SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

• Software Engineering paradigms –

Waterfall Life cycle model – Spiral Model
– Prototype Model – Fourth Generation
Techniques – Planning – Software Project
Scheduling, – Risk analysis and
management – Requirements and
Specification
UNIT II - SOFTWARE DESIGN

• Abstraction – Modularity – Software

Architecture – Cohesion – Coupling –
Various Design Concepts and notations –
Real time and Distributed System Design
– Documentation – Dataflow Oriented
design – Jackson System development –
Designing for reuse – Programming
standards – Case Study for Design of any
Application Project.
UNIT III - SOFTWARE TESTING AND
MAINTENANCE
• Software Testing Fundamentals –
Software testing strategies – Black Box
Testing – White Box Testing – System
Testing – Object Orientation Testing –
State based Testing - Testing Tools – Test
Case Management – Software
Maintenance Organization – Maintenance
Report – Types of Maintenance
UNIY IV - SOFTWARE METRICS

• Scope – Classification of metrics –

Measuring Process and Product attributes
– Direct and Indirect measures – Cost
Estimation - Reliability – Software Quality
Assurance – Standards – COCOMO
model.
UNIT V - SCM

• Need for SCM – Version Control – SCM

process – Software Configuration Items –
Taxonomy – CASE Repository – Features
– Web Engineering
UNIT I - INTRODUCTION:
• Software is more than just a program code.
• A program is an executable code, which servers
some computational purpose.
• Software is the collection of computer programs,
procedures rules and associated documentation
and data.
• Software is an information transformer-
producing, managing, modifying, displaying or
transforming information that can simple as a
single bit or a complex as a multimedia
application.
Software Products:
• Software products may be developed for a
particular customer or may be developed for a
general market.
• Software products may be:
• Generic
• Bespoke
• What are the attributes of good software?
• Maintainability.
• Dependability
• Efficiency
• Usability
What is the difference between software engineering
and computer science?
Software Engineering Paradigms:
Software Characteristics:
• Software is developed or engineered, it is
not manufactured in the classical sence.
• Software doesn’t “wear out”.
• Although the industry is moving towards
component based assembly, most
software continues to be custom to built.
Software Applications Types:

• System Software.
• Real-time Software.
• Business Software.
• Engineering and Scientific Software.
• Embedded Software.
• Personal Computer Software.
• Web-based Software.
• Artifical Intelligence Software.
Software Engineering -A layered Technology:

• Application of a
systematic,
disciplined,
quantifiable approach
to the development,
operation and
maintenance of
software that is, the
application of
engineering software.
What are the five generic process framework
activities?
• The following generic process framework
is applicable to the majority of software
projects.
• Communication.
• Planning.
• Modeling.
• Construction.
• Deployment.
Process Models:

• Every software engineering organization

should describe a unique set of framework
activities for the software process it
adopts.
• Waterfall Life Cycle Model.
• Iterative Waterfall Life Cycle
Model.
• Prototyping Model.
• Incremental Model.
• Sprial Model.
• RAD Model.
• Sprial Model.
Waterfall Life Cycle Model.
• It is called classic life cycle or Linear model.
• Requirements are well defined and stable.
• It suggests a systematic, sequential approach to
software development.
• It begins with customer specification of
requirements and progresses.
• Planning.
• Modeling.
• Construction and
• Deployment.
Advantages:
• Easy to understand.
• Each phase has well defined input and output.
• Helps project manger in proper planning of project.
• Provides a templates into which methods of
analysis, design, code and support can be placed.
Disadvantages:
• One way street.
• It lack overlapping and interactions among
phases.
• Model doesn’t support delivery of system in
pieces.
Phases of the Classical Waterfall Model:
Feasibility Study:
• It involves analysis of the problem and collection of
allrelevant information relating to the product.
• The collected data are analysed.
– Requriments of the Customer.
– Formulations of the different strategies for solving the
problem.
– Evaluation of different solution strategies.
Requriments Analysis and Specification:
• It is understand the exact requriments of the customer
and to document them properly.
– Requirements gathering and analysis.
– Requirements specification.
Design:
• The deign phase is to transform the requirements
specified in the document into a structure that is suitable
for implementation in some programming languaage.
• Traditional Design Approach.
• Object-Oriented Design Approach.
Coding and Unit Testing:
• The purpose mof the coding and unit testing phase of
software development is to translate the software design
into source code.
Integration and System Testing:
• ‘Integration of different modules is coded and unit tested.
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• 𝛽 − 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
• Accsptance Testing.
Maintenance:
• Maintenance of a typical software products
requires much more than the effort
necessary to develope the product itself.
Iterative Waterfall life cycle model:
• The main changes is done by providing
feedback paths from every phase to its
preceding phase.
Prototype Model:

