Interview Questions

1) What is Java?
Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language,

platform-independent, high performance, Multithreaded, and portable programming
language. It was developed by James Gosling in June 1991.
2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?
Java C++
Java is platform-independent C++ is platform dependent
Goto statement is not supported by Java C++ supports the goto statement
Multiple inheritances are supported in java by using

Multiple inheritances are supported in C++
interfaces
Java doesn’t support structures and unions C++ does support unions and structures
C++ does not provide built-in support

Java has built-in support for threading
for threading
Java is used for building applications C++ is used for system programming
Java uses both interpreter and compiler C++ uses compiler only
3. What is the difference between C and Java?

The differences between C and Java are as follows:
C- Language Java
C language was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie in Java was developed by James Gosling in
the year 1972. theyear1995.
C is Procedural-Oriented Java is Object-Oriented
Objects play a major role in the

Functions play a major role in the C language.
Java language.
It is a middle-level language It is a high-level language.
Java supports OOPS concepts,

C language does not support OOPS Concepts. in which Inheritance the main property
used for code reusability.
In Java, memory is allocated using

In C, memory is allocated using Malloc
a new keyword.
The threading concept is not supported by C Java supports Threading
It is not portable It is portable
Default members of C are public Default members of Java are private
Storage classes are supported by C Storage classes are not supported in Java
List the features of Java Programming language.

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.
o Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier
to write the program in it.
o Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to

maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates
both data and behaviour.
o Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the

Java program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode (.class)
which can be easily run on every machine.
o Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is

different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform
to be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java
doesn't depend upon the operating system to be executed.
o Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides
the concept of Byte Code and Exception handling which makes it more secured.
o Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory

management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling,
etc. make it more robust.
o Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the

architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit
or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.
o Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for
the program execution.
o High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming

languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower
than a compiled language (e.g., C++).
o Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't
occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are
important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
o Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed

applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This
feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any
machine on the internet.
o Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It
means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native
languages, i.e., C and C++.
4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to
run the Java program. JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method
present in the Java code. JVM is the specification which must be implemented in the
computer system. The Java code is compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode which is
machine independent and close to the native code.
5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JVM
JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides
the runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification
which specifies the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been
provided by Oracle and other companies. Its implementation is known as JRE.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform
dependent). It is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class.
There are three notions of the JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.
JRE
JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java
Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java
applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation
of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at
runtime.
JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development

environment which is used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically
exists. It contains JRE + development tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of
the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle Corporation:
o Standard Edition Java Platform

o Enterprise Edition Java Platform
o Micro Edition Java Platform
6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:
1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime

constant pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.
2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects
3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a
part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at
the same time as the thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked.
A frame is destroyed when its method invocation completes.
4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address of
the Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.
7) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles
parts of the bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence
reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers
to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the
instruction set of a specific CPU.
8) What is the platform?

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is
executed. There are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-based.
Java provides the software-based platform.
9) What are the main differences between the Java platform
and other platforms?
There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.
o Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the hardware
platforms or software-based platforms.
o Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms can
only have the hardware components.
10) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?
The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte
Code) which is the intermediate language between source code and machine code.
This bytecode is not platform specific and can be executed on any computer.
11) What is classloader?

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run
the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in
classloaders in Java.
1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of

Extension classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java
Standard Edition like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util
package classes, java.io package classes, java.sql package classes, etc.
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent
classloader of System classloader. It loads the jar files located
inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension
classloader. It loads the class files from the classpath. By default, the classpath is set
to the current directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath"
switch. It is also known as Application classloader.
12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?
Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it
by javac .java and run by java classname Let's take a simple example:
1. //save by .java only
2. class A{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println("Hello java");
5. }
6. }
7. //compile by javac .java
8. //run by java A
compile it by javac .java
run it by java A
13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No.
14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then

what will the value stored in the String array passed into the
main() method, empty or NULL?
It is empty, but not null.
15) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't
matter in Java.
16) What is the default value of the local variables?
The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor
object references.
17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope
of the method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given
below.
o Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be

accessed by any class or method.
o Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the
sub-class of this class, or within the same class.
o Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes,
methods, and variables are of default scope.
o Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed
within the class only.
18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the
class. The static is the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are
stored in the class area, and we do not need to create the object to access such
variables. Therefore, static is used in the case, where we need to define variables or
methods which are common to all the objects of the class.
For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the
name of the college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the
college name will be defined as static.
19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?
There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.
o Packages avoid the name clashes.

