Core Java

Q) What is difference between Java and C++?

A) (i) Java does not support pointers. Pointers are inherently insecure and troublesome. Since pointers do not exist in
Java. (ii) Java does not support operator overloading. (iii) Java does not perform any automatic type conversions that
result in a loss of precision (iv) All the code in a Java program is encapsulated within one or more classes. Therefore,
Java does not have global variables or global functions. (v) Java does not support multiple inheritance.
Java does not support destructors, but rather, add the finalize() function. (vi) Java does not have the delete operator.
(vii) The << and >> are not overloaded for I/O operations

Q) OOPs concepts
Polymorphism
Ability to take more than one form, in java we achieve this using Method Overloading (compile time polymorphism),
Method overriding (runtime polymorphism)

Inheritance
Is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. The advantages of inheritance are
reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super class by subclasses.

Encapsulation
Wrapping of data and function into a single unit called encapsulation. Ex:- all java programs.
(Or)
Nothing but data hiding, like the variables declared under private of a particular class are accessed only in that class
and cannot access in any other the class. Or Hiding the information from others is called as Encapsulation. Or
Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps both safe from outside
interference and misuse.

Abstraction
Nothing but representing the essential futures without including background details.

Dynamicbinding
Code associated with a given procedural call is not known until the time of the call at runtime. Dynamic binding
is nothing but late binding.

Q) class & object?

class  class is a blue print of an object
Object  instance of class.

Q) Object creation?
Object is constructed either on a memory heap or on a stack.
Memory heap
Generally the objects are created using the new keyword. Some heap memory is allocated to this newly created
object. This memory remains allocated throughout the life cycle of the object. When the object is no more referred,
the memory allocated to the object is eligible to be back on the heap.
Stack
During method calls, objects are created for method arguments and method variables. These objects are created on
stack.

Q) System.out.println()
 println() is a methd of java.io.printWriter.
 “out” is an instance variable of java.lang.System class.

Q) Transient & volatile

Transient --> The transient modifier applies to variables only, the object are variable will not persist. Transient
variables are not serialized.
Volatile --> value will be changed unexpectedly by the other part of the program, "it tells the compiler a variable
may change asynchronously due to threads"

Q) Access Specifiers & Access modifiers?

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Access Specifiers  A.S gives access privileges to outside of application (or) others, they are Public, Protected,
Private, Defaults.
Access Modifiers  A.M which gives additional meaning to data, methods and classes, final cannot be modified at any
point of time.

Private Public Protected No modifier

Same class No Yes Yes Yes
Same package Subclass No Yes Yes Yes
Same package non-subclass No Yes Yes Yes
Different package subclass No Yes Yes No
Different package non-subclass No Yes No No

Q) Default Values

long -2^63 to 2^63 –1  0L double 0.0d

Int -2^31 to 2^31 –1  0 float 0.0f
Short -2^15 to 2^15 –1  0 Boolean false
Byte -2^7 to 2^7 –1  0 char 0 to 2^7 –1  null character (or) ‘\u 0000’

Q) Byte code & JIT compiler & JVM & JRE & JDK
 Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions. JVM is an interpreter for byte code. Translating a java program
into byte code helps makes it much easier to run a program in a wide variety of environment.
 JVM is an interpreter for byte code
 JIT (Just In Time) is a part of JVM, it compiles byte code into executable code in real time, will increase the
performance of the interpretations.
 JRE is an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine, which actually executes Java programs.
 JDK is bundle of software that you can use to develop Java based software, Tools provided by JDK is
(i) javac – compiler (ii) java – interpretor (iii) jdb – debugger (iv) javap - Disassembles
(v) appletviewer – Applets (vi) javadoc - documentation generator (vii) javah - 'C' header file generator

Q) Wrapper classes
Primitive data types can be converted into objects by using wrapper classes. These are java.lang.package.

Q) Does Java pass method arguments by value or by reference?

Java passes all arguments by value, not by reference

Q) Arguments & Parameters

While defining method, variable passed in the method are called parameters. While using those methods, values
passed to those variables are called arguments.

Q) Public static void main (String [] args)

 We can overLoad the main() method.
 What if the main method is declared as “Private”?
The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not public." Message
 What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?
Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".
 We can write “static public void” instead of “public static void” but not “public void static”.
 Protected static void main(), static void main(), private static void main() are also valid.
 If I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?
Program compiles but throws a runtime error "NoSuchMethodError".
 If no arguments on the command line, String array of Main method will be empty or null?
It is empty. But not null.
 Variables can have the same name as a method or a class

Q) Can an application have multiple classes having main() method?

A) Yes it is possible. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for the Main
method only in the class whose name you have mentioned. Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes
having main method.

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Q) Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?
A) No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the class.

Q) Constructor
The automatic initialization is performed through the constructor, constructor has same name has class name.
Constructor has no return type not even void. We can pass the parameters to the constructor. this() is used to invoke a
constructor of the same class. Super() is used to invoke a super class constructor. Constructor is called immediately
after the object is created before the new operator completes.

 Constructor can use the access modifiers public, protected, private or have no access modifier
 Constructor can not use the modifiers abstract, static, final, native, synchronized or strictfp
 Constructor can be overloaded, we cannot override.
 You cannot use this() and Super() in the same constructor.

Class A(
A(){
System.out.println(“hello”);
}}

Class B extends A {
B(){
System.out.println(“friend”);
}}

Class print {
Public static void main (String args []){
B b = new B();
}
o/p:- hello friend

Q) Diff Constructor & Method

Constructor Method
Use to instance of a class Grouping java statement
No return type Void (or) valid return type
Same name as class name As a name except the class method name, begin
with lower case.
“This” refer to another constructor in the same Refers to instance of class
class
“Super” to invoke the super class constructor Execute an overridden method in the super class
“Inheritance” cannot be inherited Can be inherited
We can “overload” but we cannot “overridden” Can be inherited
Will automatically invoke when an object is Method has called explicitly
created

Q) Garbage collection
G.C is also called automatic memory management as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects
(value is null) from the memory. User program cann't directly free the object from memory, instead it is the job of the
garbage collector to automatically free the objects that are no longer referenced by a program. Every class inherits
finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it determines no
more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable when no more in use,
calling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but there is no guarantee when all the
objects will garbage collected. Garbage collection is a low-priority thread.

G.C is a low priority thread in java, G.C cannot be forced explicitly. JVM may do garbage collection if it is running short
of memory. The call System.gc() does NOT force the garbage collection but only suggests that the JVM may make an
effort to do garbage collection.

Q) How an object becomes eligible for Garbage Collection?

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A) An object is eligible for garbage collection when no object refers to it, An object also becomes eligible when its
reference is set to null. The objects referred by method variables or local variables are eligible for garbage collection
when they go out of scope.
Integer i = new Integer(7);
i = null;

Q) Final, Finally, Finalize

Final: - When we declare a sub class a final the compiler will give error as “cannot subclass final class” Final to prevent
inheritance and method overriding. Once to declare a variable as final it cannot occupy memory per instance basis.
 Final class cannot have static methods
 Final class cannot have abstract methods (Because of final class never allows any class to inherit it)
 Final class can have a final method.

Finally: - Finally create a block of code that will be executed after try catch block has completed. Finally block will
execute whether or not an exception is thrown. If an exception is thrown, the finally block will execute even if no catch
statement match the exception. Any time a method is about to return to the caller from inside try/catch block, via an
uncaught exception or an explicit return statement, the finally clause is also execute.

Using System.exit() in try block will not allow finally code to execute

Finalize: - some times an object need to perform some actions when it is going to destroy, if an object holding some
non-java resource such as file handle (or) window character font, these resources are freed before the object is going to
destroy.

Q) Can we declare abstract method in final class?

A) It indicates an error to declare abstract method in final class. Because of final class never allows any class to inherit
it.

Q) Can we declare final method in abstract class?

A) If a method is defined as final then we can’t provide the reimplementation for that final method in it’s derived classes
i.e overriding is not possible for that method. We can declare final method in abstract class suppose of it is abstract too,
then there is no used to declare like that.

Q) Superclass & Subclass

A super class is a class that is inherited whereas subclass is a class that does the inheriting

Q) How will u implement 1) polymorphism 2) multiple inheritance 3) multilevel inheritance in java?

A) Polymorphism – overloading and overriding
Multiple inheritances – interfaces.
Multilevel inheritance – extending class.

Q) Overloading & Overriding?

Overloading (Compile time polymorphism)
Define two or more methods within the same class (or) subclass that share the same name and their number
of parameter, order of parameter & return type are different then the methods are said to be overloaded.
• Overloaded methods do not have any restrictions on what return type of Method (Return type are different) (or)
exceptions can be thrown. That is something to worry about with overriding.
• Overloading is used while implementing several methods that implement similar behavior but for different data
types.

Overriding (Runtime polymorphism)

When a method in a subclass has the same name, return type & parameters as the method in the super
class then the method in the subclass is override the method in the super class.

 The access modifier for the overriding method may not be more restrictive than the access modifier of the
superclass method.

• If the superclass method is public, the overriding method must be public.

• If the superclass method is protected, the overriding method may be protected or public.
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 • If the superclass method is package, the overriding method may be packagage, protected, or public.
• If the superclass methods is private, it is not inherited and overriding is not an issue.
• Methods declared as final cannot be overridden.

 The throws clause of the overriding method may only include exceptions that can be thrown by the superclass
method, including its subclasses.

 Only member method can be overriden, not member variable

class Parent{
int i = 0;
void amethod(){
System.out.println("in Parent");
}
}
class Child extends Parent{
int i = 10;
void amethod(){
System.out.println("in Child");
}
}
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
Parent p = new Child();
Child c = new Child();
System.out.print("i="+p.i+" ");
p.amethod ();
System.out.print("i="+c.i+" ");
c.amethod();
}
}
o/p: - i=0 in Child i=10 in Child

Q) Final variable
Once to declare a variable as final it cannot occupy memory per instance basis.

Q) Static block
Static block which exactly executed exactly once when the class is first loaded into JVM. Before going to the
main method the static block will execute.

Q) Static variable & Static method

Static variables & methods are instantiated only once per class. In other words they are class variables, not
instance variables. If you change the value of a static variable in a particular object, the value of that variable changes
for all instances of that class.
Static methods can be referenced with the name of the class. It may not access the instance variables of that
class, only its static variables. Further it may not invoke instance (non-static) methods of that class unless it provides
them with some object.

 When a member is declared a static it can be accessed before any object of its class are created.
 Instance variables declared as static are essentially global variables.
 If you do not specify an initial value to an instance & Static variable a default value will be assigned automatically.
 Methods declared as static have some restrictions they can access only static data, they can only call other
static data, they cannot refer this or super.
 Static methods cant be overriden to non-static methods.
 Static methods is called by the static methods only, an ordinary method can call the static methods, but static
methods cannot call ordinary methods.
 Static methods are implicitly "final", because overriding is only done based on the type of the objects
 They cannot refer “this” are “super” in any way.

Q) Class variable & Instance variable & Instance methods & class methods
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Instance variable  variables defined inside a class are called instance variables with multiple instance of class, each
instance has a variable stored in separate memory location.

Class variables  you want a variable to be common to all classes then we crate class variables. To create a class
variable put the “static” keyword before the variable name.

Class methods  we create class methods to allow us to call a method without creating instance of the class. To
declare a class method use the “static” key word .

Instance methods  we define a method in a class, in order to use that methods we need to first create objects of the
class.

Q) Static methods cannot access instance variables why?

Static methods can be invoked before the object is created; Instance variables are created only when the new
object is created. Since there is no possibility to the static method to access the instance variables. Instance variables
are called called as non-static variables.

Q) String & StringBuffer

String is a fixed length of sequence of characters, String is immutable.

StringBuffer represent growable and writeable character sequence, StringBuffer is mutable which means that its
value can be changed. It allocates room for 16-addition character space when no specific length is specified.
Java.lang.StringBuffer is also a final class hence it cannot be sub classed. StringBuffer cannot be overridden the
equals() method.

Q) Conversions
String to Int Conversion: -
int I = integer.valueOf(“24”).intValue();
int x = integer.parseInt(“433”);
float f = float.valueOf(23.9).floatValue();

Int to String Conversion :-

String arg = String.valueOf(10);

Q) Super()
Super() always calling the constructor of immediate super class, super() must always be the first statements
executed inside a subclass constructor.

Q) What are different types of inner classes?

A) Nested top-level classes- If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the
class just like any other top-level class. Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the
declaring class name acting similarly to a package. e.g., outer.inner. Top-level inner classes implicitly have access only
to static variables. There can also be inner interfaces. All of these are of the nested top-level variety.

Member classes - Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables and access to the
member class is restricted, just like methods and variables. This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested
top-level class. The primary difference between member classes and nested top-level classes is that member classes
have access to the specific instance of the enclosing class.

Local classes - Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their visibility is only within the block
of their declaration. In order for the class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a more
publicly available interface. Because local classes are not members the modifiers public, protected, private and static
are not usable.

Anonymous classes - Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As anonymous classes
have no name, you cannot provide a constructor.

 Inner class inside method cannot have static members or blocks

Q) Which circumstances you use Abstract Class & Interface?