• Prototyping Model
is a software
development
model in which
prototype is built,
tested, and
reworked until an
acceptable
prototype is
achieved.
Advantages:

• Clarity.
• Risk Identification.
• Good Environment.
• Take less time to complete.
Disadvantages:
• High cost.
• Slow process.
• Too many changes.
RAD Model:

• Rapid Application Development(RAD) is

an incremental software model that a short
development cycle.
• The RAD model is a “high-speed” of the
waterfall model.
• The RAD process enables a development
team to create a fully functional system
within a very short time period.
Contents of RAD Pakages:
• Graphical user development environment.
• Reusable Components.
• Code generator.
• Programming Language.
Advantages:
• Fast products.
• Efficient Documentation.
• Interaction with user.
Disadvantages:
• User may not like fast activities.
• Not suitable for technical risks.
Sprial Model :
• This Spiral model is a combination of
iterative development process model and
sequential linear development model i.e.
the waterfall model with a very high
emphasis on risk analysis.
• The spiral model has four phases:
Planning, Design, Construct and
Evaluation.
Quadrants in sprial model :
Advantages :
• Risk Identification at early stage.
• Suitable for high rk projects.
• Flexibility for adding functionaility.
Disadvantages:
• Costly.
• Risk dependent.
• Not suitable for smaller projects.
• Difficult to meeting budget.
Win-Win Sprial Model:
• The customer wins by getting the system satisfying most
of thier requirements and developers winsby working on
achievable budgets and deadlines.
• Advantages:
• Lieghtweight methods suit small-medium size project.
• Produces good team.
• Test based approach to requirements and quality
assurance
Diadvantages:
• Programming pairs is costly.
• Difficult to scale up to large projects where
documentation.
 Fourth Generation Techniques:

• Introduction:
• The tools in automatically generate ource code based on the developers
specification.
Software development environment that supports the 4GT paradigm
includes some or all of the following tools:
• 1) Non-procedural languages for database query
• 2) Report generation
• 3) Data manipulation
• 4) Screen interaction and definition
• 5) Code generation and High-level graphics capability
• 6) Spreadsheet capability
• 7) Automated generation of HTML and similar languages used for Web-site
creation using advanced software tools.
Advantages:
• Reduction in software development.
• Improved productivity of software engineers.
• 4GT helped by CASE tools and code
generators.
Disadvantages:
• Some 4GT are not at all easier than
programming languages.
• Generated source code are sometimes
inefficient.
• Time is reduced for only small and medium
projects.
Planning:
• Software planning process include steps to
estimate the size of the software work products
and the resources needed produces a schedule
identify and access software risks.
• During planning a project is split into several
activities :
• How much efforts is required to complete each
activities?
• How much calender time is needed?
• How much will the completed activity cost?
Planning Objectives:
• Understand the scope of the problem.
• Make use of past historical data.
• Estimate effort or function or size.
• Define a project schedule.
Characteristics of software project planning:
• Scope.
• Resource.
• Time.
• Quality.
• Risk.
Project Plan:
• The biggest single problem that afflicts
software developing is that of
underestimating resources required for a
project.
• According to the project management
body of knowledge.
• According to PRINCE(PRojects IN
Controlled Environments).