o The Package provides easier access control.
o We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the
package.
o It is easier to locate the related classes.
20) What is the output of the following Java program?
1. class Test
2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 + 20 + "Java");
6. System.out.println("Java" + 10 + 20);
7. }
8. }
The output of the above code will be
30Java
Java1020
Explanation
In the first case, 10 and 20 are treated as numbers and added to be 30. Now, their
sum 30 is treated as the string and concatenated with the string Java. Therefore, the
output will be 30Java.
In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the

string Java10 which will then be concatenated with 20 to be Java1020.
1. class Test
2. {
4. {
5. System.out.println(10 * 20 + "Java");
6. System.out.println("Java" + 10 * 20);
7. }
8. }
The output of the above code will be
200Java
Java200
Explanation
In the first case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result
200 is treated as the string and concatenated with the string Java to produce the
output 200Java.
In the second case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first to be 200 because
the precedence of the multiplication is higher than addition. The result 200 will be
treated as the string and concatenated with the string Java to produce the output
as Java200.
1. class Test
2. {
4. {
5. for(int i=0; 0; i++)
6. {
7. System.out.println("Hello Javatpoint");
8. }
9. }
10. }
The above code will give the compile-time error because the for loop demands a
boolean value in the second part and we are providing an integer value, i.e., 0.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview

Questions
There is given more than 50 OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming and System)
interview questions. However, they have been categorized in many sections such as
constructor interview questions, static interview questions, Inheritance Interview
questions, Abstraction interview question, Polymorphism interview questions, etc. for
better understanding.
23) What is object-oriented paradigm?

It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in
the class to which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the
advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which
interacts with one another to design applications and programs. There are the
following features of the object-oriented paradigm.
o Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

o Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object's data
o Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities
from the user and show only functionality.
o Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
o The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python,
C#, etc.
24) What is an object?

The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is
an instance of the class having the instance variables as the state of the object and
the methods as the behavior of the object. The object of a class can be created by
using the new keyword.
25) What is the difference between an object-oriented

programming language and object-based programming
language?
There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and
object-based language.
o Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-
based language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance and
polymorphism.
o Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based
languages have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.
o Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the
examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.
26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is

defined as an instance variable?
All object references are initialized to null in Java.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview

Questions
27) What is the constructor?

The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize
the state of an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the memory is
allocated for the object. Every time, an object is created using the new keyword, the
default constructor of the class is called. The name of the constructor must be similar
to the class name. The constructor must not have an explicit return type.
28) How many types of constructors are used in Java?
Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of
constructors in Java.
o Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any value.
The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable with the
default values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on object creation.
A default constructor is invoked implicitly by the compiler if there is no constructor
defined in the class.
o Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can
initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we can say that
the constructors which can accept the arguments are called parameterized
constructors.
29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?

The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects.
The java compiler creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no constructor in
the class.
1. class Student3{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4.
5. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
6.
8. Student3 s1=new Student3();
9. Student3 s2=new Student3();
10. s1.display();
11. s2.display();
12. }
13. }
Output:
0 null
0 null
Explanation: In the above class, you are not creating any constructor, so compiler
provides you a default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by default
constructor.
30) Does constructor return any value?

Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You
can't use an explicit return type with the constructor).
31)Is constructor inherited?

No, The constructor is not inherited.
32) Can you make a constructor final?

