Angular Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it easy to build
applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The major features of this framework such as
declarative templates, dependency injection, end to end tooling, and many more other
features are used to ease the development.

2. What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in which an application is a
tree of individual components.

Some of the major difference in tabular form

AngularJS Angular

It is based on MVC architecture This is based on Service/Controller

This uses use JavaScript to build the Introduced the typescript to write the
application application

Based on controllers concept This is a component based UI approach

Not a mobile friendly framework Developed considering mobile platform

Difficulty in SEO friendly application

Ease to create SEO friendly applications
development

3. What is TypeScript?

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds optional types,
classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular
built entirely in TypeScript and used as a primary language. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeter(person: string) {

return "Hello, " + person;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

 document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

The greeter method allows only string type as argument.

4. Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

The main building blocks of an Angular application is shown in the below

diagram

5. What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the below key components,

i. Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular application to control
HTML views.
ii. Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building blocks like component,
directives, services etc. An application is divided into logical pieces and each piece of
code is called as "module" which perform a single task.
iii. Templates: This represent the views of an Angular application.
iv. Services: It is used to create components which can be shared across the entire
application.
v. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular class.

6. What are directives?

Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing component instance.
 import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
}

Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow background as below

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

7. What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app which formed a tree of
Angular components. These components are subset of directives. Unlike directives,
components always have a template and only one component can be instantiated per an
element in a template. Let's see a simple example of Angular component

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
}

8. What are the differences between Component and Directive?

In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-template.

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

Component Directive

To register a component we use To register directives we use @Directive

@Component meta-data annotation meta-data annotation

Components are typically used to create Directive is used to add behavior to an

UI widgets existing DOM element

Component is used to break up the Directive is use to design re-usable

application into smaller components components
 Component Directive

Only one component can be present per Many directives can be used per DOM
DOM element element

@View decorator or templateurl/template

Directive doesn't use View
are mandatory

9. What is a template?

A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding controls to properties of
an Angular component. You can store your component's template in one of two places. You
can define it inline using the template property, or you can define the template in a
separate HTML file and link to it in the component metadata using the @Component
decorator's templateUrl property. Using inline template with template syntax,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

10. What is a module?

Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is divided into
separate modules to separate the functionality of your application. Lets take an example
of app.module.ts root module declared with @NgModule decorator as below,
 import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }

The NgModule decorator has three options

i. The imports option is used to import other dependent modules. The BrowserModule
is required by default for any web based angular application
ii. The declarations option is used to define components in the respective module
iii. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to bootstrap in the application

11. What are lifecycle hooks available?

Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a lifecycle right from its
initiation to the end of the application. The representation of lifecycle in pictorial

representation as follows,

The description of each lifecycle method is as below,

i. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property changes, then this method
is called.
ii. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the directive/component after
Angular first displays the data-bound properties happens.
iii. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes that Angular can't or
won't detect on its own.
iv. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular projects external
content into the component's view.
v. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the content
projected into the component.
vi. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular initializes the component's
views and child views.
 vii. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the
component's views and child views.
viii. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular destroys the
directive/component.

12. What is a data binding?

Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define communication between a
component and the DOM, making it very easy to define interactive applications without
worrying about pushing and pulling data. There are four forms of data binding(divided as 3
categories) which differ in the way the data is flowing.

i. From the Component to the DOM: Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the value of a
property from the component

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>

Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed from the component to the
specified property or simple HTML attribute

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

ii. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding: (event)=”function”: When a
specific DOM event happens (eg.: click, change, keyup), call the specified method in
the component

<button (click)="logout()"></button>

iii. Two-way binding: Two-way data binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-way data

binding allows to have the data flow both ways. For example, in the below code
snippet, both the email DOM input and component email property are in sync

