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NAME MUBARIK MOHAMED ABDI

SHIFT 4.00PM
TEACHER ENG CAABI
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1. What is a computer? The computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as
input from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called proa
gram), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use. This tutorial explains the
foundational concepts of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, etc.
along with how to get the most value and impact from computer technology.
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system.
There are five computer generations known to date. Each generation has been discussed in detail
along with its period and characteristics. In the following table, approximate dates against each
generation has been mentioned, which are normally accepted. Following are the main five
generations of computers.
Sl. No. Generation & Description

First Generation
1
The period of the first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.

Second Generation
2
The period of the second generation: 1959-19Transistor-basedased.

Third Generation
3
The period of the third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.

Fourth Generation
4
The period of the fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.

Fifth Generation
5
The period of the fifth generation: 1980-onwards. ULSI microprocessor based.

First Generation Computers

The period of the first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of the first generation
used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and CPU(Central Processing Unit).
These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot, of heat and the installations used to fuse

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frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and only large organizations were able to afford
them.
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape,
and the magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation
used machine code as the programming language.
The main features of the first generation are:
• Vacuum tube technology
• Unreliable
• Supported machine language only
• Very costly
• Generates lot of heat
• Slow input and output devices
• Huge size
• Need of AC
• Non-portable
• Consumes lot of electricity
Some computers of this generation were:
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• IBM-750

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Second Generation Computers

The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were used
that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the
first-generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as
the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN,
COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating
system.
The main features of second generation are:
• Use of transistors
• Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
• Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
• Generates less heat as compared to first generation computers
• Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
• Faster than first generation computers
• Still very costly
• AC required
• Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this generation were:
• IBM 1620
• IBM 7094
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• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108

Third Generation Computers

The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used
Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and
capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable,
and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating
system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,
BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
The main features of third generation are:
• IC used
• More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
• Smaller size
• Generated less heat
• Faster
• Lesser maintenance
• Costly
• AC required

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• Consumed lesser electricity

• Supported high-level language Some computers of this generation were:
• IBM-360 series
• Honeywell-6000 series
• PDP (Personal Data Processor)
• IBM-370/168
• TDC-316

Fourth Generation Computers

The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used Very
Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a
result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real
time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++,
DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
The main features of fourth generation are:
• VLSI technology used
• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable

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• Use of PCs
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No AC required
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks
• Computers became easily available Some computers of this generation were:
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

Fifth Generation Computers

The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor
chips having ten million electronic
components.
This generation is based on parallel
processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software. AI is
an emerging branch in computer
science, which interprets the means
and method of making computers
think like human beings. All the high-
level languages like C and C++,
Java, .Net etc., are used in this
generation.

The main features of fifth

generation are:
• ULSI technology
• Development of true artificial intelligence
• Development of Natural language processing
• Advancement in Parallel Processing
• Advancement in Superconductor technology
• More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
• Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates Some

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Computer types of this generation are:

• Desktop
• Laptop
• Notebook
• Ultrabook
• Chromebook

Uses of computer

1. Business

2. Education

3. Healthcare

4. Retail and Trade

5. Government

6. Marketing

7. Science

8. Publishing

9. Arts and Entertainment

10. Communication

11. Banking and Finance

12. Transport

13. Navigation

14. Working From Home

15. Military

16. Social

17. Booking Vacations

18. Security and Surveillance

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19. Weather Forecasting

20. Robotics

Advantages of Computers
Following are certain advantages of computers.

High Speed
• Computer is a very fast device.

• It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.

• The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.

• It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will
spend many months to perform the same task.

Accuracy
• In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.

• The calculations are 100% error free.

• Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is correct.

Storage Capability
• Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.

• A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.

• It can store large amount of data.

• It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.

Diligence
• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of
concentration.

• It can work continuously without any error and boredom.

• It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.

Versatility
• A computer is a very versatile machine.

• A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.

• This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.

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• At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment
it may be playing a card game.

Reliability
• A computer is a reliable machine.

• Modern electronic components have long lives.

• Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

Automation
• Computer is an automatic machine.

• Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the computer
receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the computer memory, then the program
and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.

Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

• The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper
work and results in speeding up the process.

• As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of
maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.

• Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it substantially reduces the
cost of each of its transaction.

Disadvantages of Computers
Following are certain disadvantages of computers.

• A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.

• Each instruction has to be given to the computer.

• A computer cannot take any decision on its own.

Dependency
• It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on humans.

Environment
• The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable.

No Feeling
• Computers have no feelings or emotions.

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• It cannot make a judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge, unlike
humans.

2. What are the Parts of a Personal Computer- The different parts of a computer—take a

look.

 A motherboard.

 A Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), also known as a video card.

 Random Access Memory (RAM), also known as volatile memory.

 Storage: Solid State Drive (SSD) or Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

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a. Keyboard- A keyboard is for putting information including letters, words, and numbers

into your computer. You press the individual buttons on the keyboard when you type. The

number keys across the top of the keyboard are also found on the right of the keyboard.