No, the constructor can't be final.
33) Can we overload the constructors?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments
accepted by the constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters.
Consider the following example.
1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
4. public Test(int k)
5. {
6. i=k;
7. }
8. public Test(int k, int m)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Hi I am assigning the value max(k, m) to i");
11. if(k>m)
12. {
13. i=k;
14. }
15. else
16. {
17. i=m;
18. }
19. }
20. }
21. public class Main
22. {
24. {
25. Test test1 = new Test(10);
26. Test test2 = new Test(12, 15);
27. System.out.println(test1.i);
28. System.out.println(test2.i);
29. }
30. }
31.
In the above program, The constructor Test is overloaded with another constructor.
In the first call to the constructor, The constructor with one argument is called, and i
will be initialized with the value 10. However, In the second call to the constructor,
The constructor with the 2 arguments is called, and i will be initialized with the value
15.
34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?

There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one
object to another like copy constructor in C++.
There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:
o By constructor
o By assigning the values of one object into another
o By clone() method of Object class
In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using
java constructor.
1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another
2. class Student6{
3. int id;
4. String name;
5. //constructor to initialize integer and string
6. Student6(int i,String n){
7. id = i;
8. name = n;
9. }
10. //constructor to initialize another object
11. Student6(Student6 s){
12. id = s.id;
13. name =s.name;
14. }
15. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}
16.
18. Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
19. Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
20. s1.display();
21. s2.display();
22. }
23. }
Output:
111 Karan
111 Karan
35) What are the differences between the constructors and

methods?
There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given
below.
Java Constructor Java Method
A constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. A method is used to expose
the behaviour of an object.
A constructor must not have a return type. A method must have a return type.
The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.
The Java compiler provides a default constructor if you The method is not provided
don't have any constructor in a class.
by the compiler in any case.
The constructor name must be same as the class name. The method name may or may not
be same as class name.
1. public class Test
2. {
3. Test(int a, int b)
4. {
5. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
6. }
7. Test(int a, float b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);
10. }
12. {
13. byte a = 10;
14. byte b = 15;
15. Test test = new Test(a,b);
16. }
17. }
The output of the following program is:
a = 10 b = 15
Here, the data type of the variables a and b, i.e., byte gets promoted to int, and the
first parameterized constructor with the two integer parameters is called.
1. class Test
2. {
3. int i;
4. }
6. {
8. {
9. Test test = new Test();
10. System.out.println(test.i);
11. }
12. }
The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As

we know that a default constructor is invoked implicitly if there is no constructor in
the class, the variable i is initialized to 0 since there is no constructor in the class.
1. class Test
2. {
3. int test_a, test_b;
4. Test(int a, int b)
5. {
6. test_a = a;
7. test_b = b;
8. }
10. {
11. Test test = new Test();
12. System.out.println(test.test_a+" "+test.test_b);
13. }
14. }
There is a compiler error in the program because there is a call to the default
constructor in the main method which is not present in the class. However, there is
only one parameterized constructor in the class Test. Therefore, no default
constructor is invoked by the constructor implicitly.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview

Questions
39) What is the static variable?

The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not
unique for each object), e.g., The company name of employees, college name of
students, etc. Static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of
class loading. Using a static variable makes your program more memory efficient (it
saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class rather than the object.
1. //Program of static variable
2.
3. class Student8{
4. int rollno;
5. String name;
6. static String college ="ITS";
7.
8. Student8(int r,String n){
9. rollno = r;
10. name = n;
11. }
12. void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
13.
15. Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");
16. Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");
17.
18. s1.display();
19. s2.display();
20. }
21. }
Test it Now
Output:111 Karan ITS
222 Aryan ITS
40) What is the static method?
o A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

o There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
o A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.
41) What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static
methods?
Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.
o The static method can not use non-static data member or call the non-static method
directly.
o this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.
42) Why is the main method static?

Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main
method non-static, JVM will have to create its object first and then call main()
method which will lead to the extra memory allocation.
43) Can we override the static methods?

No, we can't override static methods.
44) What is the static block?

Static block is used to initialize the static data member. It is executed before the main
method, at the time of classloading.
1. class A2{
2. static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}
4. System.out.println("Hello main");
5. }
6. }
Output: static block is invoked
Hello main
45) Can we execute a program without main() method?
Ans) No, It was possible before JDK 1.7 using the static block. Since JDK 1.7, it is not
possible.
46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of

the main method?
Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."
47) What is the difference between static (class) method and

instance method?
static or class method instance method
1)A method that is declared as static is known as A method that is not declared
the static method. as static is known as the
instance method.
2)We don't need to create the objects to call the The object is required to call
static methods. the instance methods.
3)Non-static (instance) members cannot be Static and non-static variables

accessed in the static context (static method, static both can be accessed in
block, and static nested class) directly. instance methods.
4)For example: public static int cube(int n){ return For example: public void msg()
n*n*n;} {...}.
48) Can we make constructors static?