<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

13. What is metadata?

Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the expected behavior of the
class. The metadata is represented by decorators

i. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule

import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a component!');
}
}

@NgModule({
imports: [],
declarations: [],
})
export class MyModule {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a module!');
}
}

ii. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g. @Input and @Output

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
})

export class MyComponent {

@Input()
title: string;
}

iii. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g. @HostListener

import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
@HostListener('click', ['$event'])
onHostClick(event: Event) {
// clicked, `event` available
}
}

iv. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class constructors, e.g. @Inject

import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my-service';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
console.log(myService); // MyService
}
}
14. What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface to scaffold and build
angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs) modules. You need to install using below npm
command,

npm install @angular/cli@latest

Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while creating angular projects

i. Creating New Project: ng new

ii. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng generate/g The different types
of commands would be,
o ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application
o ng generate component my-new-component: add a component to your application
o ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your application
o ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your application
o ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your application
o ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
o ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your application

iii. Running the Project: ng serve

15. What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

TypeScript classes has a default method called constructor which is normally used for the
initialization purpose. Whereas ngOnInit method is specific to Angular, especially used to
define Angular bindings. Even though constructor getting called first, it is preferred to move
all of your Angular bindings to ngOnInit method. In order to use ngOnInit, you need to
implement OnInit interface as below,

export class App implements OnInit{

constructor(){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}

ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first ngOnChanges()
}
}

16. What is a service?

A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to various modules.

Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your application and better modularity
 by allowing you to extract common functionality out of components. Let's create a
repoService which can be used across components,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency injection to work

// providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule
providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root app (AppModule)
})
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}

fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories');
}
}

The above service uses Http service as a dependency.

17. What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design pattern in which a class asks
for dependencies from external sources rather than creating them itself. Angular comes with
its own dependency injection framework for resolving dependencies( services or objects
that a class needs to perform its function).So you can have your services depend on other
services throughout your application.

18. How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

19. What is the purpose of async pipe?

The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the latest value it has
emitted. When a new value is emitted, the pipe marks the component to be checked for
changes. Let's take a time observable which continuously updates the view for every 2
seconds with the current time.

@Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time = new Observable(observer =>
setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000)
);
}
20. What is the option to choose between inline and external
template file?

You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can define it inline
using the template property, or you can define the template in a separate HTML file and
link to it in the component metadata using
the @Component decorator's templateUrl property. The choice between inline and
separate HTML is a matter of taste, circumstances, and organization policy. But normally we
use inline template for small portion of code and external template file for bigger views. By
default, the Angular CLI generates components with a template file. But you can override
that with the below command,

ng generate component hero -it

21. What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

We use Angular ngFor directive in the template to display each item in the list. For example,
here we iterate over list of users,

<li *ngFor="let user of users">

{{ user }}
</li>

The user variable in the ngFor double-quoted instruction is a template input variable

22. What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view only under specific
circumstances. The Angular ngIf directive inserts or removes an element based on a
truthy/falsy condition. Let's take an example to display a message if the user age is more
than 18,

<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</p>

Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and removing the
paragraph element from the DOM. That improves performance, especially in the larger
projects with many data bindings.

23. What happens if you use script tag inside template?

Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it, which removes
the <script> tag but keeps safe content such as the text content of the <script> tag. This
 way it eliminates the risk of script injection attacks. If you still use it then it will be ignored
and a warning appears in the browser console. Let's take an example of innerHtml property
binding which causes XSS vulnerability,

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

// For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script> <b>Syntax</b>';
}

24. What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a
convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly braces({{}}). The
text between the braces is often the name of a component property. Angular replaces that
name with the string value of the corresponding component property. Let's take an
example,

<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>

In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the blanks,
first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.

25. What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript expression. Angular

executes the expression and assigns it to a property of a binding target; the target might be
an HTML element, a component, or a directive. In the property binding, a template
expression appears in quotes to the right of the = symbol as in [property]="expression". In
interpolation syntax, the template expression is surrounded by double curly braces. For
example, in the below interpolation, the template expression is {{username}},

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>

The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template expression

i. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

ii. new
iii. chaining expressions with ; or ,
iv. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)
26. What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target such as an element,

component, or directive. The template statements appear in quotes to the right of the =
symbol like (event)="statement". Let's take an example of button click event's statement

<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The below JavaScript syntax
expressions are not allowed.

i. new
ii. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
iii. operator assignment, such as += and -=
iv. the bitwise operators | and &
v. the template expression operators