The letter keys are in the center of the keyboard.

b. Mouse- A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface to

point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that

position. The mouse first became a widely-used computer tool when Apple Computer

made it a standard part of the Apple Macintosh.

c. System- a system is a set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store

data and information. Computer systems are currently built around at least one digital

processing device. There are five main hardware components in a computer system: Input,

Processing, Storage, Output, and Communication devices.

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d. Monitor- A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or

text form. A monitor usually comprises a visual display, some circuitry, a casing, and a

power supply.

3. What’s are the Search Engines-  the search engine is a software system designed to carry out

web searches. They search the World Wide Web in a systematic way for particular

information specified in a textual web search query. The search results are generally

presented in a line of results, often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs).

a) History and searching of engines- As the number of sites on the Web increased in the mid-to-

late 90s, search engines started appearing to help people find information quickly. Search

engines developed business models to finance their services, such as pay-per-click programs

offered by Open Text in 1996 and then Goto.com in 1998. Goto.com later changed its name

to Overture in 2001 was purchased by Yahoo! in 2003, and now offers paid search

opportunities for advertisers through Yahoo! Search Marketing. Google also began to offer

advertisements on search results pages in 2000 through the Google Ad Words program. By

2007, pay-per-click programs proved to be primary money-makers for search engines. In a

market dominated by Google, in 2009 Yahoo! and Microsoft announced the intention to ally.

The Yahoo! & Microsoft Search Alliance eventually received approval from regulators in the

US and Europe in February 2010. Search engine optimization consultants expanded their

offerings to help businesses learn about and use the advertising opportunities offered by

search engines, and new agencies focusing primarily on marketing and advertising through

search engines emerged. The term "Search Engine Marketing" was proposed by Danny

Sullivan in 2001 to cover the spectrum of activities involved in performing SEO, managing

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paid listings at the search engines, submitting sites to directories, and developing online

marketing strategies for businesses, organizations, and individuals. Some of the latest

theoretical advances include Search Engine Marketing Management (SEMM). SEMM relates

to activities including SEO but focuses on return on investment (ROI) management instead

of relevant traffic building (as is the case of mainstream SEO). SEMM also integrates

organic SEO, trying to achieve top ranking without using paid means of achieving top in

search engines, and PayPerClick SEO. For example, some of the attention is placed on the

web page layout design and how content and information are displayed to the website visitor.

b) Types of searching engines

 Google Search Engine is the best search engine in the world and it is also one of the most

popular products from Google. ...

 Bing. Bing is Microsoft's answer to Google and it was launched in 2009. ...

 Yahoo.

 Baidu.

 AOL.

 Ask.com.

 Excite.

 DuckDuckGo.

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c) Uses of searching engines

Search engines are programs that make it easy for people to search the internet for a relevant web

page. The three main functions of a search engine are collecting information about pages,

categorizing those web pages, and creating an algorithm that makes it easy for people to find

relevant web pages.

4. Whatt’s is the internet browser- A web browser takes you anywhere on the internet. It

retrieves information from other parts of the web and displays it on your desktop or mobile

device. The information is transferred using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which defines

how text, images, and video are transmitted on the web.

History of internet Browser

Today web browsers are easily accessible and can be used on devices like computers, laptops,

mobile phones, etc. but this evolution of making browsers available for easy use took many

years. 

Given below are some salient points that one must know about the history of web browsers:

 “Worldwide Web” was the first web browser created by Tim Berners Lee in 1990. This

is completely different from the World Wide Web we use today 

 In 1993, the “Mosaic” web browser was released. It had the feature of adding images and

an innovative graphical interface. It was “the world’s first popular browser”

 After this, in 1994, Marc Andreessen (leader of Mosaic Team) started working on a new

web browser, which was released and was named “Netscape Navigator”

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 In 1995, “Internet Explorer” was launched by Microsoft. It soon overtook the most

popular web browser

 In 2002, “Mozilla Firefox” was introduced which was equally as competent as Internet

Explorer

 Apple too launched a web browser in the year 2003 and named it “Safari”. This browser

is commonly used on Apple devices only and is not popular with other devices

 Finally, in the year 2008, Google released “Chrome” and within a period of 3 years it

took over all the other existing browsers and is one of the most commonly used web

browsers across the world

For those who are willing to know more about the Internet, can visit the linked article. 

Types of internet Browser- the functions of all web browsers are the same. Thus, more than the

different types different web browsers have been used over the years.