As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class,
not the object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is created, there
is no sense to make the constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler
will show the compiler error.
49) Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?
In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class,
and we can directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is
completely useless therefore it is not allowed.
50) Can we declare the static variables and methods in an

abstract class?
Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know
that there is no requirement to make the object to access the static context,
therefore, we can access the static context declared inside the abstract class by using
the name of the abstract class. Consider the following example.
1. abstract class Test
2. {
3. static int i = 102;
4. static void TestMethod()
5. {
6. System.out.println("hi !! I am good !!");
7. }
8. }
9. public class TestClass extends Test
10. {
12. {
13. Test.TestMethod();
14. System.out.println("i = "+Test.i);
15. }
16. }
Output
hi !! I am good !!
i = 102
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview

Questions
51) What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are
the various uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class
properties such as instance methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed
as an argument into the methods or constructors. It can also be returned from the
method as the current class instance.
52) What are the main uses of this keyword?

There are the following uses of this keyword.
o this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.

o this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
o this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
o this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
o this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
o this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.
53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?
No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class
object and this is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so, the compiler
error will be shown. Consider the following example.
2. {
3. public Test()
4. {
5. this = null;
6. System.out.println("Test class constructor called");
7. }
9. {
10. Test t = new Test();
11. }
12. }
Output
Test.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable this

this = null;
^
1 error
54) Can this keyword be used to refer static members?

Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a
reference variable which refers to the current class object. However, as we know that,
it is unnecessary to access static variables through objects, therefore, it is not the
best practice to use this to refer static members. Consider the following example.
2. {
3. static int i = 10;
4. public Test ()
5. {
6. System.out.println(this.i);
7. }
9. {
11. }
12. }
Output
10
55) How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of
the class with respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword to perform
constructor chaining within the same class. Consider the following example which
illustrates how can we use this keyword to achieve constructor chaining.
1. public class Employee
2. {
3. int id,age;
4. String name, address;
5. public Employee (int age)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
8. }
9. public Employee(int id, int age)
10. {
11. this(age);
12. this.id = id;
13. }
14. public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)
15. {
16. this(id, age);
17. this.name = name;
18. this.address = address;
19. }
21. {
22. Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");
23. System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+" address: "+
emp.address);
24. }
25.
26. }
Output
ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi
56) What are the advantages of passing this into a method

instead of the current class object itself?
As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to
the current class object. However, there can be two main advantages of passing this
into a method instead of the current class object.
o this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value whereas
the current class object might not be final and can be changed.
o this can be used in the synchronized block.
57) What is the Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and
behavior of another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and
Method Overriding. The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new
classes that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class,
you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you can add new
methods and fields in your current class also. Inheritance represents the IS-A
relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.
There are five types of inheritance in Java.
o Single-level inheritance
o Multi-level inheritance
o Multiple Inheritance
o Hierarchical Inheritance
o Hybrid Inheritance
Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.
More Details.
58) Why is Inheritance used in Java?

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.
o Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine the
method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific implementation of the
method.
o Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.
o We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which makes
OOPs more realistic.
o Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the derived
class by making it private.
o Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding, we
can give a specific implementation of some basic method contained by the base
class.
59) Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.
60) Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?

To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is not
supported in java. Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes. The C class
inherits A and B classes. If A and B classes have the same method and you call it from
child class object, there will be ambiguity to call the method of A or B class.
Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders compile-
time error if you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same method or different,
there will be a compile time error.
1. class A{
2. void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
3. }
4. class B{
5. void msg(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
6. }
7. class C extends A,B{//suppose if it were
8.
9. Public Static void main(String args[]){
10. C obj=new C();
11. obj.msg();//Now which msg() method would be invoked?
12. }
13. }
Test it Now
Compile Time Error
61) What is aggregation?