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--> If you need to change your design make it an interface.
--> Abstract class provide some default behaviour, A.C are excellent candidates inside of application framework. A.C
allow single inheritance model, which should be very faster.

Q) Abstract Class
Any class that contain one are more abstract methods must also be declared as an abstract, there can be no
object of an abstract class, we cannot directly instantiate the abstract classes. A.C can contain concrete methods.
Any sub class of an Abstract class must either implement all the abstract methods in the super class or be declared
itself as Abstract.
 Compile time error occur if an attempt to create an instance of an Abstract class.
 You cannot declare “abstract constructor” and “abstract static method”.
 An “abstract method” also declared private, native, final, synchronized, strictfp, protected.
 Abstract class can have static, final method (but there is no use).
 Abstract class have visibility public, private, protected.
 By default the methods & variables will take the access modifiers is <default>, which is accessibility as package.
 An abstract method declared in a non-abstract class.
 An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior.
 A class can be declared abstract even if it does not actually have any abstract methods. Declaring such a class
abstract indicates that the implementation is somehow incomplete and is meant to serve as a super class for one or
more subclasses that will complete the implementation.
 A class with an abstract method. Again note that the class itself is declared abstract, otherwise a compile time error
would have occurred.

Abstract class A{
Public abstract callme();
Void callmetoo(){
}
}

class B extends A(
void callme(){
}
}

class AbstractDemo{
public static void main(string args[]){
B b = new B();
b.callme();
b.callmetoo();
}
}

Q) When we use Abstract class?

A) Let us take the behaviour of animals, animals are capable of doing different things like flying, digging,
Walking. But these are some common operations performed by all animals, but in a different way as well. When an
operation is performed in a different way it is a good candidate for an abstract method.

Public Abstarctclass Animal{

Public void eat(food food) {
}
public void sleep(int hours) {
}
public abstract void makeNoise()
}

public Dog extends Animal

{
public void makeNoise() {
System.out.println(“Bark! Bark”);
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 }
}

public Cow extends Animal

{
public void makeNoise() {
System.out.println(“moo! moo”);
}
}

Q) Interface
Interface is similar to class but they lack instance variable, their methods are declared with out any body.
Interfaces are designed to support dynamic method resolution at run time. All methods in interface are implicitly
abstract, even if the abstract modifier is omitted. Interface methods have no implementation;

Interfaces are useful for?

a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement
b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.
c) Determining an object's programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.

Why Interfaces?
“ one interface multiple methods “ signifies the polymorphism concept.

 Interface has visibility public.

 Interface can be extended & implemented.
 An interface body may contain constant declarations, abstract method declarations, inner classes and inner
interfaces.
 All methods of an interface are implicitly Abstract, Public, even if the public modifier is omitted.
 An interface methods cannot be declared protected, private, strictfp, native or synchronized.
 All Variables are implicitly final, public, static fields.
 A compile time error occurs if an interface has a simple name the same as any of it's enclosing classes or interfaces.
 An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior.
 top-level interfaces may only be declared public, inner interfaces may be declared private and protected but only if
they are defined in a class.

 A class can only extend one other class.

 A class may implements more than one interface.
 Interface can extend more than one interface.

Interface A
{
final static float pi = 3.14f;
}

class B implements A
{
public float compute(float x, float y) {
return(x*y);
}
}

class test{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a = new B();
a.compute();
}
}

Q) Diff Interface & Abstract Class?

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 A.C may have some executable methods and methods left unimplemented. Interface contains no implementation
code.
 An A.C can have nonabstract methods. All methods of an Interface are abstract.
 An A.C can have instance variables. An Interface cannot.
 An A.C must have subclasses whereas interface can't have subclasses
 An A.C can define constructor. An Interface cannot.
 An A.C can have any visibility: public, private, protected. An Interface visibility must be public (or) none.
 An A.C can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and
instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior.

Q) What is the difference between Interface and class?

 A class has instance variable and an Interface has no instance variables.
 Objects can be created for classes where as objects cannot be created for interfaces.
 All methods defined inside class are concrete. Methods declared inside interface are without any body.

Q) What is the difference between Abstract class and Class?

 Classes are fully defined. Abstract classes are not fully defined (incomplete class)
 Objects can be created for classes, there can be no objects of an abstract class.

Q) What are some alternatives to inheritance?

A) Delegation is an alternative to inheritance. Delegation means that you include an instance of another class as an
instance variable, and forward messages to the instance. It is often safer than inheritance because it forces you to think
about each message you forward, because the instance is of a known class, rather than a new class, and because it
doesn’t force you to accept all the methods of the super class: you can provide only the methods that really make
sense. On the other hand, it makes you write more code, and it is harder to re-use (because it is not a subclass).

Q) Serializable & Externalizable

Serializable --> is an interface that extends serializable interface and sends data into streams in compressed
format. It has 2 methods writeExternal(objectOutput out), readExternal(objectInput in).

Externalizable  is an Interface that extends Serializable Interface. And sends data into Streams in
Compressed Format. It has two methods, writeExternal(ObjectOuput out) and readExternal(ObjectInput in)

Q) Internalisation & Localization

Internalisation -- Making a programme to flexible to run in any locale called internalisation.
Localization -- Making a programme to flexible to run in a specific locale called Localization.

Q) Serialization
Serialization is the process of writing the state of the object to a byte stream, this is useful when ever you want
to save the state of your programme to a persistence storage area.

Q) Synchronization
Synchronization is a process of controlling the access of shared resources by the multiple threads in such a
manner that only one thread can access one resource at a time. (Or) When 2 are more threads need to access the
shared resources they need to some way ensure that the resources will be used by only one thread at a time. This
process which is achieved is called synchronization.

(i) Ex: - Synchronizing a function:

public synchronized void Method1 () {
}

(i) Ex: - Synchronizing a block of code inside a function:

public myFunction (){
synchronized (this) {
}
}

(iii) Ex: - public Synchronized void main(String args[])

But this is not the right approach because it means servlet can handle one request at a time.
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(iv) Ex: - public Synchronized void service()
Servlet handle one request at a time in a serialized manner

Q) Different level of locking using Synchronization?

A) Class level, Object level, Method level, Block level

Q) Monitor
A monitor is a mutex, once a thread enter a monitor, all other threads must wait until that thread exist the
monitor.

Q) Diff = = and .equals()?

A) ==  Compare object references whether they refer to the sane instance are not.
equals ()  method compare the characters in the string object.

StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("Amit");

StringBuffer sb2= new StringBuffer("Amit");
String s1 = "Amit";
String s2 = "Amit";
String s3 = new String("abcd");
String s4 = new String("abcd");
String ss1 = "Amit";

(sb1==sb2);  F (s1.equals(s2));  T
(sb1.equals(sb2));  F ((s1==s2));  T
(sb1.equals(ss1));  F (s3.equals(s4));  T
((s3==s4));  F

String s1 = "abc";
String s2 = new String("abc");
s1 == s2  F
s1.equals(s2))  T

Q) Marker Interfaces (or) Tagged Interfaces :-

An Interface with no methods. Is called marker Interfaces, eg. Serializable, SingleThread Model, Cloneable.

Q) URL Encoding & URL Decoding

URL Encoding is the method of replacing all the spaces and other extra characters into their corresponding Hex
Characters and URL Decoding is the reverse process converting all Hex Characters back their normal form.

Q) URL & URLConnection

URL is to identify a resource in a network, is only used to read something from the network.
URL url = new URL(protocol name, host name, port, url specifier)

URLConnection can establish communication between two programs in the network.

URL hp = new URL(“www.yahoo.com”);
URLConnection con = hp.openConnection();

Q) Runtime class
Runtime class encapsulate the run-time environment. You cannot instantiate a Runtime object. You can get a
reference to the current Runtime object by calling the static method Runtime.getRuntime()

Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime()
Long mem1;
Mem1 = r.freeMemory();
Mem1 = r.totalMemory();

Q) Execute other programs

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 You can use java to execute other heavy weight process on your multi tasking operating system, several form of
exec() method allow you to name the programme you want to run.
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p = null;
Try{
p = r.exce(“notepad”);
p.waiFor()
}

Q) System class
System class hold a collection of static methods and variables. The standard input, output, error output of the
java runtime are stored in the in, out, err variables.

Q) Native Methods
Native methods are used to call subroutine that is written in a language other than java, this subroutine exist as
executable code for the CPU.

Q) Cloneable Interface
Any class that implements the cloneable interface can be cloned, this interface defines no methods. It is used to
indicate that a class allow a bit wise copy of an object to be made.

Q) Clone
Generate a duplicate copy of the object on which it is called. Cloning is a dangerous action.

Q) Comparable Interface
Classes that implements comparable contain objects that can be compared in some meaningful manner. This
interface having one method compare the invoking object with the object. For sorting comparable interface will be used.
Ex:- int compareTo(Object obj)

Q) Class
Class encapsulate the run-time state of an object or interface. Methods in this class are

static Class forName(String name) throws getClass()

ClassNotFoundException
getClassLoader() getConstructor()
getField() getDeclaredFields()
getMethods() getDeclearedMethods()
getInterface() getSuperClass()

Q) java.jlang.Reflect (package)
Reflection is the ability of software to analyse it self, to obtain information about the field, constructor, methods
& modifier of class. You need this information to build software tools that enables you to work with java beans
components.

Q) InstanceOf
Instanceof means by which your program can obtain run time type information about an object.
Ex:- A a = new A();
a.instanceOf A;

Q) Java pass arguments by value are by reference?

A) By value

Q) Java lack pointers how do I implements classic pointer structures like linked list?
A) Using object reference.

Q) java. Exe
Micro soft provided sdk for java, which includes “jexegentool”. This converts class file into a “.Exec” form. Only
disadvantage is user needs a M.S java V.M installed.

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Q) Bin & Lib in jdk?
Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer and awt tool.
Lib contains API and all packages.

Collections Frame Work

Q)
Collection classes Collection Interfaces Legacy classes Legacy interface
Abstract collection Collection Dictionary Enumerator
Abstract List List Hash Table
Abstract Set Set Stack
Array List Sorted Set Vector
Linked List Map Properties
Hash set Iterator
Tree Set
Hash Map
Tree Map
Abstract Sequential List

Collection Classes

Abstract collection  Implements most of the collection interfaces.

Abstract List  Extends Abstract collection & Implements List Interface. A.L allow “random access”.

Methods>> void add (int index, Object element), boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), boolean
addAll(int index, Collection c), Object remove(int index), void clear(), Iterator iterator().

Abstract Set  Extends Abstract collection & Implements Set interface.

Array List  Array List extends AbstractList and implements the List interface. ArrayList is a variable length of
array of object references, ArrayList support dynamic array that grow as needed. A.L allow rapid random access to
element but slow for insertion and deletion from the middle of the list. It will allow duplicate elements. Searching is
very faster.
A.L internal node traversal from the start to the end of the collection is significantly faster than Linked List traversal.
 A.L is a replacement for Vector.

Methods>>void add (int index, Object element), boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), boolean
addAll(int index, Collection c), Object remove(int index), void clear(), object get(int index), int indexOf(Object
element), int latIndexOf(Object element), int size(), Object [] toArray().

Page 12
 Linked List  Extends AbstactSequentialList and implements List interface. L.L provide optimal sequence access,
in expensive insertion and deletion from the middle of the list, relatively slow for random access. When ever there is
a lot of insertion & deletion we have to go for L.L. L.L is accessed via a reference to the first node of the list. Each
subsequent node is accessed via a reference to the first node of the list. Each subsequent node is accessed via the
link-reference number stored in the previous node.

Methods>> void addFirst(Object obj), addLast(Object obj), Object getFirst(), Object getLast(),void add (int index,
Object element), boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), boolean addAll(int index, Collection c),
Object remove(int index), Object remove(Object o), void clear(), object get(int index), int indexOf(Object element),
int latIndexOf(Object element), int size(), Object [] toArray().

Hash Set  Extends AbstractSet & Implements Set interface, it creates a collection that uses HashTable for
storage, H.S does not guarantee the order of its elements, if u need storage go for TreeSet. It will not allow
duplicate elements

Methods>>boolean add(Object o), Iterator iterator(), boolean remove(Object o), int size().

Tree Set  Extends Abstract Set & Implements Set interface. Objects are stored in sorted, ascending order.
Access and retrial times are quite fast. It will not allow duplicate elements

Methods>> boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), Object first(), Object last(), Iterator iterator(),
boolean remove(Object o).

Hash Map  Extends Abstract Map and implements Map interface. H.M does not guarantee the order of elements,
so the order in which the elements are added to a H.M is not necessary the order in which they are ready by the
iterate. H.M permits only one null values in it while H.T does not

 HashMap is similar to Hashtable.

Tree Map  implements Map interface, a TreeMap provides an efficient means of storing key/value pairs in sorted
order and allow rapid retrieval.

Abstract Sequential List  Extends Abstract collection; use sequential access of its elements.

Collection Interfaces

Collection  Collection is a group of objects, collection does not allow duplicate elements.

Methods >> boolean add(Object obj), boolean addAll(c), int Size(), Object[] toArray(), Boolean isEmpty(), Object []
toArray(), void clear().Collection c), Iterator iterator(),
boolean remove(Object obj), boolean removeAll(Collection
Exceptions >> UnSupportedPointerException, ClassCastException.