27. How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by the direction of data
flow. They are listed as below,

i. From the source-to-view

ii. From view-to-source
iii. View-to-source-to-view

The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,

Data direction Syntax Type

1. {{expression}} 2.
From the source-to- [target]="expression" Interpolation, Property, Attribute,
view(One-way) 3. bind- Class, Style
target="expression"

1. (target)="statement"
From view-to-source(One-
2. on- Event
way)
target="statement"

View-to-source-to- 1. Two-way
view(Two-way) [(target)]="expression"
 Data direction Syntax Type

2. bindon-
target="expression"

28. What are pipes?

A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. For example, let us take
a pipe to transform a component's birthday property into a human-friendly date
using date pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
}

29. What is a parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output. The
parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name with a colon ( : ) and then
the parameter value. If the pipe accepts multiple parameters, separate the values with
colons. Let's take a birthday example with a particular format(dd/MM/yyyy):

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'dd/MM/yyyy'}}</p>` // 18/06/1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression, such as a string literal or a
component property.

30. How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the needs. Let's take
a birthday property which uses date pipe(along with parameter) and uppercase pipes as
below
 import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' | uppercase}} </p>`
// THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

31. What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-inn pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with the below key
characteristics,

i. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe decorator, which you import
from the core Angular library For example,

@Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})

ii. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform method that
accepts an input value followed by optional parameters and returns the transformed
value. The structure of pipeTransform would be as below,

interface PipeTransform {
transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
}

iii. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that you'll use within
template expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.

template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe: someOtherValue}}`

32. Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of existing value. For example,
let us create a custom pipe for finding file size based on an extension,

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}

Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,

template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
 <p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
`

33. What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the value or the parameters
passed to a pipe. For example, any changes to a primitive input value (String, Number,
Boolean, Symbol) or a changed object reference (Date, Array, Function, Object). An impure
pipe is called for every change detection cycle no matter whether the value or parameters
changes. i.e, An impure pipe is called often, as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.

34. What is a bootstrapping module?

Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you bootstrap to
launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is commonly known as
AppModule. The default structure of AppModule generated by AngularCLI would be as
follows,

/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

35. What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages between
publishers and subscribers in your application. They are mainly used for event handling,
asynchronous programming, and handling multiple values. In this case, you define a
function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a consumer subscribes to it. The
subscribed consumer then receives notifications until the function completes, or until they
unsubscribe.
36. What is HttpClient and its benefits?
Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend services over HTTP protocol
using either XMLHttpRequest interface or the fetch() API. Angular provides a simplified
client HTTP API known as HttpClient which is based on top of XMLHttpRequest interface.
This client is avaialble from @angular/common/http package. You can import in your root
module as below,
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,

i. Contains testability features

ii. Provides typed request and response objects
iii. Intercept request and response
iv. Supports Observalbe APIs
v. Supports streamlined error handling

37. Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?

Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient.

i. Import HttpClient into root module:

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
// import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
HttpClientModule,
],
......
})
export class AppModule {}

ii. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It also defines get method of
HttpClient

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json';

@Injectable()
export class UserProfileService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

getUserProfile() {
return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
}
 }

iii. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a component called
UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject UserProfileService and
invokes the service method,

fetchUserProfile() {
this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
.subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
id: data['userId'],
name: data['firstName'],
city: data['city']
});
}

Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs to be subscribed in the
component.

38. How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't may not return full response data because sometimes servers
also return special headers or status code which which are important for the application
workflow. Inorder to get full response, you should use observe option from HttpClient,

getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
}

Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed HttpResponse rather than just
the JSON data.

39. How do you perform Error handling?

If the request fails on the server or failed to reach the server due to network issues then
HttpClient will return an error object instead of a successful reponse. In this case, you need
to handle in the component by passing error object as a second callback to subscribe()
method. Let's see how it can be handled in the component with an example,

fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
}

It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback instead of displaying
the raw error object returned from HttpClient.
40. What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in a functional,

reactive style using Observables. Many APIs such as HttpClient produce and consume RxJS
Observables and also uses operators for processing observables. For example, you can
import observables and operators for using HttpClient as below,

import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';

41. What is subscribing?

An Observable instance begins publishing values only when someone subscribes to it. So
you need to subscribe by calling the subscribe() method of the instance, passing an
observer object to receive the notifications. Let's take an example of creating and
subscribing to a simple observable, with an observer that logs the received message to the
console.

Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);

// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification'),
};

// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
source.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a next value: 2
// => Observer got a next value: 3
// => Observer got a next value: 4
// => Observer got a next value: 5
// => Observer got a complete notification

42. What is an observable?

An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage async code.
Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need to rely on a popular
Observable library called RxJS. The observables are created using new keyword. Let see the
simple example of observable,

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
 }, 2000);
});

43. What is an observer?

Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications delivered by an

Observable. It has below structure,

interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}

A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable notifications will
be passed as a parameter for observable as below,

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);

Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer ignores notifications
of that type.

44. What is the difference between promise and observable?

Below are the list of differences between promise and observable,

Observable Promise

Declarative: Computation does not start until subscription Execute immediately on

so that they can be run whenever you need the result creation

Provide multiple values over time Provide only one

Subscribe method is used for error handling which makes Push errors to the child
centralized and predictable error handling promises

Provides chaining and subscription to handle complex

Uses only .then() clause
applications

45. What is multicasting?

 Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple subscribers in a single
execution. Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature,

var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);

var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);

// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});

// This is, under the hood, `s

46. How do you perform error handling in observables?

You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the observer instead of relying on
try/catch which are ineffective in asynchronous environment. For example, you can define
error callback as below,

myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
});

47. What is the short hand notation for subscribe method?

The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in line, for next, error, and
complete handlers is known as short hand notation or Subscribe method with positional
arguments. For example, you can define subscribe method as below,

myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
);

48. What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?

The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and working with
observables.

i. Converting existing code for async operations into observables

ii. Iterating through the values in a stream
iii. Mapping values to different types
 iv. Filtering streams
v. Composing multiple streams

49. What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating observables from things such as
promises, events, timers and Ajax requests. Let us explain each of them with an example,

i. Create an observable from a promise

import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function

const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from Promise
data.subscribe({
next(response) { console.log(response); },
error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
});

ii. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request

import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function

const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request
// Subscribe to create the request
apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status, res.response));

iii. Create an observable from a counter

import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function

const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter value
secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));

iv. Create an observable from an event

import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';

const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) => {
console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * ${e.clientY}`);
});

50. What will happen if you do not supply handler for observer?

Normally an observer object can define any combination of next, error and complete
notification type handlers. If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer
just ignores notifications of that type.

51. What are angular elements?

 Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements(a web standard
for defining new HTML elements in a framework-agnostic way). Angular Elements hosts an
Angular component, providing a bridge between the data and logic defined in the
component and standard DOM APIs, thus, providing a way to use Angular components
in non-Angular environments.

52. What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the browser support of angular
elements is same as custom elements support. This feature is is currently supported natively
in a number of browsers and pending for other browsers.

Browser Angular Element Support

Chrome Natively supported

Opera Natively supported

Safari Natively supported

Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to enable

Firefox dom.webcomponents.enabled and
dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in older browsers

Edge Currently it is in progress

53. What are custom elements?

Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature which extends HTML
by allowing you to define a tag whose content is created and controlled by JavaScript code.
The browser maintains a CustomElementRegistry of defined custom elements, which maps an
instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML tag. Currently this feature is supported by Chrome,
Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and available in other browsers through polyfills.

54. Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they are added to the DOM,
and are automatically destroyed when removed from the DOM. Once a custom element is
added to the DOM for any page, it looks and behaves like any other HTML element, and
does not require any special knowledge of Angular.
55. Explain how custom elements works internally?

