telescopes

How does it work:

- focuses light using curved transparent glass called lenses

Most modern telescopes use curved mirrors to collect light from the night sky.

- the shape of a mirror or a telescopic lens concentrates the light

is what we see when we look through a telescope

First, telescopes focus light using curved, transparent glass called lenses.

Mirrors are used because they are lighter and easier to polish.

the mirror or lenses of a telescope are called optics

- Powerful telescopes can see very dark images from far away

-Mirrors and lenses must be the right shape to focus light

- there are no blemishes, scratches or blemishes, or the image becomes blurry or indistinct

- telescopes made with a lens are called telescopes

- bends the light that passes through it

- Approach things far away

- Thicker lenses are more powerful

- but dense lenses make telescopes heavier

- Heavy lenses are challenging to manufacture and hold in place

- Thicker lenses block more light from passing through

- the lens must be smoothed; defects will change the image

Mirror telescopes are called reflecting telescopes

-Mirrors can be skinny

-The more oversized mirror should not be thicker

- coordinated light reflected from a mirror

-must have a suitable curved shape

- easier expansion and cleaning

mirrors reflect the image backwards

-other mirrors are needed for the return

-much lighter lenses, easier to launch into space

- Hubble Space Telescope

- Spitzer Space Telescope

- everyone uses mirrors

mirrors called reflecting telescopes

- Glass lenses, called refracting telescopes.

-purpose

- primary mirror or lens

- collects light from distant objects and directs that light into focus

- eyepiece lens

- captures bright light from the lens focus or primary mirror, diffuses and amplifies it

-opening

-The ability to receive light from a lens or mirror.

-to collect and focus light from the telescope will require a larger aperture

- brighter final image

-increase

- zoom in

- depends on the combination of lenses used

- eyepiece magnifies

refracting telescope

Invented by Dutch lensmaker Hans Lippershey in 1608.

Galileo was the first to observe the night sky through a telescope.

Reflecting telescope

-Newtonian telescope

built by Isaac Newtown in 1668

-

The first telescopes were built in 1608.

-tenant Hans Lippershey

-Jacob medium

- in Holland October 1608

- a patent application for a device that helps one see things far away as if they were close

- consists of convex and concave lenses in a tube

- the increase was threefold

- the government considered the device too easy to copy and did not issue a patent

- the first telescopes were used for terrestrial observations

- geodesy and military tactics

- after hearing about Danish perspective glass in 1609

- Galileo built his telescope

- Italian teacher

-University of Padua near Venice

-the telescopes were made of the highest quality

- focuses on tool development

- magnified objects three diameters (3 times larger)

- due to the refinement of the design, the telescope was able to increase eight times
And finally, 30 times

- showed the device to the Venetian Senate to try to impress them with its commercial and mili-
tary capabilities

- published a book called "The Starry Herald."

In March 1610

- the moon is not a perfect sphere

-built an astronomical telescope

- lenses for bending or refracting light

- Concave ocular lens and convex objective lens

- precision glass hard to find at a lower price

Mr. Isaac Newton

- He was born on January 4, 1643

Mathematician, physicist, astronomer

- realized that refracting telescopes would suffer from chromatic aberration

Chromatic aberration is called

- Build a telescope using reflective surfaces instead of lenses to solve this problem

- Italian monk, physicist and astronomer who inspired the creation of the first reflecting tele-
scope.

Zucchini named Niccolo

- published a book on optics in 1650

- created a telescope that was difficult to use and did not work well

- the design is still used today

-Hans Lippersey

-born 1570 Laska, Germany

- Special manufacturer for the United Netherlands

- watchmaking and lens polish

- invented the telescope

- applied to the Dutch government for a 30-year patent for the tool

- shouted a spectator

-two more inventions

-Jacob Mates and Sakarias Jansen

- The General Government decided that no patent should be issued for easy copying.

- the state general gave him 900 forints to convert the device into binoculars

- and extended to important kings and others in 1608.

-Jacob Metius

- Dutch mathematicians, opticians and instrument makers

- known from the patent application

- optical telescope
-1608

Botn in Alkmaar, Holland

- machine tool, lens grinding

Galileo Galilean

-15 February 1564

Pisa Italy

- Italian naturalist

-astronomer and mathematician

-in the spring of 1609, he learned about the instrument in Holland

Telescope showed distant things near

- he learned to make them by trial and error

-the first device was a 3-power device

-he figured out how to improve.