List  List will extend Collection Interface, list stores a sequence of elements that can contain duplicates,
elements can be accessed their position in the list using a zero based index, (it can access objects by index).

Methods >> void add(int index, Object obj), boolean addAll(int index, Collection c), Object get(int index), int
indexOf(Object obj), int lastIndexOf(Object obj), ListIterator iterator(), Object remove(int index), Object
removeAll(Collection c), Object set(int index, Object obj).

Set  Set will extend Collection Interface, Set cannot contain duplicate elements. Set stored elements in an
unordered way. (it can access objects by value).

Sorted Set  Extends Set to handle sorted sets, Sorted Set elements will be in ascending order.
Methods >> Object last(), Object first(), compactor compactor().
Exceptions >> NullPointerException, ClassCastException, NoSuchElementException.

Map  Map maps unique key to value in a map for every key there is a corresponding value and you will lookup
the values using keys. Map cannot contain duplicate “key” and “value”. In map both the “key” & “value” are
objects.
Page 13
 Methods >> Object get(Object k), Object put(Object k, Object v), int size(), remove(Object object), boolean
isEmpty()

Iterator  Iterator makes it easier to traverse through the elements of a collection. It also has an extra feature not
present in the older Enumeration interface - the ability to remove elements. This makes it easy to perform a search
through a collection, and strip out unwanted entries.

Before accessing a collection through an iterator you must obtain one if the collection classes provide an
iterator() method that returns an iterator to the start of the collection. By using iterator object you can access each
element in the collection, one element at a time.

Methods >> boolean hasNext(), object next(),void remove()

Ex:- ArayList arr = new ArrayList();

Arr.add(“c”);
Iterator itr = arr.iterator();
While(itr.hashNext())
{
Object element = itr.next();
}

List Iterator  List Iterator gives the ability to access the collection, either forward/backward direction

Legacy Classes

Dictionary  is an abstract class that represent key/value storage repository and operates much like “Map” once
the value is stored you can retrieve it by using key.

Hash Table  HashTable stores key/value pairs in hash table, HashTable is synchronized when using hash table
you have to specify an object that is used as a key, and the value that you want to linked to that key. The key is then
hashed, and the resulting hash code is used as the index at which the value is stored with the table. Use H.T to
store large amount of data, it will search as fast as vector. H.T store the data in sequential order.

Methods>> boolean containsKey(Object key), boolean containsValue(Object value), Object get(Object key), Object
put(Object key, Object value)

Stack  is a sub class of vector, stack includes all the methods defined by vector and adds several of its own.

Vector  Vector holds any type of objects, it is not fixed length and vector is synchronized. We can store
primitive data types as well as objects. Default length of vector is up to 10.

Methods>> final void addElement(Object element), final int size(), final int capacity(), final boolean
removeElementAt(int index), final void removeAllElements().

Properties  is a subclass of HashTable, it is used to maintain the list of values in which the “key/value” is
String.

Legacy Interfaces

Enumeration  Define methods by which you can enumerate the elements in a collection of objects. Enumeration
is synchronized.
Methods>> hasMoreElements(),Object nextElement().

Q) Which is the preferred collection class to use for storing database result sets?
A) LinkedList is the best one, benefits include:
1. Retains the original retrieval order. 2. Has quick insertion at the head/tail 3. Doesn't have an internal size limitation
like a Vector where when the size is exceeded a new internal structure is created. 4. Permits user-controlled
synchronization unlike the pre-Collections Vector which is always synchronized
ResultSet result = stmt.executeQuery("...");

Page 14
 List list = new LinkedList();
while(result.next()) {
list.add(result.getString("col"));
}
If there are multiple columns in the result set, you'll have to combine them into their own data structure for each row.
Arrays work well for that as you know the size, though a custom class might be best so you can convert the contents to
the proper type when extracting from databse, instead of later.

Q) Efficiency of HashTable - If hash table is so fast, why don't we use it for everything?
A) One reason is that in a hash table the relations among keys disappear, so that certain operations (other than search,
insertion, and deletion) cannot be easily implemented. For example, it is hard to traverse a hash table according to the
order of the key. Another reason is that when no good hash function can be found for a certain application, the time and
space cost is even higher than other data structures (array, linked list, or tree).
Hashtable has two parameters that affect its efficiency: its capacity and its load factor. The load factor should be
between 0.0 and 1.0. When the number of entries in the hashtable exceeds the product of the load factor and the
current capacity, the capacity is increased by calling the rehash method. Larger load factors use memory more
efficiently, at the expense of larger expected time per lookup.
If many entries are to be put into a Hashtable, creating it with a sufficiently large capacity may allow the entries to be
inserted more efficiently than letting it perform automatic rehashing as needed to grow the table.

Q) How does a Hashtable internally maintain the key-value pairs?

A) The Hashtable class uses an internal (private) class named Entry to hold the key-value pairs. All entries of the
Hashtable are stored in an array of Entry objects with the hash value of the key serving as the index. If two or more
different keys have the same hash value these entries are stored as a linked list under the same index.

Q) Array
Array of fixed length of same data type; we can store primitive data types as well as class objects.
 Arrays are initialized to the default value of their type when they are created, not declared, even if they are local
variables

Q) Diff Iterator & Enumeration & List Iterator

Iterator is not synchronized and enumeration is synchronized. Both are interface, Iterator is collection interface
that extends from ‘List’ interface. Enumeration is a legacy interface, Enumeration having 2 methods ‘Boolean
hasMoreElements()’ & ‘Object NextElement()’. Iterator having 3 methods ‘boolean hasNext()’, ‘object next()’, ‘void
remove()’. Iterator also has an extra feature not present in the older Enumeration interface - the ability to remove
elements there is one method “void remove()”.

List Iterator
It is an interface, List Iterator extends Iterator to allow bi-directional traversal of a list and modification of the
elements. Methods are ‘hasNext()’, ‘ hasPrevious()’.

Q) Diff HashTable & HashMap

 Both provide key/value to access the data. The H.T is one of the collection original collection classes in java. H.P is
part of new collection framework.
 H.T is synchronized and H.M is not.
 H.M permits null values in it while H.T does not.
 Iterator in the H.P is fail-safe while the enumerator for the H.T is not.

Q) Converting from a Collection to an array - and back again?

The collection interface define the toArray() method, which returns an array of objects. If you want to convert back to a
collection implementation, you could manually traverse each element of the array and add it using the add(Object)
method.

// Convert from a collection to an array

Object[] array = c.toArray();

// Convert back to a collection

Collection c2 = new HashSet();
for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
{
c2.add(array[i]);
Page 15
}

Q) How do I look through each element of a HashMap?

A) <select id="swf" name="swf" onChange="showStandardWF()" style="width:175px;">
<option value="">&lt;Select Standard WorkFlow&gt;</option>
<%
hmap =(HashMap)request.getAttribute("stdwf");
if( hmap.size() != 0){

int len = hmap.size();

Set set = hmap.keySet();
Iterator it = set.iterator();
while(it.hasNext())
{
Integer key = (Integer)it.next();
%>
<option value="<%=key%>"><%=(String)hmap.get(key)%></option>
<%
}
}
%>
</select>

Q) Retrieving data from a collection?

public class IteratorDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Collection c = new ArrayList();

// Add every parameter to our array list

for (int indx = 0; indx < args.length; indx++)
{
c.add(args[indx]);
}

// Examine only those parameters that start with -

Iterator i = c.iterator();

// PRE : Collection has all parameters

while (i.hasNext())
{
String param = (String) i.next();

// Use the remove method of iterator

if (! param.startsWith("-") )
i.remove();
}
// POST: Collection only has parameters that start with -

// Demonstrate by dumping collection contents

Iterator i2 = c.iterator();
while (i2.hasNext())
{
System.out.println ("Param : " + i2.next());
}
}
}

Page 16
Q) How do I sort an array?
A) Arrays class provides a series of sort() methods for sorting arrays. If the array is an array of primitives (or) an array
of a class that implements Comparable then you can just call the method directly:
Arrays.sort(theArray);
If, however, it is an array of objects that don't implement the Comparable interface then you need to provide a custom
Comparator to help you sort the elements in the array.
Arrays.sort(theArray, theComparator);

===============================================================================

Exception Handling

Object

Throwable

Error Exception

AWT Error Virtual Machine Error

Compile time.Ex Runtime Exception
(checked) (Unchecked)

OutOfMemory.E StackOverFlow.E EOF.E FilenotFound.E

Arithmetic.E NullPointer.E Indexoutof
Bound.E

ArrayIndexoutOfBound.E StirngIndexoutOfBound

Q) Diff Exception & Error

Exception and Error both are subclasses of the Throwable class.

ExceptionException is generated by java runtime system (or) by manually. An exception is a abnormal condition that
transfer program execution from a thrower to catcher.
Error Will stop the program execution, Error is a abnormal system condition we cannot handle these.

Q) Can an exception be rethrown?

A) Yes, an exception can be rethrown.

Q) try, catch, throw, throws

Page 17
try  This is used to fix up the error, to prevent the program from automatically terminating, try-catch is used to
catching an exception that are thrown by the java runtime system.
Throw  is used to throw an exception explicitly.
Throws  A Throws clause list the type of exceptions that a methods might through.

Q) What happens if an exception is not caught?

A) An uncaught exception results in the uncaughtException() method of the thread's ThreadGroup being invoked, which
eventually results in the termination of the program in which it is thrown.

Q) What happens if a try-catch-finally statement does not have a catch clause to handle an exception that is
thrown within the body of the try statement?
The exception propagates up to the next higher level try-catch statement (if any) or results in the program's termination.

Q) Checked & UnChecked Exception :-

Checked exception is some subclass of Exception. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to
deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown. eg, IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read()
method·

Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are
unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the
exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be
thrown. eg, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method· Checked exceptions must be caught
at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be.

Checked Exceptions Un checked exception

ClassNotFoundException ArithmeticException
NoSuchMethodException ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException
NoSuchFieldException ClasscastException
InterruptedException IllegalArgumentException
IllegalAccessException IllegalMonitorSateException
CloneNotSupportedException IllegalThreadStateException
IndexOutOfBoundException
NullPointerException
NumberFormatException
StringIndexOutOfBounds

OutOfMemoryError --> Signals that JVM has run out of memory and that the garbage collector is unable to claim
any more free memory.
StackOverFlow --> Signals that a stack O.F in the interpreter.
ArrayIndexOutOfbound --> For accessing an array element by providing an index values <0 or > or equal to the
array size.
StringIndexOutOfbound --> For accessing character of a string or string buffer with index values <0 or > or
equal to the array size.
Arithmetic Exception --> such as divide by zero.
ArrayStore Exception --> Assignment to an array element of an incompatible types.
ClasscastException --> Invalid casting.
IllegalArgument Exception --> Illegal argument is used to invoke a method.
Nullpointer Exception --> If attempt to made to use a null object.
NumberFormat Exception --> Invalid conversition of string to numeric format.
ClassNotfound Exception --> class not found.
Instantion Exception --> Attempt to create an object of an Abstract class or Interface.
NosuchField Exception --> A request field does not exist.
NosuchMethod Exception --> A request method does not exist.

Q) Methods in Exceptions?
A) getMessage(), toString(), printStackTrace(), getLocalizedMessage(),

Q) What is exception chaining?

A) An exception chain is a list of all the exceptions generated in response to a single root exception. As
Page 18
each exception is caught and converted to a higher-level exception for rethrowing, it's added to the chain.
This provides a complete record of how an exception is handled The chained exception API was introduced in 1.4. Two
methods and two constructors were added to Throwable.
Throwable getCause()
Throwable initCause(Throwable)
Throwable(String, Throwable)
Throwable(Throwable)

The Throwable argument to initCause and the Throwable constructors is the exception that caused the current
exception. getCause returns the exception that caused the current exception, and initCause returns the current
exception.

Q) Primitive multi tasking

If the threads of different priorities shifting the control depend on the priority i.e.; a thread with higher priority is
executed first than the thread with lower priority. This process of shifting control is known as primitive multi tasking.

