Digestive System

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Prepared By:
Danica Agulto-Rivera
Science Department
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DIGESTION
The breakdown of food into
smaller components that can
be more easily absorbed
nutrients by the body. In certain
organisms, these smaller
substances are absorbed
through the small intestine into
the blood stream.
DIGESTION
PROCESSES
Mechanical digestion is the
process of physically breaking
down food into smaller pieces.
This process begins with the
chewing of food and continues
with the muscular churning of the
stomach. Additional churning
occurs in the small intestine
through muscular constriction of
the intestinal wall.
Chemical digestion is the
process of chemically
breaking down food into
simpler molecules. The
process is carried out by
enzymes in the stomach and
small intestines.
Ingestion is the process of eating.
Propulsion is the movement of food
along the digestive tract. The major
means of propulsion is peristalsis, a
series of alternating contractions
and relaxations of smooth muscle
that lines the walls of the digestive
organs and that forces food to move
forward.
Defecation is the process of
eliminating undigested material
through the anus.
Secretion of digestive enzymes
and other substances liquefies,
adjusts the pH of, and chemically
breaks down the food.
Absorption is the movement of
molecules from the digestive tract
to adjacent blood and lymphatic
vessels. Absorption is the entrance
of the digested food (now called
nutrients) into the body.
PARTS OF
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM & ITS
FUNCTION
ileum gall bladder
duodenum rectum
anus liver
large intestine small intestine
esophagus stomach
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gall Small
bladder intestine
Duodenum
Rectum
Large
intestine Ileum Anus
MOUTH
The mouth is the beginning of the
digestive tract; and, in fact, digestion
starts here when taking the first bite
of food. Teeth used chewing for
breaking the food into pieces that
are more easily digested, tongue
help manipulating food with saliva
from salivary gland, mixes with food
to begin the process of breaking it
down into a form your body can
absorb and use.
OTHER PARTS CONNECTED
TO MOUTH
 Pharynx is the part
inside your mouth
where the passages of
the nose connect to
your mouth and throat.
 Larynx is part of the
respiratory system that
holds the vocal cords.
It is responsible for
producing voice,
helping us swallow and
breathe.
OTHER PARTS CONNECTED
TO MOUTH
 Theepiglottis acts as a
switch between the
larynx and the
esophagus to permit air
to enter the airway to
the lungs and food to
pass into the
gastrointestinal tract.
The epiglottis also
protects the body from
choking on food.
ESOPHAGUS
Located in your
throat near your
trachea
(windpipe), the
esophagus
receives food
from your mouth
when you
swallow.
PERISTALSIS
STOMACH
The stomach is a hollow organ,
or "container," that holds food
while it is being mixed with
enzymes that continue the
process of breaking down food
into a usable form. Cells in the
lining of the stomach secrete
strong acid and powerful
enzymes that are responsible for
the breakdown process.
Layers of Muscle in the Stomach
1. Circular
2. Longitudinall
3. Oblique
 Thecardiac sphincter is
the site at which material
enters the stomach, a
bolus at a time, from the
esophagus. The area of
the stomach surrounding
the cardiac sphincter is
called the cardia and is
the first region of the
stomach into which
material passes (from the
esophagus).
 Thefundus is the area
of the stomach located
above the cardiac
sphincter.
 Body (of stomach) is

the largest area in the
stomach that contain
folds called rugae.
 The pyloric sphincter is
also called the "pyloric
valve" and is the route by
which the contents of
the stomach is squeezed
out of the stomach
as chyme, passing into
the first part of the small
intestine - called
the duodenum.
The outlet (from the
stomach) itself is called
the pyloric outlet.
SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine is a 22-foot long
muscular tube that breaks down
food using enzymes released by the
pancreas and bile from the liver.
The duodenum is largely
responsible for the continuous
breaking-down process, with the
jejunum and ileum mainly
responsible for absorption of
nutrients into the bloodstream.
3 LAYERS OF SMALL INTESTINE
Duodenum
Duodenum-The foremost
and shortest part of small
intestine, it is functionally
very important as major
portion of the chemical
digestion takes place
here. Varying in length
from 10 to 15 centimeter,
it is, on the anterior end,
connected with stomach,
while the posterior end
touches jejunum.
Jejunum
Jejunum-The second part
of your small bowel,
located between
duodenum and ileum, its
average length in adult
human is about 8.4 feet or
two and a half meter. The
entrecotes cells present
in the lining of the canal
that are actively involved
in the absorption of small
particles of food that were
digested by enzymes in
duodenum.
Ileum
Ileum-The final section
of small gut that its
major function is to
absorb any nutrients
that were not absorbed
in the preceding
sections of the gut;
however, it is
particularly involved in
the absorption of bile
salts and vitamins
(vitamin B12).
LARGE INTESTINE
 The large intestine
comprises of the
second part of the
alimentary canal. The
large intestine
consists of the cecum,
rectum, anus and
colon. The parts of the
colon include the
ascending, transverse
and descending colon.
The major function of the large
intestine is to absorb water
from the remaining indigestible
food matter and transmit the
useless waste material from the
body. The large intestine also
helps in absorption of vitamins
made by bacteria that normally
live in the large intestine.
COLON
The colon is a 6-foot long muscular
tube that connects the small
intestine to the rectum. The large
intestine is made up of the cecum,
the ascending (right) colon, the
transverse (across) colon, the
descending (left) colon, and the
sigmoid colon, which connects to the
rectum. The appendix is a small tube
attached to the cecum.
RECTUM
Rectum - it is the rectum's job
to receive stool from the colon,
to let the person know that
there is stool to be evacuated,
and to hold the stool until
evacuation happens. When
anything (gas or stool) comes
into the rectum, sensors send
a message to the brain.
ANUS
It lets you know whether the
contents are liquid, gas, or solid.
The anus is surrounded by
sphincter muscles that are
important in allowing control of
stool. The internal sphincter is
always tight, except when stool
enters the rectum.
ACCESSORY
ORGANS
PANCREAS
The pancreas secretes digestive
enzymes into the duodenum, the
first segment of the small intestine.
These enzymes break down
protein, fats, and carbohydrates.
The pancreas also makes insulin,
secreting it directly into the
bloodstream. Insulin is the chief
hormone for metabolizing sugar.
LIVER
The liver its function within the
digestive system is to process the
nutrients absorbed from the small
intestine. Bile from the liver secreted
into the small intestine also plays an
important role in digesting fat. The
liver is the body’s chemical
"factory." It takes the raw materials
absorbed by the intestine and makes
all the various chemicals the body
needs to function
GALL BLADDER
Gallbladder
The gallbladder stores and
concentrates bile, and then
releases it into the duodenum to
help absorb and digest fats.

Digestive System

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Digestive System

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DIGESTIVE

large intestine small intestine

 Body (of stomach) is

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