ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EE241: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS I

SPRING 2023

LECTURES 17-18
CH6- CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS

Dr. Mohammed A. Hassan

[Link]@[Link]
1
Last Lectures: Linear Resistive Networks

• 1- Circuits Basic Concepts (Units, Quantities, Connection)

• 2- Circuits Lows (Ohm’s, KCL and KVL)
• 3- Circuits Methods of Analysis (Nodal, and Mesh)
• 4- Circuit Theorems (Superposition, Source Transformation,
Thevenin’s Theorem)

2
Capacitors and Inductors

Introduction
Capacitors
Energy Stored in Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors
Inductors
Energy Stored in Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors
3
Introduction

 Resistor: a passive element which dissipates energy only

 Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
 Ideal capacitor and inductor can store energy only and
they can neither generate nor dissipate energy.

4
Capacitors

A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by

an insulator (or dielectric).
εA
C=
d
 =  r 0
 0 = 8.854 10 −12 (F/m)

5
Capacitors

εA
C=
d
 Three factors affecting the value of capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the spacing, the
greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity, the
greater the capacitance.

6
Capacitors

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor Variable capacitors

7
Charge in Capacitors

The relation between the charge in plates and the voltage

across a capacitor is given below.
q = Cv
q Linear

1F = 1 C/V
8
Voltage Limit on a Capacitor
Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the voltage
increases.
The electric field intensity between two plates increases as

the voltage increases.

If the voltage across the capacitor is so large that the field
intensity is large enough to break down the insulation of the
dielectric, the capacitor is out of work.
Hence, every practical capacitor has a maximum limit on its
operating voltage.

9
I-V Relation of Capacitor

q = Cv
dq dv
i= =C
dt dt

➢ The current existing between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is the
displacement current.
➢ Note that the conduction current is due to the flow of electrons, whereas the
displacement current is due to displacement of electrons in a time-varying electric
field.
10
Physical Meaning

dv
i=C
dt
• when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant voltage across a
capacitor creates no current through the capacitor, the capacitor in this
case is the same as an open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an infinite value that
is practically impossible. Hence, a capacitor is impossible to have an
abrupt change in its voltage except an infinite current is applied.

11
Capacitor voltage

A capacitor is an open circuit (O.C) to dc.

The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.

allowed Not allowed

Abrupt change of the capacitor voltage is not allowed

12
Capacitor voltage

dv 1 t
v(t ) =  idt ( v(−) = 0 )
i=C
dt C −

( v(to) = q(to) / C )

The charge on a capacitor is an integration of current

through the capacitor. Hence, the memory effect counts.

13
Energy Storing in Capacitor

dv
p = vi = Cv
dt
t t dv v (t ) 1 2
w = − pdt = C − v dt = C v ( − ) vdv = Cv v (t )
v ( − )
dt 2
1
Energy w = C v2 ( v(−) = 0)
2
q2
w=
2C
14
Model of Practical Capacitor

15
Example 1

(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20V

across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
Solution:
(a) Since q = Cv,
q = 3  10−12  20 = 60pC

(b) The energy stored is

1 2 1
w = Cv =  3  10−12  400 = 600pJ
2 2 16
Practice Exercise 1

17
Example 2

 The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is v(t ) = 10 cos 6000t V

Calculate the current through it.

Solution:
 By definition, the current is

dv d
i=C = 5 10−6 (10 cos 6000t )
dt dt
= −5 10−6  6000 10 sin 6000t = −0.3 sin 6000t A

18
Practice Exercise 2

19
Example 3
Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the current through it
is −3000t
i (t ) = 6e mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.

Solution:
1 t
Since v = 0 idt + v(0) and v(0) = 0,
C
1 t −3000t 3  10 3
v= −6 0
6e dt 10−3 = e −3000t t
2  10 − 3000 0

= (1 − e −3000t )V
20
Example 4
Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor whose voltage is


shown in the following Figure.

Solution:
 The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as

 50t V 0  t 1
 100 − 50t V 1 t  3
v(t ) = 
− 200 + 50t V 3t  4

 0 otherwise

21
Example 4
Determine the current through a 200- F capacitor whose voltage is


shown in the following Figure.