- Produces an increasingly powerful telescope

- gave the Senate of Venice an eight-engine telescope

- give him a lifetime warranty and double his salary

-created a powerful device 20 and observed the moon

-discovered that the surface of the moon is not smooth

-Four moons were discovered around Jupiter.

-published a book called Star Herald (Star-Herald)

-
Johannes Kepler

-He was born on December 27, 1571

-Weil der Stadt

- German astronomer

-Discover the three basic laws of planetary motion.

- improved telescope design

- play an essential role in modern science

- Invented the Kepler telescope in 1611

Three years after the opening of the telescope

- convex eyepiece that allowed viewers to see a much wider field of view

-Magical action similar to Galileo's telescope

John Hadley

- Hertfordshire, England

He was born on April 16, 1682

- famous inventor and mathematician

- the first person in 50 years to improve the design of the old reflex fax machines

- based on the Newtown design

- facilitate the construction and use of telescopes

- enough precision and power to be functional in astronomy

- his role in telescopes generalized the use of reflecting telescopes.

Telescopes are used to observe space.

- hobbyists, astronomers and scientists

- see distant celestial objects

-Study them, learn something about the Universe or appreciate the beauty

- they know the age of the Universe

- understand how light hits the planet

- see things in more detail

astrophotography

- place the camera in the output eyepiece

- take pictures of the Galaxy

Telescopes can help see infrared light invisible to the human eye

-ultraviolet

- take pictures of star clusters, nebulae, galaxies and other objects in deep space

- take a photo of an object in space

-
- Hubble Space Telescope

- Chandra Beam Observatory

- Spitzer Space Telescope

Kepler mission

- explore the UniverseUniverse in visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths

- the study of spatial objects

- astronomers could not photograph from the ground

-Earth blocks specific wavelengths of light.

- the movement of airbags blurs the images taken from the ground

- more clarity

- explore a specific class of stars that can be tracked to determine the distance

- understand the age of the Universe

- understand dark energy

- understand the age of the Universe

- how galaxies grew and evolved over time

-Study of atmospheric phenomena on other exoplanets

Colour images of faint objects in infrared light

-collects data on various electromagnetic radiations

-
Hubble space telescope

-on April 24, 1990, the telescope was launched above the space shuttle discovery

- rotates at an altitude of 535 km above the Earth

- length of a large school bus

- Take clear photos of objects in the sky, such as planets, stars and galaxies

- named after Edwin Hubble

- essential discoveries in 1990

- realized that the Milky Way was one of many galaxies

- can capture 40,000 times more light than the human eye

primary mirror to secondary mirror

spectrograph - a device that separates light into wavelengths

wide chamber 3

-scientists want to study the distant formation of galaxies, planets in the solar system and beyond

-The camera can see three different types of light

- near ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared rays

advanced film camera

- capture large areas of space

- helps scientists study the early activities of the UniverseUniverse

-scientists can use a spectrograph to understand different properties of objects in space like tem-
perature, chemical composition, density and motion

near-infrared camera
He sees objects in deep space, feeling the heat they emit.

- helps scientists estimate the age and size of the Universe

- understand how planets and galaxies form

- black holes were discovered

- understand dark energy

- More sharpness, better brightness and detail from a spotting scope

-The optical mirror collects light from celestial objects and directs it to two cameras and two
spectrographs.

- separates the radiation into a spectrum and records it

- can detect an object 50 times fainter than any object seen in any ground-based telescope

Chandra X-ray Observatory

High-resolution images of celestial X-ray sources

In operation since 1999

The name of Subrahmanian Chandrasekhar.

Advanced X-ray images are designed for the detailed study of individual sources.

It focuses the X-rays using four pairs of iridium mirrors.

opening 1.2 meters

High spatial resolution

Explore sources in the range of temperature densities and composition of a glowing plasma
cloud.

Focus on black holes, supernova remnants, star galaxies and alien objects.

Earth orbits scan the UniverseUniverse for very high-temperature phenomena in space.

- events that emit X-rays, high-energy forms of light invisible to the human eye.
X-rays cannot pass through the Earth's atmosphere.

X-ray telescopes must be based in space so astronomers can study them

Collect X-rays ten billion light years away

Barrel-shaped mirrors with reflective surfaces parallel to the X-rays.