Below are the steps in an order about custom elements functionality,

i. App registers custom element with browser: Use the createCustomElement()

function to convert a component into a class that can be registered with the browser
as a custom element.
ii. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just like a built-in HTML
element directly into the DOM.
iii. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser creates an instance of the
registered class and adds it to the DOM.
iv. Instance provides content with data binding and change detection: The content
with in template is rendered using the component and DOM data. The flow chart of
the custom elements functionality would be as
follows,

56. How to transfer components to custom elements?

Transforming components to custom elements involves two major steps,

i. Build custom element class: Angular provides the createCustomElement() function

for converting an Angular component (along with its dependencies) to a custom
element. The conversion process implements NgElementConstructor interface, and
creates a constructor class which is used to produce a self-bootstrapping instance of
Angular component.
 ii. Register element class with browser: It uses customElements.define() JS function, to
register the configured constructor and its associated custom-element tag with the
browser's CustomElementRegistry. When the browser encounters the tag for the
registered element, it uses the constructor to create a custom-element instance. The
detailed structure would be as
follows,

57. What are the mapping rules between Angular component and
custom element?

The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML attributes and the browser's
event system. Let us describe them in two steps,

i. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties with

corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example, component
@Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element attribute my-input-prop.
ii. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom Events, with the name of
the custom event matching the output name. For example, component @Output()
valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted as custom element with dispatch
event as "valueChanged".

58. How do you define typings for custom elements?

 You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from @angular/elements.
Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular component, The simple
container with input property would be as below,

@Component(...)
class MyContainer {
@Input() message: string;
}

After applying types typescript validates input value and their types,

const container = document.createElement('my-container') as NgElement &

WithProperties<{message: string}>;
container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows this should be a string.
container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows there is no `greet` property
on `container`.

59. What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which components location in the application
is not defined at build time.i.e, They are not used in any angular template. But the
component is instantiated and placed in the application at runtime.

60. What are the various kinds of directives?

There are mainly three kinds of directives.

i. Components — These are directives with a template.

ii. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM layout by adding and
removing DOM elements.
iii. Attribute directives — These directives change the appearance or behavior of an
element, component, or another directive.

61. How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the directive class file. It creates
the source file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the respective test
file(.spec.ts) and declare the directive class file in root module.

62. Give an example for attribute directives?

 Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for DOM element. You can
create and apply the attribute directive using below steps,

i. Create HighlightDirective class with the file name src/app/highlight.directive.ts. In

this file, we need to import Directive from core library to apply the metadata
and ElementRef in the directive's constructor to inject a reference to the host DOM
element ,

import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
}
}

ii. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host element(for example,

<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

iii. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph element

ng serve

63. What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from one view to the next as
users perform application tasks. It borrows the concepts or model of browser's application
navigation.

64. What is the purpose of base href tag?

The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first child in the tag
inorder to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app folder is the application root
then you can set the href value as below

<base href="/">

65. What are the router imports?

 The Angular Router which represents a particular component view for a given URL is not
part of Angular Core. It is available in library named @angular/router to import required
router components. For example, we import them in app module as below,

import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

66. What is router outlet?

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as a placeholder that
marks the spot in the template where the router should display the components for that
outlet. Router outlet is used like a component,

<router-outlet></router-outlet>
<!-- Routed components go here -->

67. What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router control over those elements.
Since the navigation paths are fixed, you can assign string values to router-link directive as
below,

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

68. What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active RouterLink bindings based
on the current RouterState. i.e, the Router will add CSS classes when this link is active and
and remove when the link is inactive. For example, you can add them to RouterLinks as
below

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

69. What is router state?

 RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree knows about the
"consumed" URL segments, the extracted parameters, and the resolved data. You can access
the current RouterState from anywhere in the application using the Router service and
the routerState property.