Project Planning Project

Cluster Process Plan
Types of Project Plan:
• Software development plan.
• Quality Assurance Plan.
• Validation Plan.
• Configuration Management Plan.
• Maintenance Plan.
• Staff development plan.
Structure of a software project
management plan:
Project summary.
Project planning.
Major issues in planning a software project:

• Software requiremments are frequently

incorrect and incomplete.
• Planning schedule and cost are not
updated and are based on marketing
needs, not system requirements.
• Cost and schedule are not re-estimated
when requirements or development
environment change.
Software Project Scheduling:
• Introduction:
• Software project scheduling is an
distributes estimated effort across the
planned project.
• Project schedulinginvolves seperating the
total work involved in a project in seperate
activities and judging the time required to
complete the activities.
Basic principles of software project
scheduling:

• Compartmentalization.
• Interdependency.
• Time Allocation.
• Effort Validation.
• Defined Responsibilities.
• Defined outcomes.
• Defined Milestones.
Relationship between people and effort:

• The PNR curve

provides an
indication of the
relationship
between effort
applied and
delivery time for a
software project.
Effort Distribution:
• A recommended distribution of effort the
software process is often referred to as the 40-
20-40 rule.
Defining a task set for the software project:
• A task set is a collection of software engineering
work tasks, milestones, and work products that
must be acomplished to complete a particular
project.
• Concept Development projects.
• New application development
projects.
• Application enhancement projects.
• Application maintenance projects.
• Re-Engineering projects.
Example of a task set:
• Concept Scoping: It determines the overall
scope of the project.
• Preliminary concept planning: It establishes
the organization ability to undertake the work
implied by the project scope.
• Technology Risk Assessment: It evaluates the
risk associated with the technology to be
implemented as part of project scope.
• Concept Implementation: It implement the
concept representation in a manner that can be
reviewed by a customer and is used marketing
purposes.
• Customer Reaction: Customer reaction to the
concept feedback on a new technology concept
and target specific customer applications.
Scheduling Techniques:
• Scheduling of a software project does not differ
greatly from scheduling of any multitask
engineering effort.
• Work Breakdown Structure(WBS).
• Activity Charts.
• Project Evaluation Review
Techniques(PERT).
• Grant Charts.
• Critical Path Method(CPM).
Work Breakdown Structure(WBS):
• A Work Breakdown Structure is a
hierarcical decomposition or breakdown of
a project or major activity into successive
levels.
Project

Imple
Design menta Testing Testing
tion

UI Module Data
Data Design Design Site
Design Testing
Design
Features of WBS:
• Structure.
• Description.
• Coding.
• Depth.
• Level of Detail.
Activity Charts : Representation of WBS:
• Network of boxes and arrows.
• Shows different tasks making up a project.
• Represents the ordering among the tasks.
Project Evaluation Review Technique(PERT):
• PERT chart is a project management tool
used to schedule, organize and coordinate
tasks within the project.
• PERT methonology developed by the U.S.
Navy in the 1950’s to manage the polaris
submarine program.
• PERT is an event-oriented technique
• PERT is a probabilistic model
• Grantt chart, PERT can be both a cost and
a time management system.
Grantt Chart:
A grantt chart is a
horizontal bar chart
developedas a
production control tool
named after Henry L,
Grantt an american
engineer and social
scientist ferquently used
in project management.
Critical Path Method(CPM):

• CPM acts as the basic both for perparation

of a schedule and of resource planning.
• The critical path determine the total
duration of the project.
• CPM is an activity-oriented technique
• CPM is a deterministic model
Risk Analysis & Management:
• Risk analysis and management are a
series of steps that help a software team
to understand and manage uncertainty
during the development process..
• A risk is a potential problem.
• Managers, Software enginners and
customers participate in risk analysis &
management.
Software Risk:

• According to webster risk is the possibility

of suffering loss.
• Risk in a project or program is a measure
of the ability to achieve objectives within
cost, schedule and constraints.
• Types of software risk:
Classification I
Classification II
Classification I
• Project Risks
• Technical Risks.
• Business Risks.
Classification II:
• Known Risks.
• Predictable Risks.
• Unperdictable Risks.
Classification I:
• Project Risks: The projct schedule will
slip and that costs will incnrease.Project
risks identify schedule, resource, customer
and requirements problem.
• Technical Risks:The product quality and
the timeliness of the schedule if a
technical risks is real then implementation
may become difficult or implssible.
• If identify potential design, implementation,
interface, verfication and maintenance
problems.
Business Risks:
• Market Risk.
• Strategic Risk.
• Management Risk.
• Budget Risk.
Classification II:
• Known Risks: That can be uncovered
after careful evaluation of the project plan.
• Predictable Risks:Predictable Risks are
extrapolated from past project experience.
• Unperdictable Risks: Unperdictable Risks
are the joker in the desk, they can extremely
difficult to identify in advance.
Risk Principles:
• Global Perspective.
• Forward looking view.
• Open communication.
• Integrated management.
• Continuous process.
• Shared product vision.
• Team work.
Risk Strategies:
• Reactive Risk Strategies.
• Proactive Risk Strategies.
Risks in software development projects:
• Poorly defined requirements.
• Client requirements changes.
• Poor techniques for cost estimation.
• Dependence on skills of individual
developers.
Risk Management Process:
• The risk management activities includes
identify, analysis, plan, track and control
risks.
• Risk Assessment.
• Risk Control.
Risk Assessment:
• Risk assessment is the determination os
qualitative value of risk related to a
concrete situation and recognized the risk.
 • Risk identification.
• Risk analysis.
• Risk Prioritization.
Risk Identification:
• Risk identification is a systematic attempt
to specify to the project plan.
Risk Item Checklist:
• Product Size.
• Bussiness Impact.
• Customer Characteristics.
• Process definition.
• Development environment.
Activities in risk identification phase:
• Identify Risks.
• Define Risk Attributes.
• Document.
• Communicate.
Risk Analysis:
• The risk identify all items are analysed using
different criterias.
• Activities in risk analysis:
• Group similar risks.
• Determine risk derivers.
• Determine sources of risks.
• Estimate risk.
Risk Prioritization:
• The project focus on its most server risks
by assessing the risk.
• Let (r) is the likehood of a risk coming
trace.
• (s) is the consequence of the problem
associated with that risk.
• P=r*s.
Risk Control:
• Risk control is the process of managing
risks should outcomes.
• Risk Management Planning.
• Risk Resolution.
• Risk Monitoring.
Risk Management Planning:
• It is a plan for delaing with each significant
risk.
Strategies in risk management planning:
• Risk Avoidance.
• Risk monitoring.
• Risk management and contingency
planning.
Risk Resoution:
• Risk resolution is the execution of the plan
for dealing with each risk.
• The risk has triggered the project manager
need to execute the action plan.
Outputs of risk resolution phase:
• Risk status.
• Acceptable risks.
• Reduced rework.
• Corrective actions.
• Problem prevention.
Risk Monitoring:
• Risk monitoring is the continually
reassessing of risks as the project
proceeds and conditions change.
• RMMM Plan:
• Risk Mitigation , Monitoring and
management in the software project plan
or the risk management steps are
organized.
Requirement Engineering Process:
• Introduction:
• Requirement engineering is the sub-
discipline of software engineering that is
concerned with determine the goal,
functions and constraints of software
system.
Requirements:
• Requirements management is a
systematic approach to eliciting organizing
and documenting the requirements of the
systems.
Types of Requirements:
• System Requirements.
• User Requirements.
System Requirements:
• System requirements set out the systems
functions, services and operational
constraints in detail.
• It may be part of the constract betwwen
the system buyer and the software
developer.
Types of system requirements:
• Functional requirements.
• Non-functional Requirements.
• Domain Requirements.
Functional Requirements:
• The customer should provide statement of service. It
should be clear how the system should react to particular
inputs and how a particular system.
Problem of Functional Requirements:
• User Intention.
• Developer Interpretation.
• Requirements completness and consistency:
Non-Functional Requirements:
• The system properties and constraints
various properties of a system can be:
realiability, response tiime, storage
requirements.
Types of Non-Functional Requirements:
• Product Requirements.
• Organizational Requirements.
• External Requirements.
Domain Requirements:
• Requirements can be application domain
of the system, reflecting, characteristics of
the domain.
Problem of Domain Requements:
• Understandability.
• Implicitness.
User Requirements:
• User requirements are defined using
natural language lables and diagrams
because these are the representation that
can be undestood by all users.
• Client Managers.
• System End Users.
• Client Engineers.
• Contract Managers.
Problem of User Requirements:
• Lack of Clarity.
• Requirements Confusion.
• Requirements Mixture.
Software Requirement Specification:
• Software Requirements document is the
specification of the system.
• It is not a design document.
• Requirements document is called SRS.
Users of SRS:
• Users, Customer and marketing
Personnel.
• Software Developers.
• Test Engineers.
• Project Managers.