Q) Http Status Codes

To inform the client of a problem at the server end, you call the “sendError” method. This causes the server to
respond with status line, with protocol version and a success or error code.
The first digit of the status code defines the class of response, while the last two digits do not have categories
Number Type Description
1xx Informational Requested received, continuing to process
2xx Success The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted
3xx Redirection Further action must be taken in order to complete the request
4xx Client Error The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled
5xx Server Error The server failed to fulfil valid request

All Packages

Q) Thread Class
Methods: -
getName() run()
getPriority() Sleep()
isAlive() Start()
join()

Q) Object class
All other classes are sub classes of object class, Object class is a super class of all other class.
Methods: -
void notify() void notifyAll()
Object clone() Sting toString()
boolean equals(Object object) void wait()
void finalize() void wait(long milliseconds, int nanoseconds)
int hashcode()

Q) throwable class
Methods: -
String getMessage() Void printStackTrace()
String toString() Throwable fillInStackTrace()

Q) Javax.servlet Package
Interfaces Classes Exceptions
Servlet GenericServlet ServletException
ServletConfig ServletInputStream UnavaliableException
ServletContext ServletOutputStream
Page 19
 ServletRequest ServletContextAttributeEvent
ServletResponse
SingleThreadModel
ServletContextListener
ServletContextAttributeListener
ServletContextInitialization parameters
ServletRequestAttributeListener
ServletRequestListner
Filter
FilterChain
FilterConfig
RequestDispatcher

GenericServlet (C) public void destroy();

public String getInitParameter(String name);
public Enumeration getInitParameterNames();
public ServletConfig getServletConfig();
public ServletContext getServletContext();
public String getServletInfo();
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException;
public void log(String msg);
public abstract void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)

ServletInputStream (C) public int readLine(byte b[], int off, int len)

ServletOutputStream (C) public void print(String s) throws IOException;

public void println() throws IOException;

ServletContextAttributeEvent (C)  public void attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)

public void attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
public void attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)

Servlet (I)  public abstract void destroy();

public abstract ServletConfig getServletConfig();
public abstract String getServletInfo();
public abstract void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException;
public abstract void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)

ServletConfig (I)  public abstract String getInitParameter(String name);

public abstract Enumeration getInitParameterNames();
public abstract ServletContext getServletContext();

ServletContext (I)  public abstract Object getAttribute(String name);

public abstract String getRealPath(String path);
public abstract String getServerInfo();
public abstract Servlet getServlet(String name) throws ServletException;
public abstract Enumeration getServletNames();
public abstract Enumeration getServlets();
public abstract void log(Exception exception, String msg);

ServletRequest (I)  public abstract Object getAttribute(String name);

public abstract String getParameter(String name);
public abstract Enumeration getParameterNames();
public abstract String[] getParameterValues(String name);
public abstract String getRealPath(String path);
public abstract String getRemoteAddr();
public abstract String getRemoteHost();
public abstract String getServerName();
public abstract int getServerPort();
Page 20
 RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path);
public int getLocalPort(); // servlet 2.4
public int getRemotePort(); // servlet 2.4
public String getLocalName(); // servlet 2.4
public String getLocalAddr(); // servlet 2.4

ServletResponse (I)  public abstract String getCharacterEncoding();

public abstract PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
public abstract void setContentLength(int len);
public abstract void setContentType(String type);

Q) Javax.servlet.Http Package
Interfaces Classes Exceptions
HttpServletRequest Cookies ServletException
HttpServletResponse HttpServlet (Abstarct Class) UnavaliableException
HttpSession HttpUtils
HttpSessionListener HttpSessionBindingEvent
HttpSessionActivationListener
HttpSessionAttributeListener
HttpSessionBindingListener
HttpSessionContext (deprecated)
Filter

ServletContextListener (I)  public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event)

public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event)

ServletContextAttributeListener (I) public void attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)

public void attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
public void attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)

ServletContextInitilazation parameters 

Cookies (C)  public Object clone();

public int getMaxAge();
public String getName();
public String getPath();
public String getValue();
public int getVersion();
public void setMaxAge(int expiry);
public void setPath(String uri);
public void setValue(String newValue);
public void setVersion(int v);

HttpServlet (C)  public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)

protected void doDelete (HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doGet (HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doOptions(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doPut(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doTrace(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected long getLastModified(HttpServletRequest req);
protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)

HttpSessionbindingEvent (C)  public String getName();

public HttpSession getSession();

HttpServletRequest (I)  public abstract Cookie[] getCookies();

public abstract String getHeader(String name);

Page 21
 public abstract Enumeration getHeaderNames();
public abstract String getQueryString();
public abstract String getRemoteUser();
public abstract String getRequestedSessionId();
public abstract String getRequestURI();
public abstract String getServletPath();
public abstract HttpSession getSession(boolean create);
public abstract boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie();
public abstract boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromUrl();
public abstract boolean isRequestedSessionIdValid();

HttpServletResponse (I)  public abstract void addCookie(Cookie cookie);

public abstract String encodeRedirectUrl(String url);
public abstract String encodeUrl(String url);
public abstract void sendError(int sc, String msg) throws IOException;
public abstract void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException;
public abstract void addIntHeader(String header, int value);
public abstract void addDateHeader(String header, long value);
public abstract void setHeader(String name, String value);
public abstract void setIntHeader(String header, int value);
public abstract void setDateHeader(String header, long value);
public void setStatus();

HttpSession (I)  public abstract long getCreationTime();

public abstract String getId();
public setAttribute(String name, Object value);
public getAttribute(String name, Object value);
public remove Attribute(String name, Object value);
public abstract long getLastAccessedTime();
public abstract HttpSessionContext getSessionContext();
public abstract Object getValue(String name);
public abstract String[] getValueNames();
public abstract void invalidate();
public abstract boolean isNew();
public abstract void putValue(String name, Object value);
public abstract void removeValue(String name);
public setMaxInactiveIntervel();

HttpSessionListener (I)  public void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent event)

public void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent event)

HttpSessionAttributeListener (I)  public void attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)

public void attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
public void attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)

HttpSessionBindingListener (I) 
public void HttpSessionBindingListener.valueBound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event)
public void HttpSessionBindingListener.valueUnbound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event)

HttpSessionActivationListener (I) 
public void sessionDidActivate(HttpSessionEvent event)
public void sessionWillpassivate(HttpSessionEvent event)

Filter (i) 
public void doFilter (ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain)
public FilterConfig getFilterConfig()
public void setFilterConfig (FilterConfig filterConfig)

Q) java.sql Package
Interfaces Classes Exceptions
Page 22
 Connection DriverManager
CallableStatement Date ClassNotFoundException
Driver TimeStamp Instantiation Exception
PreparedStatement Time
ResultSet Types
ResultSetMetaData SQL Exception, SQL
Warnings
Statement
DatabaseMetaData
Array
ParameterMetaData
Clob, Blob
SQLInput, SQLOutput, SQLPermission
Savepoint

Q) javax.sql Package
Interfaces Classes Exceptions
ConnectionEventListener ConnectionEvent
ConnectionPoolDataSource RowsetEvent
DataSource
PooledConnection
RowSet
RowSetListener
RowSetMetaDate
RowSetReader/Writer
XAConnection
XADataSource

Q) java.lang Package
Interfaces Classes Exceptions
Cloneable Double, Float, Long, Integer, Short, ArithmeticException,
Byte, Boolean, Character, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundOf.E,
ClassCast.E, ClassNotFound.E
Runnable Class, ClassLoader IlleAcess.E, IllegalArgument.E
Comparable Process, RunTime, Void IllegalSate.E, NullPointer.E
String, StringBuffer NoSuchField.E, NoSuchMethod.E
Thread, ThreadGroup NumberFormat.E

Q) java.IO Package
Interfaces Classes Exceptions
DataInputstream BufferInputstream, BufferOutputStream
DataOutputstream BufferReader, BufferWriter
ObjectInputStream ByteArrayInputStream, ByteArrayOutputstream
ObjectOutputstream CharacterarrayReader, CharacterArayWriter
Serializable DataInputStream, DataOutputStream
Externializable Filereader, FileWriter
ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream

Page 23
 SERVLET Questions

Class path: -
set path= c:\j2sdk1.4.2\bin
set classpath= c:\ j2sdk1.4.2\lib\tools.jar;c:\servlet.jar
C:\Tomcat5\bin\startup.bat  shortcut

Q) Servlet
Servlet is server side component, a servlet is small plug gable extension to the server and servlets are used to
extend the functionality of the java-enabled server. Servlets are durable objects means that they remain in memory
specially instructed to be destroyed. Servlets will be loaded in the Address space of web server.
 Servlet are loaded 3 ways 1) When the web sever starts 2) You can set this in the configuration file 3) Through an
administration interface.

Page 24
Q) What is Temporary Servlet?
A) When we sent a request to access a JSP, servlet container internally creates a 'servlet' & executes it. This servlet is
called as 'Temporary servlet'. In general this servlet will be deleted immediately to create & execute a servlet base on a
JSP we can use following command.
Java weblogic.jspc—keepgenerated *.jsp

Q) What is the difference between Server and Container?

A) A server provides many services to the clients, A server may contain one or more containers such as ejb containers,
servlet/jsp container. Here a container holds a set of objects.

Q) Servlet Container
The servlet container is a part of a Web server (or) Application server that provides the network services over
which requests and responses are sent, decodes MIME-based requests, and formats MIME-based responses. A servlet
container also contains and manages servlets through their lifecycle.
A servlet container can be built into a host Web server, or installed as an add-on component to a Web Server via that
server’s native extension API. All servlet containers must support HTTP as a protocol for requests and
responses, but additional request/response-based protocols such as HTTPS (HTTP over SSL) may be supported.

Q) Generally Servlets are used for complete HTML generation. If you want to generate partial HTML's that
include some static text as well as some dynamic text, what method do you use?
A) Using 'RequestDispather.include(“xx.html”) in the servlet code we can mix the partial static HTML Directory page.
Ex: - RequestDispatcher rd=ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher(“xx.html”);
rd.include(request,response);

Q) Servlet Life cycle

Public void init (ServletConfig config) throws ServletException

public void service (ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException
public void destroy ()

 The Web server when loading the servlet calls the init method once. (The init method typically establishes database
connections.)

Any request from client is handled initially by the service () method before delegating to the doXxx () methods in the
case of HttpServlet. If u put “Private” modifier for the service() it will give compile time error.

 When your application is stopped (or) Servlet Container shuts down, your Servlet's destroy () method will be called.
This allows you to free any resources you may have got hold of in your Servlet's init () method, this will call only once.

ServletException  Signals that some error occurred during the processing of the request and the container should
take appropriate measures to clean up the request.

IOException  Signals that Servlet is unable to handle requests either temporarily or permanently.

Q) Why there is no constructor in servlet?

A) A servlet is just like an applet in the respect that it has an init() method that acts as a constructor, an initialization
code you need to run should e place in the init(), since it get called when the servlet is first loaded.

Q) Can we use the constructor, instead of init(), to initialize servlet?

A) Yes, of course you can use. There’s nothing to stop you. But you shouldn’t. The original reason for init() was that
ancient versions of Java couldn’t dynamically invoke constructors with arguments, so there was no way to give the
constructur a ServletConfig. That no longer applies, but servlet containers still will only call your no-arg constructor. So
you won’t have access to a ServletConfig or ServletContext.

Q) Can we leave init() method empty and insted can we write initilization code inside servlet's constructor?
A) No, because the container passes the ServletConfig object to the servlet only when it calls the init method. So
ServletConfig will not be accessible in the constructor.

Q) Directory Structure of Web Applications?

Page 25
A) WebApp/(Publicly available files, such as
| .jsp, .html, .jpg, .gif)
|
+WEB-INF/-+
|
+ classes/(Java classes, Servlets)
|
+ lib/(jar files)
|
+ web.xml / (taglib.tld)
|
+ weblogic.xml

WAR-> WARfile can be placed in a server’s webapps directory

Q) Web.xml: -
<web-app>
<!-- Defines WebApp initialization parameters.-->
<context-param>
<param-name>locale</param-name>
<param-value>US</param-value>
</context-param>

<!-- Defines filters and specifies filter mapping -->

<filter>
<filter-name>Test Filter</filter-name>
<filter-class>filters.TestFilter</filter-class>

<init-param>
<param-name>locale</param-name>
<param-value>US</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>Test Filter</filter-name>
<servlet-name>TestServlet</servlet-name>
</filter-mapping>

<!-- Defines application events listeners -->

<listener>
<listener-class>
listeners.MyServletContextListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<listener>
<listener-class>
listeners.MySessionCumContextListener
</listener-class>
</listener>

<!-- Defines servlets -->

<servlet>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>servlets.HelloServlet</servlet-class>

<init-param>
<param-name>driverclassname</param-name>
<param-value>sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>dburl</param-name>
Page 26
 <param-value>jdbc:odbc:MySQLODBC</param-value>
</init-param>
<security-role-ref>
<!-- role-name is used in HttpServletRequest.isUserInRole(String role) method. -->
<role-name>manager</role-name>
<!-- role-link is one of the role-names specified in security-role elements. -->
<role-link>supervisor</role-link>
</security-role-ref>
</servlet>

<!-- Defines servlet mappings -->

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<!--specifies session timeout as 30 minutes. -->

<session-config>
<session-timeout>30</session-timeout>
<session-config>

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

<! -- Error page -- >

<error-page>
<error-code>404</error-code>
<location>notfoundpage.jsp</location>
</error-page>

<error-page>
<exception-type>java.sql.SQLException</exception-type>
<location>sqlexception.jsp</location>
</error-page>

<taglib>
<taglib-uri>http://abc.com/testlib</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tlds/testlib.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/examplelib</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tlds/examplelib.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>

<!-- only POST method is protected -->

<http-method>POST</http-method>

<web-resource-collection>
<web-resource-name>Another Protected Area</web-resource-name>
<url-pattern>*.hello</url-pattern>
</web-resource-collection>

<!-- auth-method can be: BASIC, FORM, DIGEST, or CLIENT-CERT -->

<auth-method>FORM</auth-method>
<realm-name>sales</realm-name>
<form-login-config>
<form-login-page>/formlogin.html</form-login-page>
<form-error-page>/formerror.jsp</form-error-page>
</form-login-config>
</login-config>
Page 27
</web-app>

Q) Automatically start Servlet?