Aggregation can be defined as the relationship between two classes where the
aggregate class contains a reference to the class it owns. Aggregation is best
described as a has-a relationship. For example, The aggregate class Employee having
various fields such as age, name, and salary also contains an object of Address class
having various fields such as Address-Line 1, City, State, and pin-code. In other
words, we can say that Employee (class) has an object of Address class. Consider the
following example.
Address.java
1. public class Address {
2. String city,state,country;
3.
4. public Address(String city, String state, String country) {
5. this.city = city;
6. this.state = state;
7. this.country = country;
8. }
9.
10. }
Employee.java
1. public class Emp {
2. int id;
3. String name;
4. Address address;
5.
6. public Emp(int id, String name,Address address) {
7. this.id = id;
9. this.address=address;
10. }
11.
12. void display(){
13. System.out.println(id+" "+name);
14. System.out.println(address.city+" "+address.state+" "+address.country);
15. }
16.
17. public static void main(String[] args) {
18. Address address1=new Address("gzb","UP","india");
19. Address address2=new Address("gno","UP","india");
20.
21. Emp e=new Emp(111,"varun",address1);
22. Emp e2=new Emp(112,"arun",address2);
23.
24. e.display();
25. e2.display();
26.
27. }
28. }
Output
111 varun
gzb UP india
112 arun
gno UP india
62) What is composition?

Holding the reference of a class within some other class is known as composition.
When an object contains the other object, if the contained object cannot exist
without the existence of container object, then it is called composition. In other
words, we can say that composition is the particular case of aggregation which
represents a stronger relationship between two objects. Example: A class contains
students. A student cannot exist without a class. There exists composition between
class and students.
63) What is the difference between aggregation and

composition?
Aggregation represents the weak relationship whereas composition represents the
strong relationship. For example, the bike has an indicator (aggregation), but the bike
has an engine (composition).
64) Why does Java not support pointers?

The pointer is a variable that refers to the memory address. They are not used in Java
because they are unsafe(unsecured) and complex to understand.
65) What is super in java?

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the
immediate parent class object. Whenever you create the instance of the subclass, an
instance of the parent class is created implicitly which is referred by super reference
variable. The super() is called in the class constructor implicitly by the compiler if
there is no super or this.
1. class Animal{
2. Animal(){System.out.println("animal is created");}
3. }
4. class Dog extends Animal{
5. Dog(){
6. System.out.println("dog is created");
7. }
8. }
9. class TestSuper4{
11. Dog d=new Dog();
12. }
13. }
Test it Now
Output:
animal is created
dog is created
More Details.
66) How can constructor chaining be done by using the super

keyword?
1. class Person
2. {
3. String name,address;
4. int age;
5. public Person(int age, String name, String address)
6. {
7. this.age = age;
9. this.address = address;
10. }
11. }
12. class Employee extends Person
13. {
14. float salary;
15. public Employee(int age, String name, String address, float salary)
16. {
17. super(age,name,address);
18. this.salary = salary;
19. }
20. }
22. {
24. {
25. Employee e = new Employee(22, "Mukesh", "Delhi", 90000);
26. System.out.println("Name: "+e.name+" Salary: "+e.salary+" Age: "+e.age+" Address: "+
e.address);
27. }
28. }
Output
Name: Mukesh Salary: 90000.0 Age: 22 Address: Delhi
67) What are the main uses of the super keyword?

There are the following uses of super keyword.
o super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.
o super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
o super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.
68) What are the differences between this and super keyword?
There are the following differences between this and super keyword.
o The super keyword always points to the parent class contexts whereas this keyword
always points to the current class context.
o The super keyword is primarily used for initializing the base class variables within the
derived class constructor whereas this keyword primarily used to differentiate
between local and instance variables when passed in the class constructor.
o The super and this must be the first statement inside constructor otherwise the
compiler will throw an error.
1. class Person
2. {
3. public Person()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Person class constructor called");
6. }
7. }
8. public class Employee extends Person
9. {
10. public Employee()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Employee class constructor called");
13. }
15. {
16. Employee e = new Employee();
17. }
18. }
Output
Person class constructor called

Employee class constructor called
Explanation
The super() is implicitly invoked by the compiler if no super() or this() is included

explicitly within the derived class constructor. Therefore, in this case, The Person class
constructor is called first and then the Employee class constructor is called.
70) Can you use this() and super() both in a constructor?

