File: /SQL_with_PostgreSQL_cheatsheet.

sql Page 1 of 5

/*
* Author: (C) 2023 Samuel Lenk
* Course: SQL with PostgreSQL
* Purpose: Cheatsheet
* Web: diamond-ug.de
*/

--DATABASE
create database pet_hotel;
drop database pet_hotel;

--TABLES
create table pet_types(
id integer not null primary key,
pet_type varchar not null
);
drop table pet_types;

--INSERT DATA
insert into pet_types values(1, 'Bird');
insert into owners(id, first_name, last_name, phone)
values(3, 'Nancy', 'Simpson', '(489) 591-0408');
insert into pets(id, pet_type_id, owner_id, pet_name)
values (9, 1, 4, 'Chirp'),
(10, 2, 5, 'Iau'),
(11, 3, 6, 'Rrr');

--QUERY DATA
select * from pet_types;
select pet_name, birth_date from pets;
select pet_name as "Pet Name",
birth_date as Birthday
from pets;

--WHERE condition
select owner_id, pet_name, pet_type_id from pets
where pet_type_id <> 2;
select * from pets
where owner_id = 3 and pet_type = 'Bird';

--NULL values
select * from pets where birth_date is null;
select * from owners where email is not null;

--ORDER BY
select * from pets order by pet_name;
select * from pets order by pet_name asc;
select * from pets order by pet_name desc;
select * from pets order by birth_date asc nulls first;
select owner_id, pet_name from pets order by owner_id asc, pet_name asc;

--LIMIT & OFFSET

select * from pets limit 3;
select * from pets limit 10 offset 20;

--Numeric Datatypes
create table numeric_data (
int_column int,
numeric_column numeric(8,2)
);

--Character Datatypes
create table character_data (
char_column char,
varchar_column varchar,
text_column text
);
File: /SQL_with_PostgreSQL_cheatsheet.sql Page 2 of 5

--Date & Time Datatypes

create table date_time_data (
date_column date,
time_column time,
interval_column interval,
timestamp_column timestamptz
);

--Boolean Datatype
create table boolean_data (
boolean_column bool
);

--Remove rows
delete from employee where id > 23;
delete from employee;
truncate table employee;

--Modify things
alter table employee add column department_id int;
alter table department add primary key (id);
alter table employee alter column department_id set not null;
alter table employee add constraint fk_department_id foreign key (department_id) references department(id);

--UPDATE data
update employee set department_id = 1 where id = 1;
update employee set department_id = 6 where job_title like 'Human Resources%';

--CHECK Constraint
alter table customer add constraint check_premium_active
check ((active and premium)
or (active and not premium)
or (not active and not premium));

--DEFAULT Constraint
create table customer (
id int not null generated by default as identity,
country text default 'US'
);

--NOT NULL Constraint

create table customer (
first_name varchar not null,
last_name varchar
);

--UNIQUE Constraint
alter table customer add constraint unique_customer_email unique (email);

--PRIMARY KEY Constraint

create table orders (
id integer not null primary key,
...
customer_id integer not null
);

--FOREIGN KEY Constraint

alter table orders
add constraint fk_customer_id foreign key (customer_id) references customer(id)
on update cascade
on delete restrict;

--Arithmetic Operators
--+, -, *, /, %, ^, @
select 9 + 4 as out_put;
select 9.0 / 4.0 as out_put;
select 9 % 4 as out_put;
select 9 ^ 4 as out_put;
File: /SQL_with_PostgreSQL_cheatsheet.sql Page 3 of 5

--Comparison Operators
--<, >, <=, >=, =, <>, !=
select * from film where length > 180;
select * from film where length <> 180;
select * from film where length != 180;

--Logical Operators
select * from film where length > 180 and rating = 'PG';
select * from film where length > 180 and (rating = 'PG' or rating = 'G');
select * from film where length > 180 and rating in ('PG', 'G');
select * from film where length > 180 and rating not in ('PG', 'G');

--String Functions
select concat(first_name, ' ', last_name) as full_name from customer;
select substring(email, 5,) from customer;
select length(last_name) from customer;
select trim(first_name) from customer;
select lower(first_name) from customer;
select replace(first_name, 'A','_') from customer;
select left(first_name, 12) from customer;
select * from customer where first_name like 'F%';
select * from customer where first_name like '___';

--Formatting & Conversion Functions

select to_char(current_timestamp, 'yyyy-mm-dd');
select to_date('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY');
select to_number('12.454,8-', '9999G999D9S');
select to_timestamp('05 Dec 2000', 'DD Mon YYYY');
select format('%s, %s',last_name, first_name) as fullname from customer order by fullname;
select cast('123.456' as float8);

--Aggregate Functions
select count(*) from payment;
select min(amount) from payment;
select max(amount) from payment;
select sum(amount) from payment where amount > 10;
select avg(amount) from payment;
select distinct(amount) from payment order by 1;

-- GROUP BY
select amount, count(amount) as amount_count from payment
group by amount
order by amount_count desc;

-- GROUP BY + HAVING
select amount, count(*) as amount_count
from payment
group by amount
having count(*) > 1000
order by amount_count desc;

--Date & Time Functions

select age(now(), timestamp '2003-04-24');
select current_date;
select localtime; -- don't use current_time
select current_timestamp; -- with timezone
select localtimestamp; -- without timezone
select date_part('year', now());
select now(), date_trunc('hour', now()) as current_hour;

--Mathematical Functions
select abs(-5.5);
select power(5,3) as pwr;
select random();
select round(155555.033534235, 3);
select ceiling(155555.033534235);
select floor(155555.033534235);
select trunc(155555.033534235, 3);
File: /SQL_with_PostgreSQL_cheatsheet.sql Page 4 of 5

--Conditional Functions
select coalesce(null, '1000-01-01') as birthdate;
select nullif(amount, '0.99') from payment;
select count(film_id) as units,
case
when count(film_id) <= 1 then 'check'
when count(film_id) >= 5 then 'excess'
else 'normal'
end as inventory_rating
from inventory
group by film_id
order by units desc;

--CROSS JOIN
select e.id, d.id
from employee e
cross join department d;

--INNER JOIN
select e.id, d.id
from employee e
inner join department d on e.department_id = d.id;

--LEFT JOIN
select e.id, d.id
from employee e
left join department d on e.department_id = d.id;

--RIGHT JOIN
select e.id, d.id
from employee e
right join department d on e.department_id = d.id;

--FULL JOIN
select e.id, d.id
from employee e
full join department d on e.department_id = d.id;

--Subquery
select * from payment where amount = (
select max(amount) from payment
);

--Subquery EXISTS
select customer_id,
first_name,
last_name
from customer c
where exists (
select p.customer_id
from payment p
where c.customer_id = p.customer_id
and amount > 11
);

--Subquery IN
select film_id,
title
from film
where film_id in (
select film_id
from rental r
inner join inventory i using(inventory_id)
where return_date >= '2022-05-29' and return_date <= '2022-05-30'
)
order by film_id asc;
File: /SQL_with_PostgreSQL_cheatsheet.sql Page 5 of 5

--ROLE
create role joe login password '1234';
drop role joe;

--GRANT
grant select on candidates to joe;
grant insert, update, delete on candidates to joe;
grant all on all tables in schema public to joe;

--REVOKE
revoke all on candidates from joe;
revoke all on all tables in schema public from joe;

--VIEW
create or replace view staff_list
as select ...
from staff s
join address a on s.address_id = a.address_id;
drop view staff_list;