A) If present, calls the servlet's service() method at the specified times. <run-at> lets servlet writers execute periodic
tasks without worrying about creating a new Thread.
The value is a list of 24-hour times when the servlet should be automatically executed. To run the servlet every 6 hours,
you could use:

<servlet servlet-name='test.HelloWorld'>
<run-at>0:00, 6:00, 12:00, 18:00</run-at>
</servlet>

Q) ServletConfig Interface & ServletContex Interfaces

ServletConfig  ServletConfig object is used to obtain configuration data when it is loaded. There can be multiple
ServletConfig objects in a single web application.
This object defines how a servlet is to be configured is passed to a servlet in its init method. Most servlet
containers provide a way to configure a servlet at run-time (usually through flat file) and set up its initial parameters. The
container, in turn, passes these parameters to the servlet via the ServetConfig.

Ex:-
<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>TestServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>TestServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>driverclassname</param-name>
<param-value>sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>dburl</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:odbc:MySQLODBC</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
</web-app>
--------------------------------------
public void init()
{
ServletConfig config = getServletConfig();
String driverClassName = config.getInitParameter("driverclassname");
String dbURL = config.getInitParameter("dburl");
Class.forName(driverClassName);
dbConnection = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL,username,password);
}

ServletContext ServletContext is also called application object. ServletContext is used to obtain information about
environment on which a servlet is running.
There is one instance object of the ServletContext interface associated with each Web application deployed into a
container. In cases where the container is distributed over many virtual machines, a Web application will have an
instance of the ServletContext for each JVM.

Servlet Context is a grouping under which related servlets run. They can share data, URL namespace, and other
resources. There can be multiple contexts in a single servlet container.

Q) How to add application scope in Servlets?

A) In Servlets Application is nothing but ServletContext Scope.
ServletContext appContext = servletConfig.getServletContext();
appContext.setAttribute(paramName, req.getParameter(paramName));
appContext.getAttribute(paramName);

Page 28
Q) Diff between HttpSeassion & Stateful Session bean? Why can't HttpSessionn be used instead of of Session
bean?
A) HttpSession is used to maintain the state of a client in webservers, which are based on Http protocol. Where as
Stateful Session bean is a type of bean, which can also maintain the state of the client in Application servers, based on
RMI-IIOP.

Q) Can we store objects in a session?

A) session.setAttribute("productIdsInCart",productIdsInCart);
session.removeAttribute("productIdsInCart");

Q) Servlet Listeners

(i) ServletContextListener
void contextDestroyed (ServletContextEvent sce)
void contextInitialized (ServletContextEvent sce)
Implementations of this interface receive notifications about changes to the servlet context of the web
application they are part of. To receive notification events, the implementation class must be configured in the
deployment descriptor for the web application.

(ii) ServletContextAttributeListener (I)

void attributeAdded (ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
void attributeRemoved (ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
void attributeReplaced (ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
Implementations of this interface receive notifications of changes to the attribute list on the servlet context of a
web application. To receive notification events, the implementation class must be configured in the deployment
descriptor for the web application.

Q) HttpListeners

(i) HttpSessionListener (I)

public void sessionCreated(HttpSessionEvent event)
public void sessionDestroyed(HttpSessionEvent event)
Implementations of this interface are notified of changes to the list of active sessions in a web application. To
receive notification events, the implementation class must be configured in the deployment descriptor for the web
application.

(ii) HttpSessionActivationListener (I)

public void sessionWillPassivate(HttpSessionEvent se)
public void sessionDidActivate(HttpSessionEvent se)
Objects that are bound to a session may listen to container events notifying them that sessions will be
passivated and that session will be activated.

(iii) HttpSessionAttributeListener (I)

public void attributeAdded(HttpSessionBindingEvent se)
public void attributeRemoved(HttpSessionBindingEvent se)
public void attributeReplaced(HttpSessionBindingEvent se)
This listener interface can be implemented in order to get notifications of changes to the attribute lists of
sessions within this web application.

(iv) HttpSession Binding Listener (** If session will expire how to get the values)
Some objects may wish to perform an action when they are bound (or) unbound from a session. For example, a
database connection may begin a transaction when bound to a session and end the transaction when unbound. Any
object that implements the javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingListener interface is notified when it is bound (or)
unbound from a session. The interface declares two methods, valueBound() and valueUnbound(), that must be
implemented:

Methods: -
public void HttpSessionBindingListener.valueBound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event)
public void HttpSessionBindingListener.valueUnbound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event)

valueBound()  method is called when the listener is bound into a session

Page 29
valueUnbound()  is called when the listener is unbound from a session.
The javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionBindingEvent argument provides access to the name under which the object is being
bound (or unbound) with the getName() method:

public String HttpSessionBindingEvent.getName()

The HttpSessionBindingEvent object also provides access to the HttpSession object to which the listener is being bound
(or unbound) with getSession() :

public HttpSession HttpSessionBindingEvent.getSession()

=========
public class SessionBindings extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
throws ServletException, IOException {
res.setContentType("text/plain");
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter ();
HttpSession session = req.getSession(true);
session.putValue("bindings.listener",
new CustomBindingListener(getServletContext())); // Add a CustomBindingListener
}
}
=============
class CustomBindingListener implements HttpSessionBindingListener
{
ServletContext context;

public CustomBindingListener(ServletContext context) {

this.context = context;
}

public void valueBound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {

context.log("BOUND as " + event.getName() + " to " + event.getSession().getId());
}

public void valueUnbound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {

context.log("UNBOUND as " + event.getName() + " from " + event.getSession().getId());
}
}

Q) Filter
Filter is an object that intercepts a message between a data source and a data destination, and then filters the data
being passed between them. It acts as a guard, preventing undesired information from being transmitted from one point
to another.

When a servlet container receives a request for a resource, it checks whether a filter is associated with this resource. If
a filter is associated with the resource, the servlet container routes the request to the filter instead of routing it to the
resource. The filter, after processing the request, does one of three things:
• It generates the response itself and returns it to the client.
• It passes on the request (modified or unmodified) to the next filter in the chain
• It routes the request to a different resource.

Examples of Filtering Components

• Authentication filters • Logging and auditing filters • Image conversion filters • Data compression filters
• Encryption filters • Tokenizing filters • Filters that trigger resource access events
• MIME-type chain filters • Caching filters • XSL/T filters that transform XML content

The javax.servlet.Filter interface defines three methods:

public void doFilter (ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain)
public FilterConfig getFilterConfig()
public void setFilterConfig (FilterConfig filterConfig)
Page 30
Ex:-
public class SimpleFilter implements Filter
{
private FilterConfig filterConfig;
public void doFilter (ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain)
{
try
{
chain.doFilter (request, response); // for Filter Chain
} catch (IOException io) {
System.out.println ("IOException raised in SimpleFilter");
}
}

public FilterConfig getFilterConfig()

{
return this.filterConfig;
}

public void setFilterConfig (FilterConfig filterConfig)

{
this.filterConfig = filterConfig;
}
}

Filter and the RequestDispatcher

version 2.4 of the Java Servlet specification is the ability to configure filters to be invoked under request dispatcher
forward() and include() calls. By using the new <dispatcher>INCLUDE / FORWARD</dispatcher> element in the
deployment descriptor,

Q) Are Servlets multithread?

A) Yes, the servlet container allocates a thread for each new request for a single servlet. Each thread of your servlet
runs as if a single user were accessing using it alone, but u can use static variable to store and present information that
is common to all threads, like a hit counter for instance.

Q) What happens to System.out & System.err output in a Servlet?

A) System.out goes to 'client side' and is seen in browser, while System.err goes to 'server side' and is visible in error
logs and/or on console.

Q) Session Tracking
Session tracking is the capability of the server to maintain the single client sequential list.

Q) Servlet chaining
Is a technique in which two are more servlets cooperating in servicing a single client sequential request, where
one servlet output is piped to the next servlet output. The are 2 ways (i) Servlet Aliasing (ii) HttpRequest

Servlet Aliasing  allow you to setup a single alias name for a comma delimited list of servlets. To make a servlet chain
open your browser and give the alias name in URL.

HttpRequest construct a URL string and append a comma delimited list of servlets to the end.

Q) HttpTunnelling
Is a method used to reading and writing serializes objects using a http connection. You are creating a sub
protocol inside http protocol that is tunneling inside another protocol.

Q) Diff CGI & Servlet

 Servlet is thread based but CGI is process based.
 CGI allow separate process for every client request, CGI is platform dependent and servlet is platform independent.

Q) Diff GET & POST

Page 31
 GET & POST are used to process request and response of a client.
 GET method is the part of URL, we send less amount of data through GET. The amount of information limited is 240-
255 characters (or 1kb in length).
 Using POST we can send large amount of data through hidden fields.
 Get is to get the posted html data, POST is to post the html data.

Q) Diff Http & Generic Servlet

 HttpServlet class extends Generic servlet , so Generic servlet is parent and HttpServlet is child.
 Generic is from javax.servlet package, HttpServlet is from javax.servlet.Http package.
 Http implements all Http protocols, Generic servlet will implements all networking protocol
 Http is stateless protocol, which mean each request is independent of previous one, In generic we cannot maintain
the state of next page only main state of current page.
 A protocol is said to be stateless if it has n memory of prior connection.
 Http servlet extra functionality is capable of retrieving Http header information.
 Http servlet can override doGet(), doDelete(), doGet(), doPost(), doTrace(), generic servlet will override Service()
method only.

Q) Can I catch servlet exception and give my own error message? (or) custom error pages?
A) Yes, you can catch servlet errors and give custom error pages for them, but if there are exceptional conditions you
can anticipate, it would be better for your application to address these directly and try to avoid them in the first place. If a
servlet relies upon system or network resources that may not be available for unexpected reasons, you can use a
RequestDispatcher to forward the request to an error page.

RequestDispatcher dispatcher = null;

request.getRequestDispatcher(/err/SQL.jsp);
try {
// SQL operation
}
catch (SQLException se) {
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
}

Web.xml
<error-page>
<error-code>
HTTP error code (404)
<error-code>
<exception-type>
java.lang.RuntimeException
</exception-type>
<location>
/err/RuntimeException.jsp
</location>
</error-page>

Q) How many ways we can instantiate a class?

A) Class.forName().newInstance() and new keyword

Q) Client pull & Server push?

Client pull
Client pull is similar to redirection, with one major difference: the browser actually displays the content from the
first page and waits some specified amount of time before retrieving and displaying the content from the next page. It's
called client pull because the client is responsible for pulling the content from the next page.
Client pull information is sent to the client using the Refresh HTTP header. This header's value specifies the number of
seconds to display the page before pulling the next one, and it optionally includes a URL string that specifies the URL
from which to pull. If no URL is given, the same URL is used. Here's a call to setHeader() that tells the client to reload
this same servlet after showing its current content for three seconds: setHeader("Refresh", "3");
And here's a call that tells the client to display Netscape's home page after the three seconds:
setHeader("Refresh", "3; URL=http://home.netscape.com");

Page 32
Server push
Server push because the server sends, or pushes, a sequence of response pages to the client. With server
push, the socket connection between the client and the server remains open until the last page has been sent.
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="5;URL=/servlet/stockquotes/">

Q) How can a servlet refresh automatically if some new data has entered the database?
A) You can use client side refresh are server push

Q) How can i upload File using a Servlet?

<FORM ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data" method=post action="/utils/FileUploadServlet">
<INPUT TYPE="file" NAME="currentfilename">
<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="upload">
</FORM>

Q) Session Tracking techniques

(i) URL Rewriting

(ii) Hidden form Field
(iii) Persistence Cookies
(iv) Session Tracking API
(v) User Authorization

URL Rewriting
URL rewriting is a technique in which the requested URL is modified with the session id.
URL rewriting is another way to support anonymous session tracking. With URL rewriting, every local URL the user
might click on is dynamically modified, or rewritten, to include extra information.
http://server:port/servlet/Rewritten?sessionid=123 added parameter

Hidden form Field

Hidden form fields are HTML input type that are not displayed when read by the browser. They are sent back to
the server when the form that contains them is submitted. You include hidden form fields with HTML like this:

<FORM ACTION="/servlet/MovieFinder" METHOD="POST">

<INPUT TYPE=hidden NAME="zip" VALUE="94040">
<INPUT TYPE=hidden NAME="level" VALUE="expert">
</FORM>
In a sense, hidden form fields define constant variables for a form. To a servlet receiving a submitted form, there is no
difference between a hidden field and a visible field.

Persistence Cookie
A cookie is a bit of information sent by a web server to a browser that can later be read back from that browser.
When a browser receives a cookie, it saves the cookie and thereafter sends the cookie back to the server each time it
accesses a page on that server, subject to certain rules. Because a cookie's value can uniquely identify a client, cookies
are often used for session tracking. Because cookies are sent using HTTP headers, they should be added to the
response before you send any content. Browsers are only required to accept 20 cookies per site, 300 total per user, and
they can limit each cookie's size to 4096 bytes.