- X-rays are reflected by the mirrors and focused to the point where they are recorded and mea-
sured

High energy explosions, black holes and neutron stars in great detail

Additional dimensions of objects in space that also emit visible light

Spitzer Space Telescope

Released 2003, August

fat infrared observatory

Discovery of Saturn's ring

Exploring known distant galaxies

Established on January 30, 2020

Collection of information on the instruments, evolution and composition of planets, stars, galax-
ies and the UniverseUniverse as a whole.

The name of Lyman Spitzer, Jr.

American astrophysicist working with astronomical telescopes in 1946

launched into solar orbit

General Purpose Near Infrared Camera

- the spectrograph is sensitive to mid-infrared wavelengths

An imaging photometer that measures in three far infrared bands.

Wavelength range from 3 to 180 µm

It uses cryogenic cooling to avoid thermal radiation.

discovery of exoplanets

It detects infrared radiation from sources 13 billion years away in time.

James Webb Space Telescope

An infrared observatory is orbiting the sun 1 million kilometres from Earth to find the first galax-
ies that formed at the beginning of the Universe.

Released on December 25, 2021

Expand the Hubble Discoverer Space Telescope

- with better wavelength coverage and better sensitivity

The largest and most influential space science telescope.

large infrared telescope

The primary mirror is 6.5 meters

Explore every phase of our UniverseUniverse, starting with the first bright lights after the Big
Bang.

The formation of solar system cables supports life on planets like Earth.

Giant Magellan Telescope

In operation until 2029

When completed, it will be the largest optical telescope in the world.

65 meters high with seven of the enormous telescopic mirrors ever used
The largest optical telescope in the world.

Create images of the UniverseUniverse ten times brighter than the Hubble Space Telescope.

Look for signs of life beyond our planet

Atacama Desert

- Chilean Andes at Las Campinas Observatory

This place has the clearest and driest sky on Earth.

Each mirror will have a diameter of 8.4 meters.

Discover Earth-sized worlds in the warm habitable zones of distant stars.

Understand the ancient past of the UniverseUniverse.

big explosion

The mirrors are a lightweight honeycomb structure.

Determination of the chemical composition of exoplanet atmospheres

The Rome Space Telescope is an observatory dedicated to discovering the secrets of dark energy
and matter.

Release mid-2020

Wide-field infrared telescope

New Generation Observatory

Focus on dark energy and dark matter.

Discover a planet outside our solar system

Images 200 times larger than those of the Hubble Space Telescope

a rich level of detail

Formerly known as the Wide Field Infrared Telescope.

- the primary mirror with a diameter of 2.4 meters

It contains two instruments: a full-field instrument and a coronagraph.

Capture more sky in less observation time

Measure the light of Billy's Milky Way

Explore the inner Galaxy to find exoplanets

high contrast image

Spectroscopy

Discovery of bright young exoplanets

Find Earth-like planets 10 billion light years away

- named after the first head of astronomy who helped launch the Hubble Space Telescope.

chromatic aberration

- when the space of light passing through the lens is divided into component colours

Causes a blurred or distorted image

Using multiple lines with different refractive indices reduces the problem.

The amount of refraction at the surface of each lens affects the amount of light that is refracted as
it enters the lens.

distorted image

Telescopes are assembled by collecting light and bending the rays so they focus on the eyepiece.

Slight bending introduces unwanted deflection.

When the glass elements cannot focus all the colours of light in the same places

- changes in refractive index

- increasing the focal length will reduce chromatic aberration

field curvature

- curved focal plane on which objects in the center of the field of view are focused

However, the camera sensors are further off-center.

- images will be blurry

- deflection appearing in the reflectors

- comments on images

- lighter area directed towards the center of the visual field

- degrades with the shorter focal length

-increase the distance from the center of the mirror

- affects off-axis lights

vignetting

- affects all telescope designs

- do not fully illuminate the field of the eyepiece

-or the surface of the camera lens

- when the central visual field appears brighter than the rest of the image

- unfortunate arrangement of partitions with a refractor

The secondary mirror is too small.

