Chapter – 9

Microcontrollers in
Embedded Systems
Programming in C
DATA TYPES

Data Type Size in Bits Data Range/Usage

unsigned char 8-bit 0 to 255
(signed) char 8-bit -128 to +127
unsigned int 16-bit 0 to 65535
(signed) int 16-bit -32768 to +32767
sbit 1-bit SFR bit-addressable only
bit 1-bit RAM bit-addressable only
sfr 8-bit RAM addresses 80 – FFH only
  The character data type is the most
DATA TYPES
natural choice
Unsigned char  8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller
 Unsigned char is an 8-bit data type in
the range of 0 – 255 (00 – FFH)
 One of the most widely used data types
for the 8051
 Counter value
 ASCII characters
 C compilers use the signed char (
-128 to 127) as the default if we do not
put the keyword unsigned
 Write an 8051 C program to send values 00 – FF to port P1.
Solution:
DATA TYPES Header file for 8051
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
Unsigned char {
(cont’) unsigned char z;
for (z=0;z<=255;z++)
P1=z;
}
DATA TYPES Write an 8051 C program to toggle bit D0 of the port P1 (P1.0)
50,000 times.
Single Bit Solution:
sbit keyword allows access to the
(cont’) #include <reg51.h> single bits of port 1
sbit MYBIT=P1^0;

void main(void) Ranges from 0 to 65535 single

{
bits of port 1
unsigned int z;
for (z=0;z<=50000;z++)
{
MYBIT=0;
Delay();
MYBIT=1;
}
}
 I/O Write an 8051 C program to get a byte of data form P0. If it is less
PROGRAMMING than 100, send it to P1; otherwise, send it to P2.
Solution:
Byte Size I/O #include <reg51.h>
(cont’) void main(void)
{
unsigned char mybyte;
P0=0xFF; //make P0 input port
while (1)
{
mybyte=P0; //get a byte from P0
if (mybyte<100)
P1=mybyte; //send it to P1
else
P2=mybyte; //send it to P2
}
}
 I/O Write an 8051 C program to monitor bit P1.5. If it is high, send 55H
PROGRAMMING to P0; otherwise, send AAH to P2.
Solution:
Bit-addressable #include <reg51.h>
sbit mybit=P1^5;
I/O
(cont’) void main(void)
{
mybit=1; //make mybit an input
while (1)
{
if (mybit==1)
P0=0x55;
else
P2=0xAA;
}
}
 LOGIC Run the following program on your simulator and examine the results.
OPERATIONS Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
Bit-wise
void main(void)
Operators in C {
(cont’) P0=0x35 & 0x0F; //ANDing
P1=0x04 | 0x68; //ORing
P2=0x54 ^ 0x78; //XORing
P0=~0x55; //inversing
P1=0x9A >> 3; //shifting right 3
P2=0x77 >> 4; //shifting right 4
P0=0x6 << 4; //shifting left 4
}
TIME DELAY Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously forever
(cont’) with some delay.
Solution:
//Toggle P1 forever with some delay in between
//“on” and “off”
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void) We must use the oscilloscope to
{ measure the exact duration
unsigned int x;
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
p1=0x55;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size
//unknown
p1=0xAA;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++);
}
}
 Example 9-20
Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of port P1 continuously
PROGRAMMING with 56ms delay in between. Use Timer 0, 16-bit mode to
generate the delay.
TIMERS IN C
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void T0Delay(void);
void main(void){
while (1) {
P1=0x55;
T0Delay();
P1=0xAA;
T0Delay();
}
}
void T0Delay(){
TMOD=0x01;
TL0=0x00; FFFFH – 3500H = CAFFH
TH0=0x35; = 51967 + 1 = 51968
TR0=1;
while (TF0==0); 51968  1.085 s = 56.384 ms is the
TR0=0; approximate delay
TF0=0;
}
 Example 11-14
Write a C program that continuously gets a single bit of data from P1.7
and sends it to P1.0, while simultaneously creating a square wave of
PROGRAMMING 20 ms period on pin P2.5. Use Timer 0 to create the square wave.
INTERRUPT Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz.
IN C Solution:
We will use timer 0 mode 1. One half of the period is 10 ms.
10,000/1.085 s = 9217 = 65536 – n, n = 56319 = DBFF H

void timer0(void) interrupt 1 {

TR0 = 0;
WAVE=~WAVE; //toggle pin
TL0=0xFF;
TH0=0xDB;
TR0 = 1; //re-run timer
//note it is not required to
clear the timer flag TF0
}
 Example 11-14
Write a C program that continuously gets a single bit of data from P1.7
and sends it to P1.0, while simultaneously creating a square wave of
PROGRAMMING 20 ms period on pin P2.5. Use Timer 0 to create the square wave.
INTERRUPT Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz.
IN C Solution:
We will use timer 0 mode 1. One half of the period is 10 ms.
10,000/1.085 s = 9217 = 65536 – n, n = 56319 = DBFF H
#include <reg51.h>
sbit SW =P1^7;
sbit LED =P1^0;
sbit WAVE =P2^5;

void main() {
SW=1; //make switch input
TMOD=0x01;
TL0=0xFF;
TH0=0xDB;
IE=0x82; //enable interrupt for timer 0
TR0 = 1 //start timer
while (1)
{LED=SW;} //send switch to LED
}
 8051 C interrupt numbers
PROGRAMMING The 8051 C compilers have extensive support for the 8051
INTERRUPT interrupts with two major features as follows:
IN C They assign a unique number to each of the 8051 interrupts, as
shown in Table below.

8051 Interrupt Name Number used by

8051 C
External Interrupt 0 (INT0) 0
Timer Interrupt 0 (TF0) 1
External Interrupt 1 (INT1) 2
Timer Interrupt 1 (TF1) 3
Serial (RI + TI) 4
Communication