Advanced Unit 04a
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Dinara İbrahim QızıAdvanced Unit 04a
Uploaded by
Dinara İbrahim QızıLife Advanced Unit 4a (2)
Modals (2): the past
I remember the days The old TV worked
before TV. We had to make perfectly fine. We
our own entertainment. needn’t have bought
this new one.
This new TV only has fifty
channels. We should have bought
the newer model with
five hundred.
Presentation
Obligation • can’t have / couldn’t have means you feel certain that
Use had to to express obligation in the past. It is the something didn’t happen: We can’t have missed
past of must (for obligation) and have to: I had to wear a the train. It’s only three o’clock and it leaves at three-
uniform when I was a waiter. fifteen.
Necessity Notice that the opposite of must have done for
speculation is can’t / couldn’t have done.
Use needed to 1 infinitive to say that it was necessary
to do something: I needed to move house because I got a Use must have and can’t have when we know or believe
new job in another city. something by logical deductions: Her car is outside the
Use needn’t have 1 past participle to say that a past house so she can’t have left.
action turned out not to be necessary: We needn’t have Advisability
printed a map. I have it on my phone. Use should have or ought to have 1 past participle to
Use didn’t need to or didn’t have to to say that something talk about the correct, advisable or morally right thing
wasn’t necessary whether we did it or not: I didn’t need to do in a past situation. It is often used to express
to invite her because she’s away that weekend. regret about our own actions or criticism of other
Speculation people’s:
Use must/might/may/could/can’t 1 have 1 past I should have bought the newer version. (5 but I didn’t)
participle to speculate about past events. Other uses of past modals
• must have means you feel certain that something Use might have and could have 1 past participle to criticise
happened or was true: They must have received their people for not doing things. Might, used in this way, is
exam results by now. more formal than could: You could have tidied up your
• may, might, could means you think it’s possible rooms!
something happened or was true: They might have You might have called me. I was so worried.
gone out for the evening. We can also use should have + past participle to talk
• may not / might not have means you think it’s about something that we expect to have happened: We
possible something didn’t happen / wasn’t true: He sent the package last week. It should have arrived by
may not have left yet. now.
Practical Grammar 3 1 © National Geographic Learning
Advanced Unit 4a (2)
Exercises
1 Complete the sentences using the verbs in the box.
had to might have (x2) needed to should have
1 What a view! We brought a camera.
2 I’m very disappointed. You tidied your rooms before everyone arrived.
3 We forgot the meaning of the word, so we look it up in a dictionary.
4 When I was young, school ended for most children at aged 14 and they start work.
5 They’re an hour later. They got lost.
2 Match the sentences in exercise 1 to the use of the verb (a–e).
a To describe obligation c To speculate e To criticise
b To describe necessity d To advise
3 Choose the correct options.
1 Nowadays seat belts are compulsory but only a few years ago, we didn’t have to / mustn’t wear them.
2 You can’t have / needn’t have worn that raincoat. It’s going to be sunny all day.
3 A: Oh no! I forget to bring the tickets!
B: It’s OK. You needn’t have / didn’t need to because I printed them out as well.
4 I really think you ought to / may have let them know you weren’t going tonight. They’ll be expecting you.
5 He might have / must have offered to pay for dinner. After all, I paid the last time we went out.
6 The plane could have landed / should have landed by now. I wonder why it’s late.
7 The package may not have arrived / can’t have arrived yet. I only sent it this morning.
8 They must have called / should have called because there’s a message on my phone.
4 Rewrite the sentences using a past modal or verb form. In some sentences more than one
verb is possible.
1 When I was in the army, it was the rule to get up at five and go for a ten-kilometre run.
When I was in the army, we had to get up at five and go for a ten-kilometre run.
2 It was necessary to move to Dubai for my job last year.
Last year, I for my job.
3 I took a degree in economics, but it wasn’t necessary for my job as a sports instructor.
I a degree in economics for my job as a sports instructor.
4 The handle is broken. I definitely think someone broke in and stole the money.
The handle is broken. Someone the money.
5 The window at the back is also broken. Maybe someone climbed in this way.
The window at the back is also broken. Someone in this way.
6 There’s no way they they’d forget the party is tonight!
They that the party is tonight!
7 These old light bulbs don’t last long. It’s a better idea to buy modern LED bulbs.
These old light bulbs don’t last long. You a modern LED bulb.
8 I had a terrible journey. Why didn’t you offer to collect me from the airport?
I had a terrible journey. You me from the airport.
