Distri Reviewer

EENG 105: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM & SUBSTATION DESIGN
Topic 1: Overview of Distribution Systems Primary Distribution, Radial System, Loop/Ring

System, Secondary Distribution
INTRODUCTION
 Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries
electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.
 A distribution system consists of all the facilities and equipment connecting a
transmission system to the customer's equipment.
 Distribution systems distribute electrical energy among loads and make sure that the
form of the electrical energy fits the load requirements.
 Distribution systems can be defined as the sequential flow of procedures, systems,
and activities which are designed and linked to facilitate and monitor the movement of
goods and services from the source to the consumer.
 The quality of the voltage, including its frequency and the resulting current, that are
measured in the Distribution System during normal conditions.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VOLTAGES (Parameters and Limits)

 Power quality begins with knowing the characteristics of the distribution utility, its
capabilities and limitations.
*Customers must take note of the following parameters in determining the appropriate equipment and system
design for their facilities.
Effect of Utility Variations on Equipment Ratings
Equipment must operate satisfactorily within the -10% to +10% voltage variation of the
Distribution Utility's nominal service voltage.
PRIMARY VOLTAGES (Overview of Primary Voltages)

Only large consumers are fed directly from distribution voltages; most utility customers
are connected to a transformer, which reduces the distribution voltage to the low voltage
"utilization voltage", "supply voltage" or "mains voltage" used by lighting and interior wiring
systems.
TRANSFORMERS
 A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one
electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits.
 Generally, the primary winding of a transformer is connected to the input voltage
supply and converts or transforms the electrical power into a magnetic field.
 Electrical device that uses electromagnetic induction to pass an alternating current
(AC) signal from one electric circuit to another, often changing (or "transforming") the
voltage and electric current.
OVERVIEW AND PARTS

SYMBOLS USED IN TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE RATINGS
 Dash (-)
To separate the voltage rating or ratings of separate windings.
Example: 34500 Grd. Y / 19920 V – 240 / 120 V
 Slant or Slash (/)

To separate voltage to be applied or to be obtained from the same winding.
Example: 13200 GRDY / 7620 V – 120 / 240 V
 Cross (X)
To designate separate voltages which can be obtained by reconnecting the
coils of a winding in series or multiple combinations.
Example: 34500 Grd. Y / 19920 V – 240 / 120 V X 139 / 277 V
PRIMARY VOLTAGE RATING COMMONLY USED
34500Grd. Y / 19920 – Single-bushing DTs for line-to-ground connections on effectively

grounded systems with line-to-line voltages of 34.5kV.
3600 / 6240Y – Two-bushing DTs for line-to-ground connection on system with line-to-line
voltages of 6.24kV.
voltages of 4.16kV.
voltages of 8.3kV or for line-to-line connection on system with line-to-line voltage of 4.8kV.
13200 – for line-to-line connection on system of 13.2kV line-to-line.
13200Grd.Y / 7620 – Single-bushing DTs for line-to-ground connection on effectively

grounded systems with line-to-line voltages of 13.2kV.
voltages of 13.2kV
Without slash (/) – for line-to-line connection

With slash (/) - for line-to-ground connection
DT NUMBER CODING SYSTEM OF MERALCO
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 120/240- & 240/120-VOLTRATINGS

SECONDARY VOLTAGES (Overview of Secondary Voltages)
Secondary voltages are provided by distribution transformers that are connected to the
primary system, which are usually associated with utilization voltages.
EENG 105: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM & SUBSTATION DESIGN
Topic2: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS AND DEMANDS
INTRODUCTION: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
What is electrical load?

• The term load refers to the electrical demand of a device connected to and drawing
power from the electric system in order to accomplish some task.
• Any device or apparatus that draws electric current from supply system is said to
impose a load on the system. The term “LOAD” (in electrical) is used to:
 To indicate any device that consumes electrical energy.
 To indicate power required from given supply circuit.
 To indicate the current or power passing through transmission line.
• The demand of a system installation is “the load that is drawn from the source of supply
at the receiving terminals averaged over a certain period of time”
SAMPLE DT LOADING
Min Average Max

Current 32 95.31 149
kVA Loading 7.68 22.87 35.76
% Loading 10.24% 30.50% 47.68%
AVERAGE LOAD
Average load mean of all the demands that have concurred during the day/month/year.
∑ 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐴𝐿𝑑𝑎𝑦 =
24
LOAD FACTOR
Ratio of average load to the peak load
𝐴𝐿
𝑙𝐹 =
𝑃𝐿
DEMAND FACTOR
Ratio of peak load to the connected load
𝑃𝐿
𝐷𝐹 =
𝐶𝐿
DIVERSITY FACTOR
Ratio of the sum of individual peak load to the peak load of the entire station
∑ 𝑃𝐿
𝑑𝐹 =
𝑃𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
UTILIZATION FACTOR
Ratio of the peak load of the entire station to the total or installed capacity of the station
𝑃𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑈𝐹 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR
Ratio of the annual energy delivered by the station to the rated energy that the station
can generate or produced in a year
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝑃𝐶𝐹𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 ∗ 8760
PLANT USE FACTOR
Ratio of the annual energy delivered by the station to the actual energy that the station
can generate or produced in a year
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝑃𝑈𝐹𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 ∗ 𝑁
L3-TRANSFORMER-CONNECTIONS
OVERVIEW OF MERALCO SYSTEM
DT NAMEPLATE SAMPLE
EXTERNAL TAP-CHANGERS
Operation
1. De-energize the DT
2. Loosen lock screw
3. Rotate switch to desired position
4. Tighten lock screw
5. Energize the DT
TRANSFORMER POLARITY CONVENTION

Additive
• 200 kVA or smaller, and 8.66 kV or below.
• X1 is diagonally across from H1
Subtractive
• Single-phase transformers that do not meet either one or both criteria.
• X1 is on same side as H1
POLARITY TESTING OF A DT
If Vm reads more than the applied voltage - Additive

If Vm reads less than the applied voltage – Subtractive

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EENG 105: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM & SUBSTATION DESIGN

Topic 1: Overview of Distribution Systems Primary Distribution, Radial System, Loop/Ring

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY VOLTAGES (Parameters and Limits)

PRIMARY VOLTAGES (Overview of Primary Voltages)

OVERVIEW AND PARTS

 Slant or Slash (/)

PRIMARY VOLTAGE RATING COMMONLY USED

34500Grd. Y / 19920 – Single-bushing DTs for line-to-ground connections on effectively

13200 – for line-to-line connection on system of 13.2kV line-to-line.

13200Grd.Y / 7620 – Single-bushing DTs for line-to-ground connection on effectively

Without slash (/) – for line-to-line connection

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 120/240- & 240/120-VOLTRATINGS

Topic2: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS AND DEMANDS

INTRODUCTION: LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

What is electrical load?

Min Average Max

OVERVIEW OF MERALCO SYSTEM

TRANSFORMER POLARITY CONVENTION

If Vm reads more than the applied voltage - Additive

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