Sending cookies from a servlet

Cookie cookie = new Cookie ("ID", "123");

res.addCookie (cookie);

A servlet retrieves cookies by calling the getCookies () method of HttpServlet- Request:

public Cookie[] HttpServletRequest.getCookies()
This method returns an array of Cookie objects that contains all the cookies sent by the browser as part of the request
or null if no cookies were sent. The code to fetch cookies looks like this:

Reading browser cookies from a Servlet

Cookie [] cookies = req. getCookies();

if (cookies != null) {
Page 33
 for (int i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) {
String name = cookies [i]. getName ();
String value = cookies [i]. getValue();
}
}

Deleting the Cookies

<%
Cookie killMyCookie = new Cookie("mycookie", null);
killMyCookie.setMaxAge(0);
killMyCookie.setPath("/");
response.addCookie(killMyCookie);
%>

You can set the maximum age of a cookie with the cookie.setMaxAge(int seconds) method:
 Zero means to delete the cookie
 + value is the maximum number of seconds the cookie will live, before it expires
 - value means the cookie will not be stored beyond this browser session (deleted on browser close)

Session Tracking API

In Java the javax.servlet.http.HttpSession API handles many of the details of session tracking. It allows a
session object to be created for each user session, then allows for values to be stored and retrieved for each session. A
session object is created through the HttpServletRequest using the getSession() method:

HttpSession session = request.getSession(true);

This will return the session for this user or create one if one does not already exist. Values can be stored for a user
session using the HttpSession method putValue():

session.putValue("valueName", valueObject);

Session objects can be retrieved using getValue(String name), while a array of all value names can be retrieved using
getValueNames(). Values can also be removed using removeValue(String valueName)

User Authorization
Servers can be set up to restrict access to HTML pages (and servlets). The user is required to enter a user
name and password. Once they are verified the client re-sends the authorisation with requests for documents to that
site in the http header.
Servlets can use the username authorisation sent with request to keep track of user data. For example, a hashtable can
be set up to contain all the data for a particular user. When a user makes another request the user name can be used to
add new items to their cart using the hashtable.

Q) Retrieving query parameters names?

Enumeration params = request.getParameterNames();
String paramName = null;
String[] paramValues = null;

while (params.hasMoreElements()) {
paramName = (String) params.nextElement();
paramValues = request.getParameterValues(paramName);
System.out.println("\nParameter name is " + paramName);
for (int i = 0; i < paramValues.length; i++) {
System.out.println(", value " + i + " is " +
paramValues[i].toString());
}
}

Q) Session
Session is a persistence network connection between client and server that facilitate the exchange of
information between client and server. The container generates a session ID, when you create a session the server

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saves the session ID on the clients machine as a cookie. A session object created for each user persists on the server
side, either until user closes the browser or user remains idle for the session expiration time.

As such there is no limit on the amount of information that can be saved in a Session Object. Only the RAM
available on the server machine is the limitation. The only limit is the Session ID length (Identifier), which should not
exceed more than 4K. If the data to be store is very huge, then it's preferred to save it to a temporary file onto hard disk,
rather than saving it in session. Internally if the amount of data being saved in Session exceeds the predefined limit,
most of the servers write it to a temporary cache on Hard disk.

// If “True” means creating a session if session is not there

// if “False” means session is not created should one does not exist
HttpSession session = req.getSession(true);
session.putValue ("MyIdentifier1", count1); // Storing Value into session Object
session.putValue ("MyIdentifier2", count2);
session.getValue(MyIdentifier1); // Prints value of Count
session.removeValue(MyIdentifier1); // Removing Valuefrom Session Object

Invalidating a Session
There are 6 different ways to invalidate the session.
1  Httpsession.setMaxInactiveIntervel(int sec)
2  Session will automatically expire after a certain time of inactivity
3  User closes browser window, notice that the session will time out rather than directly triggering session invalidate.
4  calling invalidate()
5  if server cashes
6  put <session-timeout> in web.xml

Q) Cookie advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages Persistence offer efficient way to implement session tracking for each client request a cookie can be
automatically provide a clients session id.
Disadvantage The biggest problem with cookies is that browser do not always accept cookies. Some times browser
does not accept cookies. Browser only requires accepting 20 cookies per page and they can limit the cookie size to
4096 bytes. It cannot work if the security level set too high in browser. Cookies are stored in a plain text format so every
one can view and modify them. We can put maximum 300 cookies for entire application.

Q) Advantages of Sessions over Cookies & URLRewriting?

 Sessions are more secure and fast because they are stored at server side. But sessions has to be used combindly
with cookies (or) URLRewriting for maintaining client id that is session id at client side.
 Cookies are store at client side so some clients may disable cookies so we may not sure that the cookies which we
are maintaining may work or not, if cookies are disable also we can maintain sessions using URLRewriting.
 In URLRewriting we cannot maintain large data because it leads to network traffic and access may be become slow.
Where in sessions will not maintain the data which we have to maintain instead we will maintain only the session id.

Q) If the cookies at client side are disabled then session don't work, in this case how can we proceed?
A) 1. (from servlet) write the next page with a hidden field containing a unique ID that serves as "session ID". So next
time when the user clicks submit, you can retrieve the hidden field.
2. If you use applet, you may avoid "view source" (so that people can't see the hidden field). Your applet reads back
an ID from the servlet and use that from then on to make further requests

Q) How to confirm that user's browser accepted the Cookie?

A) There's no direct API to directly verify that user's browser accepted the cookie. But the quick alternative would be,
after sending the required data to the users browser, redirect the response to a different Servlet which would try to read
back the cookie. If this Servlet is able to read back the cookie, then it was successfully saved, else user had disabled
the option to accept cookies.

Q) Diff between Multiple Instances of Browser and Multiple Windows? How does this affect Sessions?
A) From the current Browser window, if we open a new Window, then it referred to as Multiple Windows. Sessions
properties are maintained across all these windows, even though they are operating in multiple windows.
 Instead, if we open a new Browser, by either double clicking on the Browser Shortcut then we are creating a new

Page 35
Instance of the Browser. This is referred to as Multiple Instances of Browser. Here each Browser window is considered
as different client. So Sessions are not maintained across these windows.

Q) encodeURL & encodeRedirectURL

These are methods of HttpResponse object, “encodeURL” is for normal links inside your HTML pages,
“encodeRedirectURL” is for a link your passing to response.sendRedirect().

Q) SingleThread model
SingleThreadModel is a tag interface with no methods. In this model no two threads will execute concurrently
the service method of the servlet, to accomplish this each thread uses a free servlet instance from the servlet pool. So
any servlet implementing this can be considered thread safe and it is not required synchronize access to its variables.
(or)
If a servlet implements this interface, the server ensures that each instance of the servlet handles only one
service request at a time. Servers implement this functionality by maintaining a pool of servlet instances and dispatching
incoming requests to free servlets within the pool. SingleThreadModel provides easy thread safety, but at the cost of
increased resource requirements as more servlet instances are loaded at any given time.

public interface SingleThreadModel {

}

Q) Request Headers
User-agent: - Gives the information about client software, browser name, version and information about the machine on
which it is running.
request.getHeader(“user-agent”);

Q) Why do you need both GET & POST methods in servlets?

A) A single servlet can be called from different HTML pages, so different method calls can be possible.

Q) Servlet output - to - another Servlet? Inter-servlet communication?

A) As the name says it, it is communication between servlets. Servlets talking to each other. [There are many ways to
communicate between servlets, including
Request Dispatching
HTTP Redirect
Servlet Chaining

Servlet1
ServletContext sc = getServletContext();
RequestDispatcher rd = sc.getRequestDispatcher (“/../srevlet2”) ;
rd.forward(req, res);

Servlet2

Public void service(servletRequest req, servletResponse res)

{
ServletContext sc = getServletContext();
RequestDispatcher rd = sc.getRequestDispatcher (“/../srevlet1”) ;
Page 36
 rd.include(req, res);
}

Basically interServlet communication is acheived through servlet chaining. Which is a process in which you pass the
output of one servlet as the input to other. These servlets should be running in the same server.

Ex:- ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher(HttpRequest, HttpResponse).forward("NextServlet") ;

You can pass in the current request and response object from the latest form submission to the next servlet/JSP. You
can modify these objects and pass them so that the next servlet/JSP can use the results of this servlet.

There are some Servlet engine specific configurations for servlet chaining.

Servlets can also call public functions of other servlets running in the same server. This can be done by obtaining a
handle to the desired servlet through the ServletContext Object by passing it the servlet name ( this object can return
any servlets running in the server). And then calling the function on the returned Servlet object.

Ex:- TestServlet test= (TestServlet)getServletConfig().getServletContext().getServlet("OtherServlet");

otherServletDetails= Test.getServletDetails();

You must be careful when you call another servlet's methods. If the servlet that you want to call implements the
SingleThreadModel interface, your call could conflict with the servlet's single threaded nature. (The server cannot
intervene and make sure your call happens when the servlet is not interacting with another client.) In this case, your
servlet should make an HTTP request to the other servlet instead of direct calls.

Servlets could also invoke other servlets programmatically by sending an HTTP request. This could be done by opening
a URL connection to the desired Servlet.

Q) Servlet – to- JSP/Servlet communicate? (or) How Servlet invoke a JSP page?
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse res){
Try{
govi.FormBean f = new govi.formBean();
f.setName(req.getParameter(“name”));
f.setAdress(req.getParameter(“addr”));
f.setPersonalizationInfo(info);
req.setAttribute(“fBean”,f);
getServletConfig().getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(“/jsp/Bean1.jsp”).forward(req, res);
} catch(Exception ex);
}
}

The jsp page Bean1.jsp can then process fBean,

<jsp:useBean id=”fBean” class=”govi.formBean” scope=”request” />

<jsp:getProprety name=”fBean” property=”name” />
<jsp:getProprety name=”fBean” property=”addr” />
------------------------------------------------------------ (Or) -----------------------------------------------------------------
You can invoke a JSP page from a servlet through functionality of the standard javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher
interface. Complete the following steps in your code to use this mechanism:

1) Get a servlet context instance from the servlet instance:

ServletContext sc = this.getServletContext();

2) Get a request dispatcher from the servlet context instance, specifying the page-relative or application-relative path of
the target JSP page as input to the getRequestDispatcher() method:
RequestDispatcher rd = sc.getRequestDispatcher("/jsp/mypage.jsp");

Prior to or during this step, you can optionally make data available to the JSP page through attributes of the HTTP
request object. See "Passing Data Between a JSP Page and a Servlet" below for information.

Page 37
3) Invoke the include() or forward() method of the request dispatcher, specifying the HTTP request and response
objects as arguments.

rd.include(request, response); / rd.forward(request, response);

The functionality of these methods is similar to that of jsp:include and jsp:forward actions. The include() method only
temporarily transfers control; execution returns to the invoking servlet afterward.
Note that the forward() method clears the output buffer.

Q) context.getRequestDispatcher()
request.getRequestDispatcher()
context.getNamedDispatcher()

1) ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher( / ) —> You must use Absolute paths, it can extend outside current
servlet context.

2) ServletRequest.getRequestDispatcher(Relative Path) —> The path may be Relative, but cannot extend outside
current servlet context, the URL in the address bar doesn’t change. The client looses path information when it receives
a forwarded request.

3) ServletRequest.getNamedDispatcher(String name) —> This name is the name of the servlet for which a dispatcher
is requested, and is in the web.xml file

Ex :-
public class ServletToServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet (HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException
{
try {
getServletConfig()
.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/HelloWorldExample").forward(request, response);
} catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace ();
}
}
}

RequestDispatcher dispatcher = getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(path);

if (dispatcher == null)
{
out.println(path + " not available");
return;
} else
{
dispatcher.include(request, response);
}

Q) Different cases for using sendRedirect() vs. getRequestDispatcher() / getNamedDispatcher?

 When you want to preserve the current request/response objects and transfer them to another resource WITHIN the
context, you must use getRequestDispatcher (or) getNamedDispatcher.
 If you want to dispatch to resources OUTSIDE the context, then you must use sendRedirect. In this case you won't
be sending the original request/response objects, but you will be sending a header asking to the browser to issue a
request to the new URL.

Q) How can I pass data from a servlet running in one context (webapp) to a servlet running in another context?
A) You can bind this information to a context that is accessible to all servlet contexts, such as the application server's
context. This way, you can keep the data you want to share in memory.

Page 38
Q) How can I share data between two different web applications?
A) Different servlets may share data within one application via ServletContext. If you have a compelling to put the
servlets in different applications.

Q) How do servlets handle multiple simultaneous requests?

A) The server has multiple threads that are available to handle requests. When a request comes in, it is assigned to a
thread, which calls a service method (for example: doGet(), doPost( ) and service( ) ) of the servlet. For this reason, a
single servlet object can have its service methods called by many threads at once.

Q) How do i get the name of the currently executing script?

A) req.getRequestURI() / req.getServletPath(). The former returns the path to the script including any extra path
information following the name of the servlet; the latter strips the extra path info.
URL http://www.javasoft.com/servlets/HelloServlet/jdata/userinfo?pagetype=s3&pagenum=4
GetRequestURI servlets/HelloServlet/jdata/userinfo
GetServletPath servlets/HelloServlet/
GetPathInfo /jdata/userinfo
GetQueryString pagetype=s3&pagenum=4

Q) How can i stress test my Servlets?