-

Astigmatism

- effective refractors

- creates a tightening effect

Creates an image that spans horizontally

- primary and secondary mirrors to direct the light to a point

- no reduction

- primary on the back of the telescope

-the second mirror is in front of the telescope

- the aperture or size of the telescope is determined by the size of the primary mirror

-the amount of light collected is determined by the size of the aperture

- light passes through the telescope through the aperture

-the light enters the center mirror first

-afterwards, the smaller secondary mirror reflects the light

- a plane mirror reflects the light and exits the tube through the eyepiece

Focal length

- distance light must travel from the reflector to the eyepiece

- determines the maximum magnification used by the telescope

- for higher magnification, a larger tube is required

-

cameras

- film camera

three main elements

Optical elements-lens

chemical element - tape

Mechanical element - camera body

Lens

- a curved piece of glass or plastic

- receive light rays reflected from an object and redirect them

They are then joined to form an actual image.

- light travels from one medium to another

Change speed; light moves slower

Focal length

-sets the zoom value

- The shorter focal length provides a wider viewing angle

- on the contrary, it gives a denser framing to the scene

-the focal length is considered to be the distance between the photosensor and the lens
-measure the distance between the focal point of the lens and the sensor that captures the image

-Bigger numbers have a narrower viewing angle and show less

Opening

- determines the maximum amount of light that can pass through

- the narrower it is, the less light

- narrower aperture, greater depth of field, less background image

-f pause to specify an opening value

-f interrupt report

-focal length with a lens diameter

- affects depth of field

-The large aperture creates a shallow depth of field

maximum opening

- the maximum width that the aperture of the lens can open

-More expensive

-suitable for night photography

depth of field

- controls which part of the photo is in focus

-landscapes

- small holes
main lens

- focal length

It does not zoom in or out

- specific viewing angle

- have to move to get more information about the image physically

- light and portable

- faster and more accurate

- fixed focal length

easy to travel

They increase

- different focal length

- allows the user to enlarge the object and fill the image frame with it

- wide-angle zoom

- normal approach

telephoto zoom

-can be used for a wide variety of different types of photography

-frame multiple compositions from one place

- heavy and large

-Expensive

- flexible but not very fast

macro lenses

Take close-up macro photos

- Create clear images at a very close range

-Suitable for nature photography

telephoto lenses

-Zoom type

- multiple focus points

- ideal for highlighting a distant object

- good zoom

- narrower field of view

- focus on a distant object

- sports photography

- heavy and expensive

Wide Angle Lenses

-ideal for incorporating a large area into the frame

-useful for landscape photography or street photography

-Almost all of these are IanYan's goal

- if the subject is not close to the lens

standard lenses

- can be used for various types of photography

- focal lengths in the middle

-about 35mm and 85mm

-increase with this range

-short focal length for taking a full-frame photo with a wider angle

- can also zoom in on objects with significant focal lengths

special lenses

fish eye lenses

- Ultra wide-angle lens that allows the user to take X-rays at an angle of 18 degrees

- makes the photo look like a bubble

- distorts the visual field of the image

header displacement lens

- the lens distorts the viewing angle

- Makes things look smaller than they are.

infrared lens

-Play with light, not perspective

- filtering all light waves except infrared

The first camera was called the camera obscura.

-found in 400 bs random text

- Aristotle's writings

330 BC

It was formulated by the Arab scholar Ibn al-Haytham.

The camera obscura does not take pictures but focuses light through a small hole and projects it
onto a screen.

It looks like a camera obscura

Leonardo Da Vinci

He wrote clear explanations of the camera in the Codex Atlanticus.

270 camera illustrations

portable SLR camera

1685 German writer Johann Kahn.

The design of a portable SLR camera is proposed.

The French inventor invented the physical version.

Joseph NiceNiepce's telephone in 1816

camera

The first official camera was invented in 1816 by a Frenchman.

Nephew Joseph, Nice Phone

Photographic images were developed on strips of silver chloride paper.

E photographic images on a line of silver chloride paper

The oldest photograph dates from 1826. The oldest photograph is still displayed at the University
of Texas at Austin.

daguerreotypes

Louis Daguerre

- invented a more practical model of the camera in 1829

the so-called daguerreotype

- coating a copper plate with silver, sensitizing it to iodine

Then they exposed it to hot mercury.

first camera

for several minutes, a thin film made out of silver iodide would need to be exposed to light for a
few minutes in order to get a good result

The film was then processed with mercury vapour in the dark.
And heated salt water

- create a positive and not negative image of the niece

- daguerreotypes required a long exposure

-The French government bought the author's rights in exchange for Louis and Nephi's son

Henry Fox Talbot's calotype created a variant of the daguerreotype.

