Matrices

7.
5 Operations with Matrices
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

What You Should Learn
• Decide whether two matrices are equal.
• Add and subtract matrices and multiply matrices

by scalars.
• Multiply two matrices.
• Use matrix operations to model and solve

real-life problems.
2
Equality of Matrices
3
This section introduces some fundamentals of matrix
theory. It is standard mathematical convention to represent
matrices in any of the following three ways. Do not copy.
4
Two matrices
A = [aij] and B = [bij]
are equal when they have the same dimension (m  n) and

all of their corresponding entries are equal.
5
Example 1 – Equality of Matrices
Solve for a11, a12, a21, and a22 in the following matrix
equation. You do not need to copy this.
Solution:
Because two matrices are equal only when their
corresponding entries are equal, you can conclude that
a11 = 2, a12 = –1, a21 = –3, and a22 = 0.
6
Be sure you see that for two matrices to be equal, they
must have the same dimension and their corresponding
entries must be equal. You do not need to copy this again.
For instance,
7
Matrix Addition and
Scalar Multiplication
8
Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
You can add two matrices (of the same dimension) by

adding their corresponding entries.
9
Example 2 – Addition of Matrices
a.
b.
c. The sum of
is undefined because A is of dimension 2  3 and B is of

dimension 2  2.
10
In operations with matrices, numbers are usually referred to

as scalars. In this text, scalars will always be real
numbers. You can multiply a matrix A by a scalar c by
multiplying each entry in A by c.
11
Example 3 – Scalar Multiplication
For the following matrix, find 3A.
Solution:
12
Please read slides #13-17 for important information, but

you do not need to copy them down.
The properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication

are similar to those of addition and multiplication of real
numbers.
One important property of addition of real numbers is that

the number 0 is the additive identity.
That is, c + 0 = c for any real number. For matrices, a

similar property holds.
13
For matrices, a similar property holds. That is, if A is an

m  n matrix and O is the m  n zero matrix consisting
entirely of zeros, then A + O = A.
In other words, O is the additive identity for the set of all

m  n matrices. For example, the following matrices are the
additive identities for the sets of all 2  3 and 2  2
matrices.
and
2  3 zero matrix 2  2 zero matrix
14
15
Example 5 – Using the Distributive Property
16
The algebra of real numbers and the algebra of matrices

have many similarities. For example, compare the following
solutions.
Real Numbers m  n Matrices

(Solve for x.) (Solve for X.)
x+a=b X+A=B
x + a + (–a) = b + (–a) X + A + (–A) = B + (–A)
x+0=b–a X+O=B–A
x=b–a X=B–A
17
Example 6 – Solving a Matrix Equation
Solve for X in the equation
3X + A = B
where
and
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Example 6 – Solution
Begin by solving the equation for X to obtain
3X = B – A
X= (B – A)
Now, using the A matrices and B, you have
Substitute the matrices
Subtract matrix A from matrix B
Multiply the resulting matrix by

19
Matrix Multiplication
20
Another basic matrix operation is matrix multiplication.
You will see later, that this definition of the product of two
matrices has many practical applications.
21
The definition of matrix multiplication indicates a
row-by-column multiplication, where the entry in the ith row
and jth column of the product AB is obtained by multiplying
the entries in the ith row A of by the corresponding entries
in the jth column of B and then adding the results.
Look at next slide so you can multiply matrices, but do not

copy it.
22
The general pattern for matrix multiplication is as follows.
23
Example 7 – Finding the Product of Two Matrices
Find the product AB using A = and B =
Solution:
First, note that the product is defined because the
number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows
of B. Moreover, the product AB has dimension 3  2.
To find the entries of the product, multiply each row of A

by each column of B.
24
Example 7 – Solution cont’d
AB =
25
The general pattern for matrix multiplication is as follows,
but you do not need to write it or the next slide down.
26
27
If A is an n  n matrix, then the identity matrix has the
property that AIn = A and InA = A.
For example,
AI = A
28

Matrices

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Matrices

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7.

5 Operations with Matrices

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

• Add and subtract matrices and multiply matrices

• Multiply two matrices.

• Use matrix operations to model and solve

A = [aij] and B = [bij]

are equal when they have the same dimension (m  n) and

a11 = 2, a12 = –1, a21 = –3, and a22 = 0.

You can add two matrices (of the same dimension) by

is undefined because A is of dimension 2  3 and B is of

In operations with matrices, numbers are usually referred to

Please read slides #13-17 for important information, but

The properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication

One important property of addition of real numbers is that

That is, c + 0 = c for any real number. For matrices, a

For matrices, a similar property holds. That is, if A is an

In other words, O is the additive identity for the set of all

2  3 zero matrix 2  2 zero matrix

The algebra of real numbers and the algebra of matrices

Real Numbers m  n Matrices

Now, using the A matrices and B, you have

Substitute the matrices

Subtract matrix A from matrix B

Multiply the resulting matrix by

Look at next slide so you can multiply matrices, but do not

Find the product AB using A = and B =

To find the entries of the product, multiply each row of A

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