Solution:
 Since 𝑖 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡 and C = 200 F, we take
the derivative of 𝑣 to obtain 𝑖
 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
− 50 1  t  3 − 10mA 1 t  3
i (t ) = 200  10−6   =
50 3  t  4 10mA 3t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise

 Thus the current waveform is as shown

22
Practice Exercise 3

23
Example 5

Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in the following


figure under dc condition.

24
Example 5

Solution:
Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor with an
open circuit. By current division,
3
i= (6mA) = 2mA
3+ 2+ 4
 v1 = 2000 i = 4 V, v 2 = 4000i = 8 V
1 1
 w1 = C1v1 = (2  10−3 )(4) 2 = 16mJ
2

2 2
1 1
w2 = C2 v2 = (4  10−3 )(8) 2 = 128mJ
2

2 2
25
Practice Exercise 4

26
Parallel Capacitors

Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + .... + C N

27
Parallel Capacitors

i = i1 + i2 + i3 + ... + iN
dv dv dv dv
i = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + C N
dt dt dt dt
 N
 dv dv
=   CK  = Ceq
 k =1  dt dt
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + .... + C N
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-


connected capacitors is the sum of the

individual capacitance.
28
Series Capacitors

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ... +
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN

29
Series Capacitors

v(t ) = v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) + ... + vN (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq 
−
id = ( + +
C1 C2 C3
+ ... + )  id
C N −
q (t ) q (t ) q (t ) q(t )
= + ++
Ceq C1 C2 CN
 The equivalent capacitance of series-
connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.

1 1 1 C1C2
= + Ceq =
Ceq C1 C2 C1 + C2
30
Summary

These results enable us to look the capacitor in this way:

1/C has the equivalent effect as the resistance. The
equivalent capacitor of capacitors connected in parallel or
series can be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y-△
connection and its transformation

31
Example 6

Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a


and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.

32
Example 6

Solution:
• 20 − F and 5 − F capacitors are in series:
20  5
 = 4F
20 + 5
• 4 − F capacitor is in parallel with the 6 − F
and 20 − F capacitors:
 4 + 6 + 20 = 30F
• 30 − F capacitor is in series with
the 60 − F capacitor.
30  60
Ceq = F = 20F
30 + 60
33
Practice Exercise 5

34
Example 7
 For the circuit in the following figure, find the voltage across each capacitor.
Solution:
1
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = = 10mF
1 1 1
60 + 30 + 20
Total Charge
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 = 10mF. 30V = 300mC
This is the charge on the 20mF, 30mF and the equivalent
60mF capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. (series has same current i = dq/dt)
Then, the voltage across each capacitor can be obtained as follows:
𝑄 300𝑚𝐶 𝑄 300𝑚𝐶 𝑄 300𝑚𝐶
𝑉1 = = = 15V 𝑉2 = = = 10V 𝑉3 = = = 5V
𝐶1 20𝑚𝐹 𝐶2 30𝑚𝐹 𝐶3 60𝑚𝐹
35
Practice Exercise 6

36
Summary: Capacitors
Physical structure Parallel Capacitors

εA
C=
d
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + .... + C N
Electrical Characteristics

q = Cv Series Capacitors

dv
i=C O.C. in DC
dt
1
Energy Stored w = C v2 1 1 1 1 1
2 = + + + ... +
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN 37
Capacitors and Inductors

Introduction
Capacitors
Energy Stored in Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors
Inductors
Energy Stored in Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors
38
Inductors

 An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire

N 2 A
L=
l
 =  r 0
0 = 4 10−7 (H/m)
 : permeability of the core
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross − sectional area.
39
Inductors

Circuit symbols for inductors

(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core

40
I-V relation in Inductors

The relation between the flux in inductor and the current through the
inductor is given below.
ψ Linear  = Li
1H = 1 Weber/A
i
d di
v= =L
dt dt

41
Physical Meaning

di
v=L
dt

When the current through an inductor is a constant, then the

voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a short circuit.
No abrupt change of the current through an inductor is
possible except an infinite voltage across the inductor is
applied.
The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage, for
example, used as an igniting element.

42
Inductor current

An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.

The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously.

allowed Not allowed

Abrupt change of the inductor current is not allowed

43
Inductor current

1 1 t
di = vdt i =  v(t )dt +
L L −
v
1 t L
i =  v(t )dt + i (to)
L to -

The current through the inductor is an integration of

voltage across it. Hence, the inductor has memory.

