Lab.

1 Python Programming Basics

Content: P.

1. Data Type: Number 1

2. Data Type: Character String 1
3. Data Type: List 2
4. Data Type: Tuple 3
5. Data Type: Dictionary 3
6. Data Type: Set 4
7. Deep Copy and Shallow Copy 4
8. If Statement 5
9. Loop Statement 6
10. Customizing a Function 7
11. Object-oriented Programming 7
12. Standard Library Usage 7

1) Data Type: Number

You need to be familiar with the basic operations of numbers in Python. Note that Boolean
operations in Python use the keyword and/or/not instead of the operator.

print(True+False) # The output is 1. By default, True indicates 1, and False indicates 0.

print(True or False) # If True is displayed, enter or or perform the OR operation.
print(5//2) # The output is 2, and // is the rounding operator.
print(5%2) # The output is 1, and % is the modulo operator.
print(3**2) # The output is 9, and ** indicates the power operation.
print(5+1.6) # The output is 6.6. By default, the sum of numbers of different
precisions is the number of the highest precision type.

2) Data Type: Character String

S = 'python' # Assign value python to variable S.
# len(obj): Return the object length.
print(len(S)) # Output: 6
print(S[0], S[1], S[-1]) # The output is pyn. Elements are obtained by index.
print (S+' 1', S*2) # The output is python1 pythonpython, which indicates mergence
and duplication.

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3) Data Type: List

 Common operations on lists:

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']

animals.append('fish') # Append an element.
print(animals) # Output: ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey', ‘fish’]
animals.remove('fish') # Delete element fish.
print(animals) # Output: ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
animals.insert (1, 'fish') # Insert element fish at subscript 1.
print(animals) # Output: ['cat', ‘fish’, 'dog', 'monkey']
# list.pop([index=-1]): Remove the element (the
last element by default) corresponding to the subscript in
the list. The index indicates the subscript.

animals.pop(1) # Delete the element whose subscript is 1.

print(animals) # Output: ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']

# Traverse and obtain the elements and indexes.

for i in enumerate(animals):
print(i) # Index consisting of the element subscript and element

Output: (0, cat)

(1, dog)
(2, monkey)

# List derivation.

list1 = [12,45,32,55]
list1.sort() # Sort the list.
print(list1) # Output: [12,32,45,55]

list1.reverse() # Reverse the list.

print(list1) # Output: [55,45,32,12]

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4) Data Type: Tuple

 Common operations on tuples:

T=(1,2,3) # Create a tuple.
print(T+(4,5)) # Combine tuples. The output is (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
t=(42,) # A tuple with only one element, which is different from a number.

tuple1 = (12,45,32,55,[1,0,3]) # Create a tuple.

tuple1[0] = "good" # The program is abnormal, and the tuple is unchangeable.
tuple1[4][0] = 2 # Elements that can be changed in a tuple are changeable.
print(tuple1) # (12,45,32,55,[2,0,3])

5) Data Type: Dictionary

 Common operations on dictionaries:

# Three value assignment operations on dictionaries.
x = {'food':'Spam' , 'quantity':4 , 'color':'pink'}

X =dict(food='Spam' , quantity=4, color='pink')

x = dict([("food", "Spam"),("quantity", "4"),("color","pink")])

d =x.copy()
d['color'] = 'red'
print(x) # {'food':'Spam','quantity':4,'color':'pink'}
print(d) # {'food':'Spam','quantity':4,'color':'red'}

# Element access.
print (d ['name']) # Obtain the error information.
print(d.get('name')) # Output: None

# Output: The key value does not exist.

print(d.get('name','The key value does not exist.'))

print(d.keys()) # Output: dict_keys(['food', 'quantity', 'color'])

print(d.values()) # Output: dict_values(['Spam', 4, 'red'])

# Output: dict_items([('food', 'Spam'), ('quantity', 4), ('color', 'red')])

print(d.items())
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 d.clear() # Clear all data in the dictionary.
print(d) # Output: {}
del(d) # Delete the dictionary.
print(d) # The program is abnormal, and a message is displayed,
indicating that d is not defined.