No, because this() and super() must be the first statement in the class constructor.
Example:
1. public class Test{
2. Test()
3. {
4. super();
5. this();
6. System.out.println("Test class object is created");
7. }
8. public static void main(String []args){
10. }
11. }
Output:
Test.java:5: error: call to this must be first statement in constructor
71)What is object cloning?

The object cloning is used to create the exact copy of an object. The clone() method
of the Object class is used to clone an object. The java.lang.Cloneable interface
must be implemented by the class whose object clone we want to create. If we don't
implement Cloneable interface, clone() method generates
CloneNotSupportedException.
1. protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException
2.
More Details.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overloading

Interview Questions
72) What is method overloading?

Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create
multiple methods with the same name but different signature. We can achieve
method overloading in two ways.
o By Changing the number of arguments

o By Changing the data type of arguments
Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method overloading is

performed to figure out the program quickly.
More Details.
73) Why is method overloading not possible by changing the
return type in java?
In Java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the
program due to avoid the ambiguity.
1. class Adder{
2. static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
3. static double add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
4. }
5. class TestOverloading3{
6. public static void main(String[] args){
7. System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));//ambiguity
8. }}
Test it Now
Output:
Compile Time Error: method add(int, int) is already defined in class Adder
More Details.
74) Can we overload the methods by making them static?

No, We cannot overload the methods by just applying the static keyword to
them(number of parameters and types are the same). Consider the following
example.
1. public class Animal
2. {
3. void consume(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println(a+" consumed!!");
6. }
7. static void consume(int a)
8. {
9. System.out.println("consumed static "+a);
10. }
12. {
13. Animal a = new Animal();
14. a.consume(10);
15. Animal.consume(20);
16. }
17. }
Output
Animal.java:7: error: method consume(int) is already defined in class

Animal
static void consume(int a)
^
Animal.java:15: error: non-static method consume(int) cannot be referenced
from a static context
Animal.consume(20);
^
2 errors
75) Can we overload the main() method?

Yes, we can have any number of main methods in a Java program by using method
overloading.
More Details.
76) What is method overloading with type promotion?

By Type promotion is method overloading, we mean that one data type can be
promoted to another implicitly if no exact matching is found.
As displayed in the above diagram, the byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float
or double. The short datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double. The char
datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double and so on. Consider the
following example.
1. class OverloadingCalculation1{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}
3. void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}
4.
6. OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long
8. obj.sum(20,20,20);
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
Output
40
60
1. class OverloadingCalculation3{
2. void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invoked");}
3. void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method invoked");}
4.
6. OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();
7. obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
8. }
9. }
Output
OverloadingCalculation3.java:7: error: reference to sum is ambiguous

obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
^
both method sum(int,long) in OverloadingCalculation3
and method sum(long,int) in OverloadingCalculation3 match
1 error
Explanation
There are two methods defined with the same name, i.e., sum. The first method
accepts the integer and long type whereas the second method accepts long and the
integer type. The parameter passed that are a = 20, b = 20. We can not tell that
which method will be called as there is no clear differentiation mentioned between
integer literal and long literal. This is the case of ambiguity. Therefore, the compiler
will throw an error.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Method Overriding

Interview Questions
78) What is method overriding:

If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already provided
by its parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for runtime
polymorphism and to implement the interface methods.
Rules for Method overriding

o The method must have the same name as in the parent class.
o The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.
o Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.
More Details.
79) Can we override the static method?

No, you can't override the static method because they are the part of the class, not
the object.
80) Why can we not override static method?

It is because the static method is the part of the class, and it is bound with class
whereas instance method is bound with the object, and static gets memory in class
area, and instance gets memory in a heap.
81) Can we override the overloaded method?