@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
}

70. What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through the Router.events
property allowing you to track the lifecycle of the route. The sequence of router events is as
below,

i. NavigationStart,
ii. RouteConfigLoadStart,
iii. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
iv. RoutesRecognized,
v. GuardsCheckStart,
vi. ChildActivationStart,
vii. ActivationStart,
viii. GuardsCheckEnd,
ix. ResolveStart,
x. ResolveEnd,
xi. ActivationEnd
xii. ChildActivationEnd
xiii. NavigationEnd,
xiv. NavigationCancel,
xv. NavigationError
xvi. Scroll

71. What is activated route?

ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated with a component loaded
in an outlet. It can also be used to traverse the router state tree. The ActivatedRoute will be
 injected as a router service to access the information. In the below example, you can access
route path and parameters,

@Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id));
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments => segments.join('')));
// route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
}

72. How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You configures the router with
routes via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the result to the
AppModule's imports array.

const appRoutes: Routes = [

{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];

@NgModule({
imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
...
})
export class AppModule { }

73. What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the router to throw an error
and crash the app. In this case, you can use wildcard route. A wildcard route has a path
consisting of two asterisks to match every URL. For example, you can define
PageNotFoundComponent for wildcard route as below

{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

74. Do I need a Routing Module always?

No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing Module (for example,
AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is simple and merge the routing configuration
directly into the companion module (for example, AppModule). But it is recommended
when the configuration is complex and includes specialized guard and resolver services.

75. What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular applications in various

scenarios. This is a community driven project and available under @angular/platform-server
package. Recently Angular Universal is integrated with Angular CLI.

76. What are different types of compilation in Angular?

Angular offers two ways to compile your application,

i. Just-in-Time (JIT)
ii. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)

77. What is JIT?

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in the browser at runtime.
JIT compilation is the default when you run the ng build (build only) or ng serve (build and
serve locally) CLI commands. i.e, the below commands used for JIT compilation,

ng build
ng serve

78. What is AOT?

Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at build time. For AOT
compilation, include the --aot option with the ng build or ng serve command as below,

ng build --aot
ng serve --aot

Note: The ng build command with the --prod meta-flag (ng build --prod) compiles with
AOT by default.
79. Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by the browser directly. Due
to that Angular applications require a compilation process before they can run in a browser.
For example, In AOT compilation, both Angular HTML and TypeScript code converted into
efficient JavaScript code during the build phase before browser runs it.

80. What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,

i. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled version of the application.

So it can render the application immediately without compiling the app.
ii. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML templates and CSS style
sheets within the application javascript which eliminates separate ajax requests.
iii. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require downloading the
Angular compiler. Hence it dramatically reduces the application payload.
iv. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template binding errors during
the build step itself
v. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components into JavaScript. So
there won't be any injection attacks.

81. What are the ways to control AOT compilation?

You can control your app compilation in two ways

i. By providing template compiler options in the tsconfig.json file

ii. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators

82. What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general constraints,

i. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of javascript features

ii. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
iii. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
iv. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.
83. What are the two phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,

i. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the source

ii. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as places restrictions on what
it interprets.
iii. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses the TypeScript
compiler to validate the binding expressions in templates.

84. Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign values to the decorator
properties. For example, the following snippet is invalid:

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})

To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:

function getService(){
return new MyService();
}

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
})

If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of the function. When the
compiler later interprets this node, it reports an error to turn the arrow function into an
exported function. Note: From Angular5 onwards, the compiler automatically performs this
rewriting while emitting the .js file.

85. What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall structure of a decorator's
metadata, represented as an abstract syntax tree(AST). During the analysis phase, the AOT
collector scan the metadata recorded in the Angular decorators and outputs metadata
information in .metadata.json files, one per .d.ts file.
 86. Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax in AOT?

No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript features. If an
expression uses unsupported syntax, the collector writes an error node to the
.metadata.json file. Later point of time, the compiler reports an error if it needs that piece of
metadata to generate the application code.

87. What is folding?

The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the metadata. Where as
some of the non-exported members are folded while generating the code. i.e Folding is a
process in which the collector evaluate an expression during collection and record the result
in the .metadata.json instead of the original expression. For example, the compiler couldn't
refer selector reference because it is not exported

let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})

Will be folded into inline selector

@Component({
selector: 'app-root'
})

Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example, spread operator on arrays,
objects created using new keywords and function calls.

88. what is an rxjs subject in Angular

An RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be multicasted to many
Observers. While plain Observables are unicast (each subscribed Observer owns an independent
execution of the Observable), Subjects are multicast.