6) Data Type: Set

 Common operations on sets:

sample_set = {'Prince', 'Techs'}

# The output is False. in is used to check whether an element exists in the set.
print('Data' in sample_set)

sample_set.add('Data') # Add element Data to the set.

print(sample_set) # Output: {'Prince', 'Techs', 'Data'}
print(len(sample_set)) # Output: 3

sample_set.remove('Data') # Delete element Data.

print(sample_set) # {'Prince', 'Techs'}

list2 = [1,3,1,5,3]
print(list(set(list2))) # The output is [1,3,5]. The uniqueness of the set
elements is used to deduplicate the list.

sample_set = frozenset(sample_set) # Unchangeable set.

7) Deep Copy and Shallow Copy

The copy module in Python is used to implement deep copy.

import copy
Dict1 = {'name':'lee', 'age':89, 'num':[1,2,8]} # Create a dictionary.
Dict_copy = Dict1.copy() # Shallow copy.

Dict_dcopy = copy.deepcopy(Dict1) # Deep copy.

Dict1['num'][1] = 6 # Change the value of the nested list in the raw data.
print('Dict1:'+str(Dict1)+"\n",' Dict_copy:'+ str(Dict_copy)+"\n",' Dict_dcopy:'+
str(Dict_dcopy))

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 Output:
Dict1:{‘name’:’lee’, ‘age’:89, ‘num’:[1,6,8]}
Dict_copy :{'name':'lee', 'age':89, 'num':[1,6,8]} # The shallow copy data is modified.
Dict_dcopy :{'name':'lee', 'age':89, 'num':[1,2,8]} # The deep copy data is not modified.

8) if Statement
You can use "if statement" in Python to determine the level of a score input by a user.

#The input function receives input, which is a character string.

score = input("Please enter your score.")
# try:… except Exception:… is a Python statement used to capture exceptions. If an error occurs in the
statement in the try statement, the except statement will be executed.
try:
score = float(score) # Convert the score to a number.
if 100>=score>=90: # Check whether the entered value is greater than the score of a level.
print("Excellent") # Generate the level when conditions are met.
elif 90 > score >= 80:
print("Good")
elif 80>score>50:
print("Medium")
else:
print("Bad")
except Exception:
print("Enter a correct score.")

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 9) Loop Statement
9.1. for loop: use the for loop statement to generate a multiplication table.
for i in range(1,10): # Define the outer loop.
for j in range(1,i+1): # Define the inner loop.
print("%d*%d=%2d"%(i,j,i*j), end=" ")
print()

Output:
1*1= 1
2*1= 2 2*2= 4
3*1= 3 3*2= 6 3*3= 9
4*1= 4 4*2= 8 4*3=12 4*4=16
5*1= 5 5*2=10 5*3=15 5*4=20 5*5=25
6*1= 6 6*2=12 6*3=18 6*4=24 6*5=30 6*6=36
7*1= 7 7*2=14 7*3=21 7*4=28 7*5=35 7*6=42 7*7=49
8*1= 8 8*2=16 8*3=24 8*4=32 8*5=40 8*6=48 8*7=56 8*8=64
9*1= 9 9*2=18 9*3=27 9*4=36 9*5=45 9*6=54 9*7=63 9*8=72 9*9=81

9.2. while loop:when the condition is met, the statement block is executed cyclically. To end
the loop, use break or continue.

i=0 # Create variable i.

while i<9: # Set a condition for the loop.
i+=1 # The value of i increases by 1 in each loop.
if i == 3: # Check whether the conditions are met.
print("Exit this loop.")
continue # Execute continue to exit the current loop.
if i == 5:
print("Exit the current big loop.")
break# Exit the current big loop.
print(i)

Output:
1
2
Exit the current loop.
4
Exit the current big loop.

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10) Customizing a Function
def hello(greeting='hello',name='world'): # Default parameters.
print('%s, %s!' % (greeting, name)) # Format the output.

hello() # hello, world Default parameter.

hello ('Greetings') # The Greetings and world parameters are position parameters.
hello ('Greetings', 'universe') # The Greetings and universe parameters are position parameters.
hello (name= 'Gumby') # The hello and Gumby parameters are keyword parameters.

Output:
hello, world!
Greetings, world!
Greetings, universe!
hello, Gumby!

11) Object-oriented Programming

class welcomeClass:
a=5
def function1(self):
print("Welcome to my first class")

W = welcomeClass()
w.function1()

12) Standard Library Usage

sys.exit([n]): This method can be used to exit the current program. If the value of n is 0, the
program exits normally; if the value of n is not 0, the program exits abnormally.
import sys
for i in range(100):
print(i)
if i ==5:
sys.exit(0)
Output:
0
1
2
3
4
5