Yes.
82) Difference between method Overloading and Overriding.
Method Overloading Method Overriding
1) Method overloading increases the Method overriding provides the specific implementation of
readability of the program. method that is already provided by its superclass.
2) Method overloading occurs within the Method overriding occurs in two classes that have IS-A relation
class. between them.
3) In this case, the parameters must be In this case, the parameters must be the same.
different.
83) Can we override the private methods?
No, we cannot override the private methods because the scope of private methods is
limited to the class and we cannot access them outside of the class.
84) Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the

subclass?
Yes, we can change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass. However, we
must notice that we cannot decrease the accessibility of the method. The following
point must be taken care of while changing the accessibility of the method.
o The private can be changed to protected, public, or default.

o The protected can be changed to public or default.
o The default can be changed to public.
o The public will always remain public.
85) Can we modify the throws clause of the superclass method

while overriding it in the subclass?
Yes, we can modify the throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in
the subclass. However, there are some rules which are to be followed while
overriding in case of exception handling.
o If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass overridden method
cannot declare the checked exception, but it can declare the unchecked exception.
o If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden method can
declare same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot declare parent
exception.
1. class Base
2. {
3. void method(int a)
4. {
5. System.out.println("Base class method called with integer a = "+a);
6. }
7.
8. void method(double d)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Base class method called with double d ="+d);
11. }
12. }
13.
14. class Derived extends Base
15. {
16. @Override
17. void method(double d)
18. {
19. System.out.println("Derived class method called with double d ="+d);
20. }
21. }
22.
24. {
25. public static void main(String[] args)
26. {
27. new Derived().method(10);
28. }
29. }
Output
Base class method called with integer a = 10
Explanation
The method() is overloaded in class Base whereas it is derived in class Derived with
the double type as the parameter. In the method call, the integer is passed.
87) Can you have virtual functions in Java?

Yes, all functions in Java are virtual by default.
88) What is covariant return type?
Now, since java5, it is possible to override any method by changing the return type if
the return type of the subclass overriding method is subclass type. It is known as
covariant return type. The covariant return type specifies that the return type may
vary in the same direction as the subclass.
1. class A{
2. A get(){return this;}
3. }
4.
5. class B1 extends A{
6. B1 get(){return this;}
7. void message(){System.out.println("welcome to covariant return type");}
8.
10. new B1().get().message();
11. }
12. }
Test it Now
Output: welcome to covariant return type
More Details.
1. class Base
2. {
3. public void baseMethod()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseMethod called ...");
6. }
7. }
8. class Derived extends Base
9. {
10. public void baseMethod()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Derived method called ...");
13. }
14. }
16. {
18. {
19. Base b = new Derived();
20. b.baseMethod();
21. }
22. }
Output
Derived method called ...
Explanation
The method of Base class, i.e., baseMethod() is overridden in Derived class. In Test
class, the reference variable b (of type Base class) refers to the instance of the
Derived class. Here, Runtime polymorphism is achieved between class Base and
Derived. At compile time, the presence of method baseMethod checked in Base class,
If it presence then the program compiled otherwise the compiler error will be shown.
In this case, baseMethod is present in Base class; therefore, it is compiled
successfully. However, at runtime, It checks whether the baseMethod has been
overridden by Derived class, if so then the Derived class method is called otherwise
Base class method is called. In this case, the Derived class overrides the baseMethod;
therefore, the Derived class method is called.
Core Java - OOPs Concepts: final keyword Interview

Questions
90) What is the final variable?

In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we initialize
the final variable, we can't change its value. In other words, we can say that the final
variable once assigned to a value, can never be changed after that. The final variable
which is not assigned to any value can only be assigned through the class
constructor.
1. class Bike9{
2. final int speedlimit=90;//final variable
3. void run(){
4. speedlimit=400;
5. }
7. Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
8. obj.run();
9. }
10. }//end of class
Test it Now
Output:Compile Time Error
More Details.
91) What is the final method?

If we change any method to a final method, we can't override it. More Details.
1. class Bike{
2. final void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4.
5. class Honda extends Bike{
6. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
7.
9. Honda honda= new Honda();
10. honda.run();
11. }
12. }
Test it Now
92) What is the final class?