A Subject is like an Observable, but can multicast to many Observers. Subjects are like
EventEmitters: they maintain a registry of many listeners.

import { Subject } from 'rxjs';

const subject = new Subject<number>();

subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerA: ${v}`)
});
subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerB: ${v}`)
});
 subject.next(1);
subject.next(2);

89. How do you test Angular application using CLI?

Angular CLI downloads and install everything needed with the Jasmine Test framework. You just
need to run ng test to see the test results. By default this command builds the app in watch mode,
and launches the Karma test runner. The output of test results would be as below,
10% building modules 1/1 modules 0 active
...INFO [karma]: Karma v1.7.1 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/
...INFO [launcher]: Launching browser Chrome ...
...INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome
...INFO [Chrome ...]: Connected on socket ...
Chrome ...: Executed 3 of 3 SUCCESS (0.135 secs / 0.205 secs)

Note: A chrome browser also opens and displays the test output in the "Jasmine HTML Reporter".

90. What are the differences of various versions of Angular?

There are different versions of Angular framework. Let's see the features of all the various versions,

i. Angular 1 • Angular 1 (AngularJS) is the first angular framework released in the year 2010. •
AngularJS is not built for mobile devices. • It is based on controllers with MVC architecture.
ii. Angular 2 • Angular 2 was released in the year 2016. Angular 2 is a complete rewrite of
Angular1 version. • The performance issues that Angular 1 version had has been addressed
in Angular 2 version. • Angular 2 is built from scratch for mobile devices unlike Angular 1
version. • Angular 2 is components based.
iii. Angular 3 The following are the different package versions in Angular 2. • @angular/core
v2.3.0 • @angular/compiler v2.3.0 • @angular/http v2.3.0 • @angular/router v3.3.0 The
router package is already versioned 3 so to avoid confusion switched to Angular 4 version
and skipped 3 version.
iv. Angular 4 • The compiler generated code file size in AOT mode is very much reduced. •
With Angular 4 the production bundles size is reduced by hundreds of KB’s. • Animation
features are removed from angular/core and formed as a separate package. • Supports
Typescript 2.1 and 2.2.
v. Angular 5 • Angular 5 makes angular faster. It improved the loading time and execution
time. • Shipped with new build optimizer. • Supports Typescript 2.5.
vi. Angular 6 • It is released in May 2018. • Includes Angular Command Line Interface (CLI),
Component Development KIT (CDK), Angular Material Package.
vii. Angular 7 • It is released in October 2018. • TypeScript 3.1 • RxJS 6.3 • New Angular CLI • CLI
Prompts capability provide an ability to ask questions to the user before they run. It is like
interactive dialog between the user and the CLI • With the improved CLI Prompts capability,
it helps developers to make the decision. New ng commands ask users for routing and CSS
styles types(SCSS) and ng add @angular/material asks for themes and gestures or
animations.
viii. Angular 8 • It is released in October 2018 • Angular 8: Angular 8 supports TypeScript 3.4•
•Angular 8 supports Web Workers • The new compiler for Angular 8 is Ivy Rendering Engine
 •Angular 8 provides dynamic imports for lazy-loaded modules • Improvement of
ngUpgrade

91.How do you find angular CLI version?

Angular CLI provides it's installed version using below different ways using ng command

ng v
ng version
ng -v
ng --version

and the output would be as below,

Angular CLI: 1.6.3

Node: 8.11.3
OS: darwin x64
Angular:
...

92.What is the browser support for Angular?

Angular supports most recent browsers which includes both desktop and mobile browsers.

Browser Version

Chrome latest

Firefox latest

Edge 2 most recent major versions

IE 11, 10, 9 (Compatibility mode is not supported)

Safari 2 most recent major versions

IE Mobile 11

iOS 2 most recent major versions

Android 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 5.1, 4.4

93.What is router state?

The RouteState is an interface which represents the state of the router as a tree of activated routes.
interface RouterState extends Tree {
snapshot: RouterStateSnapshot
toString(): string
}

You can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the Angular app using the Router service
and the routerState property.

94.What is the purpose of ngSwitch directive?

