v. Sampling rate = 0.0001 s
vi. Frequency deviation, fd = 40 Hz
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b) Generate the output spectrum of the FM signals using FM Modulator Passband,

from Communication Toolbox.

c) Plot the FM signals and modulating signals respectively.

d) Complete the Lab Report part and submit to your Instructor.

No Simulink Model Library

1 Sine wave generator DSP System Toolbox / Sources
2 Spectrum analyzer DSP System Toolbox / Sinks
3 FM Modulator Passband Communication Toolbox / Modulation /
Analog Passband Modulation
4 Scope Simulink / Sinks
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3. Results

1. Print the Matlab code for procedure 2.1-b.

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2. Print the output signals of procedure 2.1-c.

3. Print the Simulink block diagram of procedure 2.2-b.

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4. Print the output of 𝒗𝒗𝑭𝑭𝑭𝑭 (one sided spectrum) from Spectrum analyzer in procedure
2.2-b. Display all the values of the centre frequency and sidebands.

5. Print the output signals of procedure 2.2-c.

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4. Verifications
Verify your completed tasks in Lab Activities to your respective instructor.
(10 marks)

Verified by:

5. Discussion

1. Draw the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel approximation in procedure
2.1.

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2. Calculate the frequency deviation, fd in procedure 2.1.

3. Calculate the modulation index, β in procedure 2.2.

4. Calculate the deviation sensitivities, kf in procedure 2.2.

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6. Conclusion
Summarize the generation of Frequency Modulation using Matlab code and
Simulink.

(10 marks)

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Rubric Assessments
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