Built-in 1830. Presented to the Royal Institution in 1839.

- Paper soaked in common salt is used and then lightly treated with silver nitrate

called the film

The images were taken as a result of a chemical reaction.

- the paper can be waxed to preserve the image

- Create negative images

However, it requires less exposure time.

- creates blurry images

reflex camera

- quickly disappearing daguerre camera images

Alexander Walcott

SLR camera created

-the camera produced positive images instead of negatives with inverted colours
instant effect

In 1871 Richard Leach Maddox

Creating a dry gelatin plate for instant exposure.

The predecessor of the Polaroid camera

type of camera

First published in 1888

- record negative images as good but much cleaner

- it only took a few seconds

-George Eastman American

The introduction of roll film cameras

started with thin paper and then moved on to celluloid.

The Kodak box camera was introduced in 1888 with 100 frames.

- return to Kodak factory for film processing

- the film must remain in the black box camera

In 1900, Kodak released a $25 camera.

Post the use of cameras for social events.

Kodak Brownie was a cheaper version.

35mm film camera

Presented by Kodak

The film was 35 mm wide, each frame 24 mm with an aspect ratio of 1:2.5.

It is allowed to use one roll of film in different cameras of different brands.

- the cassette is supplied in a case to protect it from light

-36 exhibitions

between 1905 and 1913

Camera manufacturers introduced self-contained 35mm rolls of film that could be inserted and
removed from the user's camera.

Watering can

Leitz camera

designed in 1913

- thin and light design

Foldable and detachable glasses

Ernst Leitz'sLeitzleitz'sLeitz address of the Institute of Optics

I work with

Oscar Barnack in 1879.

Germany invented the Leica 35mm film camera for Leith.

ideal portable camera

-1930 Leica appears

- Threaded base for changing lenses

-the company sold three lenses

The Leica 2 appeared just a few years later.

- separate index finger

Lake 3 in 1932

Shutter speed 1/100

Popular until the 1950s

reflector camera

- Invention of the reflex camera.

-features such as viewfinders, variable pentaprisms, shutter speeds

and removable lenses

- the first versions presented by the German company Frank and Heidecke in 1920

It is replaced by a single-lens reflex camera (SLR).

Thomas Sutton

- single lens reflex

-1862

- a technology similar to camera obscura devices

-SLR mirrors will allow the user to look through the camera lens and see the image of the cat
captured on film.
- mass marketing

But more expensive than a dual SLR

First autofocus camera

-1978

-additional mirrors and electronic sensors

- optimal placement of lenses and small motors

To process them automatically

- Mainly used by professional photographers.

photochromic

1961

Directed by Thomas Sutton

- also created a reflex camera with a single lens

- three separate monochrome plates

- red, green and blue

- the first cameras where all images are monochrome

- light blue, silver or grey

in 1935

type of camera

It produces a product called Kodachrome

- three different emulsions on the same membrane

- each entry has its unique colour

- expensive for leisure, too much for professionals

It was in the 1960s that colour film became affordable.

polaroid camera

- instant camera

- take photos on the camera

- Edwin's Land

- 1948 Polaroid Company

- trigger

- negative film glued to the positive with a film of processing material

- initially, the user took out two pieces and threw away the negative

-then the cameras will only show positives

- 3" square film with a distinctive white border

- popular in 70s retro nostalgia

DSLR camera
- Circulation 1999

Replaced single-lens reflex cameras.

- high-quality images used by professionals and accessories

- allows to view images through the viewer

mirrorless camera

- Applies to a mirrorless camera

- works mirrorless

-the light enters and moves through the lens and enters the digital sensors before being processed
into an image

display images on the camera's LCD screen

-Allows the user to adjust settings and preview the image before shooting

- customizable photo

video camera

-1882

Étienne-Jules is getting married

- French inventor

- the so-called chromatographic gun

-12 fps and curved plate exposure

-1891 start of the cinema

-New video cameras are digital and can record tens of thousands of frames per second
The theory of digital photography appeared in 1961.

- Kodak engineer Steven Sasson

- created a prototype in 1975

- Black and white image captured on tapes

- Requires screen and cannot print image

- 0.01-megapixel resolution (100 x 100)

It took 23 seconds of exposure to record the image.