A) following products to stress test your Servlets.
ServletKiller, E-Load, Web Application Stress Tool, JMeter from Apache
Q) Connection pool class
public class ConnectionPool {
private Hashtable connections;
private int increment;
private String dbURL, user, password;

public ConnectionPool(String dbURL, String user, String password, String driverClassName,

int initialConnections, int increment) throws SQLException, ClassNotFoundException {

Class.forName(driverClassName);
this.dbURL = dbURL;
this.user = user;
this.password = password;
this.increment = increment;

connections = new Hashtable();

// Put our pool of Connections in the Hashtable

// The FALSE value indicates they're unused
for(int i = 0; i < initialConnections; i++) {
connections.put(DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, password), Boolean.FALSE);
}
}

public Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {

Connection con = null;

Enumeration cons = connections.keys();

synchronized (connnections) {
while(cons.hasMoreElements()) {
con = (Connection)cons.nextElement();

Boolean b = (Boolean)connections.get(con);
if (b == Boolean.FALSE) {
// So we found an unused connection. Test its integrity with a quick setAutoCommit(true) call.
// For production use, more testing should be performed, such as executing a simple query.
try {
con.setAutoCommit(true);
Page 39
 }
catch(SQLException e) {
// Problem with the connection, replace it.
con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, password);
}
// Update the Hashtable to show this one's taken
connections.put(con, Boolean.TRUE);
return con;
}
}
}

// If we get here, there were no free connections.

// We've got to make more.
for(int i = 0; i < increment; i++) {
connections.put(DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, password),
Boolean.FALSE);
}

// Recurse to get one of the new connections.

return getConnection();
}

public void returnConnection(Connection returned) {

Connection con;
Enumeration cons = connections.keys();
while (cons.hasMoreElements()) {
con = (Connection)cons.nextElement();
if (con == returned) {
connections.put(con, Boolean.FALSE);
break;
}
}
}
}

JSP Questions

Directives
Page Page Directive <%@ Page language="java" extends="className" Page directive defines information
import="className" session="true|false" buffer="8KB" that will be globally available for that
autoFlush="true/false" isThreadSafe="true/false" info="text" page
errorPage="jspUrl" isErrorPage="true/false"

Page 40
 contentType="mimeType” %>

XML syntax: -
<Jsp: directive.page import=” ” />

Include <%@ include file="relative URL" %> Include JSP are Servlet at compile
Directive time meaning that only once parsed
XML syntax: - by the compiler, it will act as a “C”
<Jsp: directive.include file=” ” /> "#include" pulling in the text of the
<Jsp: directive.page file=” ” /> included file and compiling it as if it
were part of the including file. We can
also include “Static” files using this
directive.
Taglib Directive <%@ taglib uri="uriToTagLibrary" prefix="prefixString" %> Taglib directive enables you to create
your own custom tags.
XML syntax: -
<Jsp: root xmlns:prefix1=”http://..” version=”1.2” />
</Jsp: root>

Actions
<Jsp: useBean> <Jsp: useBean id="beanInstanceName" scope="page| UseBean tag is used to associate a
request|session|application” class=""/ java bean with jsp.
type="" bean Name=" "</jsp: useBean>

<Jsp: setProperty> <Jsp: setProperty name="beanInstanceName” Sets a property value or values in a

property="*" |"propertyName” param="paramName" bean.
value="{string | <%= expression %>}" />

<Jsp: getProperty> <Jsp: getProperty name="beanInstanceName" Gets the value of a bean property so
property="propertyName" /> that you can display it in a result
page.
<Jsp: param> <Jsp: param name="beanInstanceName" value=" It is used to provide other tags with
parameterValue " /> additional information in the form of
name, value pairs. This is used to
conjunction with jsp:include,
jsp:forward, jsp:plugin.
<Jsp: include> <Jsp: include page="relativeURL " flush="true" > Jsp Include includes the JSP are
<Jsp: param name="username" value="jsmith" /> Servlet at request time, it is not
</jsp: include> parsed by the compiler, and it
Includes a static file or sends a
request to a dynamic file.

<Jsp: forward> <Jsp: forward page="{relativeURL|<%=expression %>}" > When ever the client request will
come it will take the request and
<jsp: param name="paramName" value="paramValue"/> process the request and the request
</jsp: forward> to be forward to another page and it
will also forward the http parameters
of the previous page to the destination
page. It will work at server side.
<Jsp: plugin> <Jsp: plugin type="bean/applet" code="classFileName" This action is used to generate client
codebase="classFileDirectoryName" browser specific html tags that
name="instanceName" archive="” align="" height=" " ensures the java plug in software is
width=" " hspace=" " vspace=" </jsp: plugin> available, followed by execution of
applet or java bean component
specified in tag.

Implicit Objects
Objects Type / purpose Scope Sum useful methods

Page 41
Request Subclass of javax.servlet.http.ServletRequest Request getAttribute,
- Objects accessible from getParameter,
- Refers to the current request passed to the pages processing the request getParameterNames,
_jspService() method where they were created. getParameterValues,
setAttribute
Response Subclass of javax.servlet.http.ServletResponse Page Not typically used by
JSP page authors
- Refers to the response sent to the client. It is
also passed to the _jspService() method.
Session javax.servlet.http.HttpSession Session getAttribute, getId,
- Objects accessible from setAttribute.
- JSP 1.2 specification states that if the session pages belonging to the same
directive is set to false, then using the session session as the one in which
keyword results in a fatal translation time error. they were created.
application javax.servlet.ServletContext Application getAttribute,
- Objects accessible from getMimeType,
- Use it to find information about the servlet pages belonging to the same getRealPath,
engine and the servlet environment. application. setAttribute
Out javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter Page clear, clearBuffer, flush,
getBufferSize,
- Refers to the output stream of the JSP page. getRemaining
Config javax.servlet.ServletConfig Page getInitParameter,
getInitParameterNames
- The initialization parameters given in the
deployment descriptor can be retrieved from this
object.
page java.lang.Object. Page Not typically used by
- Objects accessible only JSP page authors
- Refers to the current instance of the servlet within jsp pages where it was
generated from the JSP page. created.
pageContext javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext. Page findAttribute,
getAttribute,
- Provides certain convenience methods and getAttributesScope,
stores references to the implicit objects. getAttributeNamesInSc
ope, setAttribute.
exception java.lang.Throwable. Page getMessage,
getLocalizedMessage,
- Available for pages that set the page directive printStackTrace,
attribute isErrorPage to true. It can be used for toString
exception handling.

Scriptlet <% Java_code %> A scriptlet can contain variable (or) method declarations (or)
expressions. Scriptlets are executed at request time, when
XML syntax: - the JSP engine processes the client request. If the scriptlet
<Jsp: scriptlet> produces output, the output is stored in the out object, from
Date today = new Date(); which you can display it.
</jsp: scriptlet>

Declaration Ex: <%! int a, b, c; %> A declaration declares one or more variables (or) methods
<%! int accountnumber=23468; %> for use later in the JSP source file. This is used for “Global
<%! private void processAmount () { ... } declaration”.
%>

XML syntax: -
<jsp: declaration>
int counter=0;
</jsp: Declaration>

Page 42
Expressions Ex: <%= (new An expression tag contains a scripting language expression
java.util.Date()).toLocaleString() %> that is evaluated, converted to a String, and inserted where
the expression appears in the JSP file.
XML syntax: -
<jsp: expression>
// -------
</jsp: expression>
Comments Html comment  Creates a comment that Comments are removed from the viewable source of your
is sent to the client in the viewable page HTML files by using only JSP comment tags. HTML
source. comments remain visible when the user selects view source
Ex: <! -- <%= expression %> --> in the browser.

Hidden Comment  Documents the JSP

file, but is not sent to the client.
Ex: <%-- comment --%>

Q) Diff Explicit Objects & Implicit Objects

Explicit Explicit objects are declared and created within the code of your JSP page, accessible to that page and other
pages according to the scope setting you choose.

Explicit objects are typically JavaBean instances declared and created in jsp:useBean action statements. <jsp:useBean
id="pageBean" class="mybeans.NameBean" scope="page" />

Implicit Implicit objects are created by the underlying JSP mechanism and accessible to Java scriptlets (or)
expressions in JSP pages according to the inherent scope setting of the particular object type.

Q) MVC

Model: - model is a java bean/entity bean that represent the data being transmitted are received
Controller: - Controller is a servlet that performs necessary manipulations to the model.
View: - is a screen representation of the model.

 Major benefits of using the MVC design pattern is separate the view & model this make it is possible to create are
change views with out having to change the model.
 1) The browser makes a request to the controller servlet 2) Servlet performs necessary actions to the java bean
model and forward the result to the jsp view. 3) The jsp formats the model for display and send the html results back top
the web browser.

Q) WebApplication scopes?
A) Request, Session, Application.
Request :- Life time is until the response is return to the user
Session :- Until the session timeout (or) session id invalidate.
Application :- Life of container (or) explicitly killed

Q) Life-cycle of JSP
Page 43
Page translation
Jsp compilation
Load class
Create Instance
jspInit( ), _jspservice( ), jspDestroy( )

jspInit( )  container calls the jspInit() to initialize to servlet instance. It is called before any other method, and is
called only once for a servlet instance.

_jspservice( )  container calls _jspservice() for each request, passing it the request and the response objects.

jspDestroy( )  container calls this when it decides take the instance out of service. It is the last method called n the
servlet instance.
 Destroy is not called if the container crashes.
 jspInit() & jspDestroy() called only once so we cannot override these methods.

Q) RequestDispatcher.forward(req, res)
RequestDispatcher.include(req, res)
PageContext.forward()
res.sendRedirect(url)
<jsp:forward>

RequestDispatcher.forward(req, res) in forward req, res would be passed to the destination URL and the
control will return back to the same method, it will execute at “server side”.

res.sendRedirect(url) when ever the client request will come just it will take the request and the request to be
forwarded to another page. It cannot forward the http parameters of the previous page. This will work at “client side”. If
page1.jsp redirects to page2.jsp, the browser's address bar be updated to show page2.jsp.

PageContext.forward() and RequestDispatcher.forward() are effectively the same. PageContext.forward is a

helper method that calls the RequestDispatcher method.

The difference between the two is that sendRedirect always sends a header back to the client/browser. this header then
contains the resource(page/servlet) which you wanted to be redirected. the browser uses this header to make another
fresh request. thus sendRedirect has a overhead as to the extra remort trip being incurred. it's like any other Http
request being generated by your browser. the advantage is that you can point to any resource(whether on the same
domain or some other domain). for eg if sendRedirect was called at www.mydomain.com then it can also be used to
redirect a call to a resource on www.theserverside.com.

In the case of forward() call, the above is not true. resources from the server, where the fwd. call was made, can only be
requested for. But the major diff between the two is that forward just routes the request to the new resources which you
specify in your forward call. that means this route is made by the servlet engine at the server level only. no headers are
sent to the browser which makes this very efficient. also the request and response objects remain the same both from
where the forward call was made and the resource which was called.

RequestDispatcher.include(req, res) RequestDispatcher.include() and <jsp:include> both include content.

The included page is inserted into the current page or output stream at the indicated point. It will execute at “server
side”.

<Jsp: forward> Forwards a client request to an HTML file/JSP file/servlet for processing. When ever the client
request will come it will take the request and process the request and the request to be forward to another page, it will
also forward the http parameters of the previous page to the destination page. It will execute at “server side” so the
browser unaware of the changes. If page1.jsp redirects to page2.jsp, the browser address bar will still show page1.jsp.
Forward operations are faster because all processing is done at server side. res.sendRedirect() operations updates the
browser history.

Ex -- of RequestDispatcher.forward(req, res)
public class BookStoreServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException {
// Get the dispatcher; it gets the main page to the user
RequestDispatcher dispatcher = config.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/bookstore.html");
Page 44
 if (dispatcher == null) {
// No dispatcher means the resource (bookstore.html in this case) cannot be found
res.sendError(response.SC_NO_CONTENT);
} else {
// Send the user the bookstore's opening page
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
}

Q) Diff res.sendRedirect( ) & req.forward( )

sendRedirect()  sends a redirect response back to the client's browser. The browser will normally interpret this
response by initiating a new request to the redirect URL given in the response.
forward()  does not involve the client's browser. It just takes browser's current request, and hands it off to
another servlet/jsp to handle. The client doesn't know that they're request is being handled by a different servlet/jsp than
they originally called.
For ex, if you want to hide the fact that you're handling the browser request with multiple servlets/jsp, and all of
the servlets/jsp are in the same web application, use forward() or include(). If you want the browser to initiate a new
request to a different servlet/jsp, or if the servlet/jsp you want to forward to is not in the same web application, use
sendRedirect ().

Q) Diff <%@ include file="file" %> & <jsp:include page=”abc.jsp” %>

<%@include file="abc.jsp"%> directive acts like C "#include", pulling in the text of the included file and
compiling it as if it were part of the including file. The included file can be any type (including HTML or text). (Or)
includes a jsp/servlet at compile time meaning only once parsed by the compiler.

<jsp:include page="abc.jsp"> include a jsp/servlet at request time it is not parsed by the compiler.