44
Energy Stored in an Inductor

An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in

the magnetic field while a capacitor stores energy in the
electric field.
 di 
P = vi =  L  i +
 dt 
t t  di 
w = − pdt = −  L idt i (−) = 0, v
L
 dt  -
i (t ) 1 2 1 2
= L i ( − ) i di = Li (t ) − Li (−)
2 2
1 2
The energy stored in an inductor
 w(t ) = Li (t )
2
45
Model of a Practical Inductor

46
Example 1
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) = 10te-5t A. Find


the voltage across the inductor and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v = L and L = 0.1H,
dt
d
v = 0.1 (10te −5t ) = e −5t + t (−5)e −5t = e −5t (1 − 5t )V
dt
The energy stored is:

1 2 1
w = Li = (0.1)100t 2 e −10t = 5t 2 e −10t J
2 2
47
Practice Exercise 1

48
Example 2

Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across

it is
30t 2 , t  0
v(t ) = 
 0, t0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s. Assume i(0)=0.
1 t
Solution: Since i = t v(t )dt + i (t0 ) and L = 5H.
L 0

1 t 2 t3
i = 0 30t dt + 0 = 6  = 2t 3 A
5 3

49
Example 2

Solution (Cont.):
The power p = vi = 60t 5 , and the energy stored is then
6
5 t 5
w =  pdt = 0 60t dt = 60
5
= 156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
1 2 1
w(5) − w(0) = Li (5) − Li (0)
2 2
1
= (5)(2  53 ) 2 − 0 = 156.25 kJ as obtained before.
2
50
Practice Exercise 2

51
Example 3
Consider the circuit in the following figure. Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.

Solution:
DC

C is OC
L is SC

52
Example 3

Solution (Cont.):
(a) Under dc condition : capacitor → open circuit
inductor → short circuit
12
i = iL = = 2 A, vc = 5i = 10 V
1+ 5
(b) 1 1
wc = Cvc = (1)(102 ) = 50J,
2

2 2
1 2 1
wL = Li = (2)(2 2 ) = 4J
2 2
53
Practice Exercise 3

54
Series and Parallel Inductors
Series Inductors

Leq = L1 + L2 + L3 + ... + LN

Parallel Inductors

1 1 1 1
= + ++
Leq L1 L2 LN

55
Summary
The inductor in various connection has the same effect as


the resistor. Hence, the Y-Δ transformation of inductors can

be similarly derived.

56
Example 4

Find the equivalent inductance of the shown circuit

Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
→ 42H
7  42
Parallel : = 6H
7 + 42

 Leq = 4 + 6 + 8 = 18H
57
Practice Exercise 4

 Calculate the equivalent inductance for the inductive ladder

network in the following circuit.

58
Example 5

For the circuit in the following figure, i (t ) = 4(2 − e −10t )mA.

If i2 (0) = −1 mA, find :
(a) i (0) (b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t );
1
(c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

59
Example 5
Solution: (a ) i (t ) = 4(2 − e −10t )mA → i (0) = 4(2 − 1) = 4mA.
 i1 (0) = i (0) − i2 (0) = 4 − (−1) = 5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq = 2 + 4 || 12 = 2 + 3 = 5H
di
 v(t ) = Leq = 5(4)(−1)(−10)e −10t mV = 200e −10t mV
dt
di
v1 (t ) = 2 = 2(−4)(−10)e −10t mV = 80e −10t mV
dt
 v2 (t ) = v(t ) − v1(t ) = 120e −10t mV
60
Example 5
1 t
Solution (Cont.): (c) i = 0 v(t ) dt + i (0) 
L
1 t 120 t −10t
i1 (t ) = 0 v2 dt + i1 (0) =  e dt + 5 mA
4 4 0

−10 t t
= −3e + 5 mA = −3e −10t + 3 + 5 = 8 − 3e −10t mA
0
1 t 120 t −10t
i2 (t ) = 0 v2 dt + i2 (0) =  e dt − 1mA
12 12 0

−10 t t
= −e − 1mA = −e −10t + 1 − 1 = −e −10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) + i2 (t ) = i (t ) 61
Practice Exercise 5
 In the following circuit, 𝑖1 𝑡 = 0.6𝑒 −2𝑡 A. If 𝑖 0 = 1.4A, Find:

62
Important characteristics of basic elements

63
End of Lecture

Questions?

64