Portable cameras that use digital photography are commercially available.

Dycam 1 model from 1990 made by Logitech.

- 1 internal RAM

- phone camera

- Kyocera VP-210

- developed in 1999

110,000-pixel camera and 2-inch colour screen for viewing photos

- iPhone

Camera phones are no longer fun gadgets

-can send and receive images

-iPhone 13 had many different lenses and a video camera 12 megapixels

black room
The downside is that simply creating the light did not hold the image.

-1826

Jose Nicefor

Customize a camera obscura with a photographic plate.

- various boards of paper, lacquered parchment and metal to create the first photo

- slabs covered with asphalt

-Name the letter of the sun based on how they were affected by the sun.

Link to Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

-Niepis died in 1833, but Daguerre continued to work on the design

-niece

- experimented with several other substances

- finished with a tape of Jewish tar

-also known as Syrian asphalt

- a semi-solid form of oil, similar to resin mixed with tin

-using chemistry plates and camera obscura

- creates a permanent image on the surface

- the picture was quite blurry

he called it a plan

wildlife photography

- camera trap
An automated digital device that flashes when an animal activates an infrared sensor.

- important for wildlife conservation

- lead to essential discoveries

-the photos show the behaviour of the animals

- documents the presence, abundance and population changes of wild animals

- basic demographics

- Raise awareness about conservation through YouTube

- can increase awareness of unknown species

-Download Camera

- leads to scientific discoveries

- collects information only in tiny areas where its sensors are located

- Requires multiple cameras to monitor the area

Video recording

- the process of capturing and creating animations

- for film, television, advertising and wedding events

Share on social media, live.

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cameras in space

- more durable and more sensitive

- uses photosensitive devices

Charged paired devices are called

- The numbers show the shape of the light.

wide-angle camera

- captures UV, visible and infrared waves

-information about the nearest stars to galaxies in the distant UniverseUniverse

Advanced cameras for filming

- visible light imaging of deep space

- wide field of view

clear image quality

and high sensitivity

- detects dark matter, detects the most distant objects in the UniverseUniverse

-Search for more giant planets and study the evolution of galaxies

Medical imaging solution

-introspection

- a miniature wireless camera to capture the gastrointestinal tract

Take thousands of photos that are transferred to the recorder

look inside the small intestine

Traditional Endoscopy

Passing a long, optical tube equipped with a video camera down the throat or rectum

It is used for minimally invasive surgery and clinical applications

-camera connected to the endoscopic optical interface

- light is transmitted to the human body through the transmission beam of the endoscope

- illuminates the part of the tissue in the cavity to be examined

- image processing socket

- like a screen

infrared cameras

- also known as a thermal imaging camera, i

- infrared energy of objects is being detected and measured

-the camera converts infrared data into an electronic image

Displays the apparent surface temperature of the measured object

- used for temperature control in workplaces

Ignore visible light and go for something else called infrared.

- Electromagnetic radiation is felt as heat

- Infrared radiation correlates with the temperature of the object

- Built-in sensors convert hidden infrared signals into electrical currents

- converted to a colour image to display variations in temperature and infrared radiation

A 3D camera that allows depth perception of images to reproduce them in three dimensions.

Use two or more lenses to capture multiple views.

- based on stereoscopy

stereoscopic image

binocular mismatch

The difference between objects seen by the left and right eye.

A display device that allows the deep perception of images to reproduce them in three dimen-
sions.

A combination of two views.

It can capture fantastic moments frozen in time for photos or videos.

-invented by the filmmaker

condom Chris

Based on stereo vision

in 1969

Patent renewal for special widescreen 3D camera lenses for modern 35mm and 70mm film SLR
cameras.

Optical fibre

-1790

Chappe French Brothers

He invested in the first optical telegraph

- a series of lights placed on towers, where operators relayed a message from tower to tower

— John Tyndall, 1854, English physicist

The reflected light can pass through the water flow, proving that the signal light can be distorted.
in 1880 inventor Alexander Graham Bell created the photophone, which used an optical tele-
phone system

-Then, the phone was more realistic.

inventor and scientist john logie baird, in the 1920s, patented the use of an array of transparent
roads to transmit images for the television

- Heinrich Lamm

- the first time a scientist was able to transmit an image through a fibre optic bundle in 1930

Escape to America under the Nazi regime

The patent was rejected

-1951

cholera

- Danish patent for optical fibre imaging

- fibreglass or plastic lining with transparent low-index material

1961 Elias Spitzer from American Optician

= published theoretical description of single mode

-show a laser directed through a thin glass fibre

However, for communication applications, the light loss was too significant.
Charles K Kao

George Oakham

Standard Communication Laboratories in England

- article published in 1964

Bell Laboratories 1973

-Created a manufacturing process for standard fibre optic cables.