If we make any class final, we can't inherit it into any of the subclasses.
1. final class Bike{}
2.
3. class Honda1 extends Bike{
4. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 100kmph");}
5.
7. Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
8. honda.run();
9. }
10. }
Test it Now
More Details.
93) What is the final blank variable?

A final variable, not initialized at the time of declaration, is known as the final blank
variable. We can't initialize the final blank variable directly. Instead, we have to
initialize it by using the class constructor. It is useful in the case when the user has
some data which must not be changed by others, for example, PAN Number.
Consider the following example:
1. class Student{
2. int id;
3. String name;
4. final String PAN_CARD_NUMBER;
5. ...
6. }
More Details.
94) Can we initialize the final blank variable?

Yes, if it is not static, we can initialize it in the constructor. If it is static blank final
variable, it can be initialized only in the static block. More Details.
95) Can you declare the main method as final?

Yes, We can declare the main method as public static final void main(String[] args){}.
1. class Main {
3. final int i;
4. i = 20;
5. System.out.println(i);
6. }
7. }
Output
20
Explanation
Since i is the blank final variable. It can be initialized only once. We have initialized it
to 20. Therefore, 20 will be printed.
1. class Base
2. {
3. protected final void getInfo()
4. {
5. System.out.println("method of Base class");
6. }
7. }
8.
9. public class Derived extends Base
10. {
11. protected final void getInfo()
12. {
13. System.out.println("method of Derived class");
14. }
15. public static void main(String[] args)
16. {
17. Base obj = new Base();
18. obj.getInfo();
19. }
20. }
Output
Derived.java:11: error: getInfo() in Derived cannot override

getInfo() in Base
protected final void getInfo()
^
overridden method is final
1 error
Explanation
The getDetails() method is final; therefore it can not be overridden in the subclass.
98) Can we declare a constructor as final?

The constructor can never be declared as final because it is never inherited.
Constructors are not ordinary methods; therefore, there is no sense to declare
constructors as final. However, if you try to do so, The compiler will throw an error.
99) Can we declare an interface as final?

No, we cannot declare an interface as final because the interface must be
implemented by some class to provide its definition. Therefore, there is no sense to
make an interface final. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show an error.
100) What is the difference between the final method and

abstract method?
The main difference between the final method and abstract method is that the
abstract method cannot be final as we need to override them in the subclass to give
its definition.

Interview Questions

Uploaded by

Interview Questions

Uploaded by

1) What is Java?

Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language,

2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?

Java is platform-independent C++ is platform dependent

Multiple inheritances are supported in java by using

C++ does not provide built-in support

3. What is the difference between C and Java?

C is Procedural-Oriented Java is Object-Oriented

Objects play a major role in the

Java supports OOPS concepts,

In Java, memory is allocated using

The threading concept is not supported by C Java supports Threading

It is not portable It is portable

Default members of C are public Default members of Java are private

List the features of Java Programming language.

o Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to

o Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the

o Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is

o Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory

o Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the

o High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming

o Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed

4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development

o Standard Edition Java Platform

6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime

7) What is JIT compiler?

8) What is the platform?

11) What is classloader?

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of

compile it by javac .java

13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then

17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

o Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be

18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

o Packages avoid the name clashes.

20) What is the output of the following Java program?

The output of the above code will be

In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the

The output of the above code will be

22) What is the output of the following Java program?

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview

23) What is object-oriented paradigm?

o Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

24) What is an object?

25) What is the difference between an object-oriented

26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview

27) What is the constructor?

29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?

30) Does constructor return any value?

31)Is constructor inherited?

32) Can you make a constructor final?

33) Can we overload the constructors?

34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?

35) What are the differences between the constructors and

Java Constructor Java Method

A constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. A method is used to expose

the behaviour of an object.

The constructor is invoked implicitly. The method is invoked explicitly.

36) What is the output of the following Java program?

The output of the following program is:

37) What is the output of the following Java program?

The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As

38) What is the output of the following Java program?

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview

39) What is the static variable?

40) What is the static method?

o A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.

42) Why is the main method static?

43) Can we override the static methods?

44) What is the static block?

46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of