Discussed below are different web browser examples and their specific features:

1. Worldwide Web

 The first web browser ever

 Launched in 1990

 It was later named “Nexus” to avoid any confusion with the World Wide Web

 Had the very basic features and less interactive in terms of graphical interface

 Did not have the feature of bookmark

2. Mosaic

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 It was launched in 1993

 The second web browser which was launched

 Had a better graphical interface. Images, text, and graphics could all be integrated

 It was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications

 The team which was responsible for creating Mosaic was led by Marc Andreessen

 It was named “the world’s first popular browser”

3. Netscape Navigator

 It was released in 1994

 In the 1990s, it was the dominant browser in terms of usage share

 More versions of this browser were launched by Netscape

 It had an advanced licensing scheme and allowed free usage for non-commercial

purposes

4. Internet Explorer

 It was launched in 1995 by Microsoft

 By 2003, it has attained almost 95% of usage share and had become the most popular

browser of all

 Close to 10 versions of Internet Explorer were released by Microsoft and were updated

gradually

 It was included in the Microsoft Windows operating system

 In 2015, it was replaced with “Microsoft Edge”, as it became the default browser on

Windows 10
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5. firefox

 It was introduced in 2002 and was developed by Mozilla Foundation

 Firefox overtook the usage share from Internet Explorer and became the dominant

browser during 2003-04

 Location-aware browsing was made available with Firefox

 This browser was also made available for mobile phones, tablets, etc.

6. Google Chrome

 It was launched in 2008 by Google

 It is a cross-platform web browser

 Multiple features from old browsers were amalgamated to form better and newer features

 To save computers from malware, Google developed the ad-blocking feature to keep the

user data safe and secure

 Incognito mode is provided where private searching is available where no cookies or

history is saved

 Till date, it has the best user interface

Apart from these, the Opera Mini web browser was introduced in 2005 which was specially

designed for mobile users. Before the mobile version, the computer version “Opera” was also

released in 1995. It supported a decent user interface and was developed by Opera Software.

As for Government aspirants, apart from Computer Knowledge, various other subjects are

included in the exam syllabus. The links for the same are given below:

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What are Printers-

A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the

information to paper, usually to standard-size, 8.5" by 11" sheets of paper. Printers vary in size,

speed, sophistication, and cost.

Types of printers

Laser Printers

Since they utilize laser innovation to transfer the images you print to paper, get their name.

The fastest printer option, a laser printer

normally has a higher purchase rate but the total cost of ownership tends to be less than that

of an inkjet printer.

Inkjet Printers

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Because they utilize liquid ink to develop the images you print, Inkjet printers get their

name. Because of this, inkjet printers frequently provide the very best service for high-

resolution picture printing. Unfortunately, documents and images printed utilizing an inkjet

printer might bleed or smear when exposed to liquid or humid conditions.

All-in-One Printers

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All-in-one printers typically supply print, copy, scan, and fax capabilities from a single

gadget. Readily available in laser and inkjet designs, this space-saving style can benefit

those short on office real estate. In addition, a multifunctional printer can save your service

the expenditure of acquiring numerous gadgets.

Uses of printer

 Print Text.

 Print Document File.

 Print Diagram & Pictures.

 Print Book.
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 Print Story Book.

 Print Graphics & Banners.

Advantages of printer’s

With printers being sold out as fast as daily necessities (2.1 million units of 3D printers alone in

2020), it is evident how printers need to be utilized everywhere from home to offices and

businesses; besides that, the printing industry is also flourishing at a worth of $75.3 billion.

If you are somebody who is planning to purchase a printer, you must be flustered amidst all the

choices present. At a time like this, you need to educate yourself regarding the advantages and

disadvantages of printers so that you can identify which features to seek and which to avoid.

Advantages Of Using Printers

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Printers usually come with a world of benefits that you can access with a few clicks. We will be

listing some of the biggest benefits down below so before making a purchase, make sure your

printer can cater to all these advantages.

Convenience

As modern-day printers grow more advanced, they can print on various types and sizes of media.

This means a home printer can now be used to print out documents, photographs, legal papers,

projects, index cards, etc.

Several trips to nearby office supply stores or commercial printing stores can be avoided. For

kids, scrapbooking, making projects, designing journals, and taking on other creative tasks are

made easier as they can customize their prints per need and print whenever they need to.

Ease Of Reading

Reading notes, documents, and reports off of the computer screen can be tiring and damaging for

the eye. Besides that, we all know it is rather frustrating not being able to mark important parts or

highlight required paragraphs.

Having a printer removes all these problems as getting hardcopies require only a few clicks.

With a good printer that ensures excellent output quality, you can get sharp texts that will add no

strain to your life and make work way easier to handle.

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Helpful Features

As mentioned before, printers manufactured within the past few years come with colorful

features that you cannot help but crave!

With outstanding resolution, the ability to print on different types of papers, and the availability

of facilities like borderless printing, your printing journey will know no bounds. You can print

brochures, make printables, print out fabulously designed t-shirts, customize yourself some

pretty planners, easily record data on index cards and carry out many other tasks.

Simply put, using these printers you can open up the door to a new creative world that knows no

limits. This allows many people to start up their home businesses.

Increased Productivity

With a printer next to you, your printing journey becomes more flexible. You are allowed to

print whichever documents or reports you need and going through them requires less effort.

Overall, work productivity significantly increases and time is also saved.

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