NgSwitch directive is similar to JavaScript switch statement which displays one element from
among several possible elements, based on a switch condition. In this case only the selected
element placed into the DOM. It has been used along
with NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase and NgSwitchDefault directives. For example, let's display the browser
details based on selected browser using ngSwitch directive.
<div [ngSwitch]="currentBrowser.name">
<chrome-browser *ngSwitchCase="'chrome'" [item]="currentBrowser"></chrome-browser>
<firefox-browser *ngSwitchCase="'firefox'" [item]="currentBrowser"></firefox-browser>
<opera-browser *ngSwitchCase="'opera'" [item]="currentBrowser"></opera-browser>
<safari-browser *ngSwitchCase="'safari'" [item]="currentBrowser"></safari-browser>
<ie-browser *ngSwitchDefault [item]="currentItem"></ie-browser>
</div>

95.What is a bootstrapped component?

A bootstrapped component is an entry component that Angular loads into the DOM during the
bootstrap process or application launch time. Generally, this bootstrapped or root component is
named as AppComponent in your root module using bootstrap property as below.
@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule,
AppRoutingModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent] // bootstrapped entry component need to be declared here
})

96.Is it necessary for bootstrapped component to be entry

component?
Yes, the bootstrapped component needs to be an entry component. This is because the
bootstrapping process is an imperative process.

97.What is a routed entry component?

The components referenced in router configuration are called as routed entry components.
This routed entry component defined in a route definition as below,

const routes: Routes = [

{
path: '',
component: TodoListComponent // router entry component
}
];
Since router definition requires you to add the component in two places (router and
entryComponents), these components are always entry components. Note: The compilers
are smart enough to recognize a router definition and automatically add the router
component into entryComponents.

98.Why is not necessary to use entryComponents array every

time?
Most of the time, you don't need to explicity to set entry components in entryComponents
array of ngModule decorator. Because angular adds components from both
@NgModule.bootstrap and route definitions to entry components automatically.

99.What is Angular compiler?

The Angular compiler is used to convert the application code into JavaScript code. It reads
the template markup, combines it with the corresponding component class code, and emits
component factories which creates JavaScript representation of the component along with
elements of @Component metadata.

100. What is the role of ngModule metadata in compilation

process?
The @NgModule metadata is used to tell the Angular compiler what components to be
compiled for this module and how to link this module with other modules.

101. How does angular finds components, directives and pipes?

The Angular compiler finds a component or directive in a template when it can match the
selector of that component or directive in that template. Whereas it finds a pipe if the pipe's
name appears within the pipe syntax of the template HTML.
 102. Give few examples for NgModules?
The Angular core libraries and third-party libraries are available as NgModules.

103. Angular libraries such as FormsModule, HttpClientModule, and RouterModule

are NgModules.
104. Many third-party libraries such as Material Design, Ionic, and AngularFire2 are
NgModules.

103. What are feature modules?

Feature modules are NgModules, which are used for the purpose of organizing code. The
feature module can be created with Angular CLI using the below command in the root
directory,

ng generate module MyCustomFeature //

Angular CLI creates a folder called my-custom-feature with a file inside called my-custom-
feature.module.ts with the following contents
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

@NgModule({
imports: [
CommonModule
],
declarations: []
})
export class MyCustomFeature { }

104. What is a provider?

A provider is an instruction to the Dependency Injection system on how to obtain a value
for a dependency(aka services created). The service can be provided using Angular CLI as
below,

ng generate service my-service

The created service by CLI would be as below,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root', //Angular provide the service in root injector
})
export class MyService {
}

105. What is the recommendation for provider scope?

 You should always provide your service in the root injector unless there is a case where you
want the service to be available only if you import a particular @NgModule.

106. How do you restrict provider scope to a module?

It is possible to restrict service provider scope to a specific module instead making available
to entire application. There are two possible ways to do it.

a. Using providedIn in service:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { SomeModule } from './some.module';

@Injectable({
providedIn: SomeModule,
})
export class SomeService {
}

ii. Declare provider for the service in module:

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { SomeService } from './some.service';

@NgModule({
providers: [SomeService],
})
export class SomeModule {
}