In the 1970s, telephone companies began extensively using fibre optics to rebuild their commu-
nications infrastructure.

Sprint's First National All-Digital Fiber Optic Network

1980

First, all fibre optic cables tic5

- An optical amplifier was placed in the Pacific Ocean in 1996.

Charles K Kao

He was born on November 4, 1933, in Shanghai, China.

Physicist wins the Nobel Prize

- to discover how light can be transmitted through fibre optic cables

- invented the sculptural rotary device

Narinder Singh Kapany

Father of the best perspective

- Introduced the term "fibre."

- carefully drawn long glass threads the size of a human hair

- Wires are bundled to form optical cables.

-transmits light over long distances

- light signals are decoded as data

- initially developed for endoscopes in the 1950s

- light propagates along the fibre optic cable, reflecting off the walls of the cable

- bounces off the tube with a continuous internal specular reflection of the leek

the middle of the cable is called the core

-the outer layer of glass wrapped around the core is called the cladding

-single function

- the simplest structure

-The slim core moves straight through the middle without bouncing off the edge

multimode fibre

-10 times longer than single-mode cable

- Light rays can travel along different paths or in different ways

- sending data over short distances

gastroscopy
it is called superior endoscopy

- thin, flexible tube for examining the upper digestive tract

A - the tube is inserted into the mouth and down the esophagus

- in the stomach and the first part of the small intestine

- the endoscope contains a light and a video camera that transmits the image to the screen

-used to treat symptoms of indigestion, nausea or inflammation

-John Tyndall 1820-1893

-August

County Carlow Ireland

Irish experimental physicist

- Demonstrated light propagation in a water pipe due to multiple internal reflections.

-the idea of light scattering is known as the Tyndall effect

-Narinder Singh Kapani

- introduced the term fibre optics

- light transmission technology through light glass filaments

He was born in Punjab, India, in 1952.

- Previous work led to the invention of optical fibres

optical technology inc.

-1960

-founded Kaptron
- Professor-Regent, University of California, Berkeley

Internet

Optical cables are lighter, less bulky, flexible and can carry large amounts of data at very high
speeds.

Computer Network

-Reduced time required to transfer files and information across different networks

- faster and easier computing structures

- Remote sensing

- measure temperature, pressure and voltage

- adjust the intensity of the phase, the wavelength and the polarization of the light

- does not require electricity in remote locations

Medicine

-introspection

- non-invasive surgical methods

- reduces incisions

- biomedical research and microscopy

Cable TV
- detection cable signal transmission

-More bandwidth and higher speeds

- cheaper than copper wire

-lab in fibre

thin hair, thinner optical cables with a sensor embedded in the patient's body

thinner wire

directs light through the body with a lamp or laser to the infected area

- light passes through the fibre

The patient's body will change the intensity or wavelength properties of the light.

use an interferometer

- measure temperature, blood pressure, cell pH or the presence of drugs in the blood

Pacific Light cable system

- submarine cable system

- connects Hong Kong, Taiwan, the Philippines and the USA

- the first direct connection between Hong Kong and Los Angeles

-13000 km

- co-owned and developed by Google, Meta and Pldc

San Francisco
-Connect all homes and businesses in a thinner optical network

- 1/8 of San Franciscans need access to high-speed Internet.

- 1/7 families from public schools do not have a computer with an internet connection

- creates a digital divide

-The Internet should act as a household service, like water and grass

- cost 1.9 billion

- network throughout the city

-one of the first cities in America to have a vast fibre optic network

Simba Facebook Project

-100 million people are connected to services by laying submarine cables in Africa.

- Creation of infrastructures that ensure the rapid growth of Internet use

-allow the tech giants to have more users

- named after the character of the lion king

-undersea cable that will go around the continent to different coasts

- Rapid growth in Internet usage since 2005

-24% of Africans do not have access to the Internet

submarine data cable

-Creates faster Internet and cheaper Internet coast