Q) Diff Jsp & Servlet

Internally when jsp is executed by the server it get converted into the servlet so the way jsp & servlet work is almost
similar.
 In jsp we can easily separate the P.L with B.L, but in servlet both are combined.
 One servlet object is communicate with many number of objects, but jsp it is not possible.

Q) Can JSP be multi-threaded? How can I implement a thread-safe JSP page?

A) By default the service() method of all the JSP execute in a multithreaded fashion. You can make a page “thread-safe”
and have it serve client requests in a single-threaded fashion by setting the page tag’s is Thread Safe attribute to false:
<%@ page is ThreadSafe=”false” %>

Q) How does JSP handle runtime exceptions?

A) You can use the errorPage attribute of the page directive to have uncaught run-time exceptions automatically
forwarded to an error processing page. For example:
<%@ page errorPage=\"error.jsp\" %>
redirects the browser to the JSP page error.jsp if an uncaught exception is encountered during request

processing. Within error.jsp, if you indicate that it is an error-processing page, via the directive:
<%@ page isErrorPage=\"true\" %>.

Q) How do I prevent the output of my JSP or Servlet pages from being cached by the Web browser? And Proxy
server?
A) Web browser caching
<% response.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-store");
response.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
response.setDateHeader ("Expires", 0);
%>
Proxy server caching
response.setHeader("Cache-Control","private");

Q) What's a better approach for enabling thread-safe servlets & JSPs? SingleThreadModel Interface or
Synchronization?

Page 45
A) SingleThreadModel technique is easy to use, and works well for low volume sites. If your users to increase in the
future, you may be better off implementing explicit synchronization for your shared data
Also, note that SingleThreadModel is pretty resource intensive from the server's perspective. The most serious issue
however is when the number of concurrent requests exhaust the servlet instance pool. In that case, all the unserviced
requests are queued until something becomes free.

Q) Invoking a Servlet from a JSP page? Passing data to a Servlet invoked from a JSP page?
A) Use <jsp:forward page="/relativepath/YourServlet" />
(or)
response.sendRedirect("http://path/YourServlet").

Variables also can be sent as:

<jsp:forward page=/relativepath/YourServlet>
<jsp:param name="name1" value="value1" />
<jsp:param name="name2" value="value2" />
</jsp:forward>
You may also pass parameters to your servlet by specifying
response.sendRedirect("http://path/YourServlet?param1=val1").

Q) JSP- to-EJB Session Bean communication?

<%@ page import="javax.naming.*, javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject, foo.AccountHome, foo.Account" %>
<%!
AccountHome accHome=null;
public void jspInit() {
InitialContext cntxt = new InitialContext( );
Object ref= cntxt.lookup("java: comp/env/ejb/AccountEJB");
accHome = (AccountHome)PortableRemoteObject.narrow(ref,AccountHome.class);
}
%>
<%
Account acct = accHome.create();
acct.doWhatever(...);
%>

Q) How do you pass an InitParameter to a JSP?

<%!
ServletConfig cfg =null;
public void jspInit(){
ServletConfig cfg=getServletConfig();
for (Enumeration e=cfg.getInitParameterNames(); e.hasMoreElements();)
{
String name=(String)e.nextElement();
String value = cfg.getInitParameter(name);
System.out.println(name+"="+value);
}
}
%>

Q) How to view an image stored on database with JSP?

<%@ page language="java" import="java.sql.*,java.util.*"%>
<%
String image_id = (String) request.getParameter("ID");
if (image_id != null){
try
{
Class.forName("interbase.interclient.Driver");
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:interbase://localhost/D:/examp/Database/employee.gdb","java","java");
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM IMMAGINE WHERE IMMAGINE_ID = " + image_id);
if (rs.next())
Page 46
 {
String dim_image = rs.getString("IMMAGINE_DIMENSIONE");
byte [] blocco = rs.getBytes("IMMAGINE_IMMAGINE");
response.setContentType("image/jpeg");
ServletOutputStream op = response.getOutputStream();
for(int i=0;i<Integer.parseInt(dim_image);i++)
{
op.write(blocco[i]);
}
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
con.close();
} catch(Exception e) {
out.println("An error occurs : " + e.toString());
}
}
%>

Q) How do I pass values from a list box (with multiple selects) to a Java Bean?
Consider the following HTML, which basically allows the user to select multiple values by means of a checkbox:

What's your favorite movie?

<form method=post action=Movies.jsp>
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="2001: A Space Odyssey"> 2001: A Space Odyssey
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="The Waterboy"> The Waterboy
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="The Tin Drum"> The Tin Drum
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="Being John"> Being John Malkovich
<input type=submit>
</form>
To handle HTML elements like checkboxes and lists which can be used to select multiple values, you need to use a
bean with indexed properties (arrays). The following bean can be used to store the data selected from the above check
box, since it contains an indexed property movies:

package foo;
public class MovieBean {
private String[] movies;
public MovieBean() {
String movies[] = new String[0];
}
public String[] getMovies() {
return movies;
}
public void setMovies(String[] m) {
this.movies = m;
}
}

Although a good design pattern would be to have the names of the bean properties match those of the HTML input form
elements, it need not always be the case, as indicated within this example. The JSP code to process the posted form
data is as follows:

<html> <body>
<%! String[] movies; %>

<jsp:useBean id="movieBean" class="foo.MovieBean">

<jsp:setProperty name="movieBean" property="movies" param="faveMovies" />
</jsp:useBean>

<% movies = movieBean.getMovies();

if (movies != null) {
Page 47
 out.println("You selected: <br>");
out.println("<ul>");
for (int i = 0; i < movies.length; i++) {
out.println ("<li>"+movies[i]+"</li>");
}
out.println("</ul>");
} else
out.println ("Don't you watch any movies?!");
%>
</body></html>

Q) Tag Libraries
These all methods are callback methods.
Tag methods: doStartTag()
doEndTag()
Body Tag : doAfterBody()

===============================================================================

JDBC Questions

Q) What Class.forName will do while loading drivers?

A) Will create an instance of the driver and register with the DriverManager.

Page 48
Q) JDBC 3.0 new features?
A) 1. Transaction Savepoint support: - Added the Savepoint interface, which contains new methods to set, release, or
roll back a transaction to designated savepoints.
2. Reuse of prepared statements by connection pools: - to control how prepared statements are pooled and reused by
connections.
3. Connection pool configuration :- Defined a number of properties for the ConnectionPoolDataSource interface.
These properties can be used to describe how PooledConnection objects created by DataSource objects should be
pooled.
4. Retrieval of parameter metadata: - Added the interface ParameterMetaData, which describes the number, type
and properties of parameters to prepared statements.
5. Retrieval of auto-generated keys: - Added a means of retrieving values from columns containing automatically
generated values.
6. Multiple open ResultSet objects: - Added the new method getMoreResults(int).
7. Passing parameters to CallableStatement objects by name: - Added methods to allow a string to identify the
parameter to be set for a CallableStatement object.
8. Holdable cursor support: - Added the ability to specify the of holdability of a ResultSet object.
9. BOOLEAN data type: - Added the data type java.sql.Types.BOOLEAN. BOOLEAN is logically equivalent to BIT.
10. Making internal updates to the data in Blob and Clob objects: - Added methods to allow the data contained in Blob
and Clob objects to be altered.
11. Retrieving and updating the object referenced by a Ref object: - Added methods to retrieve the object referenced by
a Ref object. Also added the ability to update a referenced object through the Ref object.
12. Updating of columns containing BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY and REF types: - Added of the updateBlob, updateClob,
updateArray, and updateRef methods to the ResultSet interface.

Q) JDBC Drivers

o JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

o Native API - Partly Java Driver
o Network protocol - All Java Driver
o Native Protocol - Pure Java Driver

Tier Driver mechanism Description

JDBC access via most ODBC drivers, some ODBC binary code and
client code must be loaded on each client machine. This driver is
Two JDBC-ODBC commonly used for prototyping. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge is JDBC
driver which implements JDBC operations by translating them to
ODBC operations.
This driver converts JDBC calls to database specific native calls.
Two Native API - Partly Java driver
Client requires database specific libraries.
This driver converts JDBC calls into DBMS independent network
protocol that is sent to the middleware server. This will translate this
Three Network protocol - All Java Driver DBMS independent network protocol into DBMS specific protocol,
which is sent to a particular database. The results are again rooted
back to middleware server and sent back to client.
They are pure java driver, they communicate directly with the vendor
Two Native protocol - All - Java driver
database.

Q) JDBC connection
import java.sql.*;
public class JDBCSample {
public static void main(java.lang.String[] args) {
try {
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("Unable to load Driver Class");
return;
}
try {

Page 49
 Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:companydb","", "");
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT FIRST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES");
while(rs.next()) {
System.out.println(rs.getString("FIRST_NAME"));
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
con.close();
}
catch (SQLException se) {
System.out.println("SQL Exception: " + se.getMessage());
}
}
}

Q) 4th type driver

class.forName(“oracle.jdbcdriver.oracledriver”);
connection con = driverManager.getConnection(“JDBC:oracle:thin:@hostname:portno:oracleservice”,”uid”, “pwd”);

Q) Steps to connect to JDBC?

A) 1. First thing is using jdbc you have to establish a connection to the data base this is 2 steps process (i) you must
load the jdbc driver (ii) then make a connection, to do this we can call the getConnection() method of driver manager
class.
2. To execute any sql commands using jdbc connection you must first create a statement object to create this call
statement st = con.createSteatement().
This is done by calling the createStatement() method in connection interface. Once the statement is created you can
executed it by calling execute() method of the statement interface.

Q) Resultset Types
rs.beforeFirst()  goto 1st record
rs.afterLast()  goto last record
isFirst() / isLast()
res.absolute(4)  will got 4th record in result set.
rs.deleteRow()
rs.updateRow(3,88)  value in column 3 of resultset is set to 88.
rs.updateFloat()
rs.relative(2)

Q) Transactional Savepoints
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement ();
Int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate ("insert into etable (event) values ('TMM')");
Int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate ("insert into costs (cost) values (45.0)");
Savepoint sv1 = conn.setSavePoint ("svpoint1"); // create save point for inserts
Int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate ("delete from employees");
Conn.rollback (sv1); // discard the delete statement but keep the inserts
Conn.commit; // inserts are now permanent

Q) Updating BLOB & CLOB Data Types

rs.next();
Blob data = rs.getClob (1);
Rs.close();
// now let's insert this history into another table
stmt.setClob (1, data); // data is the Clob object we retrieved from the history table
int InsertCount = stmt.executeUpdate("insert into EscalatedIncidents (IncidentID, CaseHistory, Owner)"
+ " Values (71164, ?, 'Goodson') ");

Q Retreiving / Storing / Updating Array of Objects

Array a = rs.getArray(1);
Pstmt.setArray(2, member_array);
Rs.updateArray(“last_num”,num);
Page 50
Q) How to execute no of queries at one go?
A) By using a batchUpdate's (i.e. throw addBatch() and executeBatch()) in java.sql.Statement interface or by using
procedures.

Q) Batch Updates
CallableStatement stmt = con.prepareCall(“{call employeeInfo (?)}”);
stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO employees VALUES (1000, 'Joe Jones')");
stmt.addBatch("INSERT INTO departments VALUES (260, 'Shoe')");
// submit a batch of update commands for execution
int[] updateCounts = stmt.executeBatch();

Q) Multiple Resultset
A) The methods getMoreResults, getUpdateCount, and getResultSet can be used to retrieve all the results.
CallableStatement cstmt = connection.prepareCall(procCall);
boolean retval = cstmt.execute();
if (retval == false) {
} else {
ResultSet rs1 = cstmt.getResultSet();

retval = cstmt.getMoreResults(Statement.KEEP_CURRENT_RESULT);
if (retval == true) {
ResultSet rs2 = cstmt.getResultSet();
rs2.next();
rs1.next();
}
}
CLOSE_ALL_RESULTS All previously opened ResultSet objects should be closed when calling
getMoreResults().
CLOSE_CURRENT_RESULT The current ResultSet object should be closed when calling
getMoreResults().
KEEP_CURRENT_RESULT The current ResultSet object should not be closed when calling
getMoreResults().

Q) Diff execute() ,executeUpdate() and executeQuery() ?

A) execute() returns a boolean value, which may return multiple results.
executeUpdate() is used for nonfetching queries, which returns int value and tell how many rows will be affected.
executeQuery() is used for fetching queries, which returns single ResulSet object and never return Null value.

Q) How to move the cursor in scrollable resultset?

Type of a ResultSet object:-
TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY, TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE, TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,
CONCUR_READ_ONLY and CONCUR_UPDATABLE.
Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COLUMN_1, COLUMN_2 FROM TABLE_NAME");
rs.afterLast();
while (srs.previous()) {
String name = rs.getString("COLUMN_1");
float salary = rs.getFloat("COLUMN_2");
rs.absolute(4); // cursor is on the fourth row
int rowNum = rs.getRow(); // rowNum should be 4
rs.relative(-3);
int rowNum = rs.getRow(); // rowNum should be 1
rs.relative(2);
int rowNum = rs.getRow(); // rowNum should be 3
//...
Page 51
 }

Q) How to “Update” & “Delete” a resultset programmatically?

Update: -
Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,
ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
ResultSet uprs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT COLUMN_1, COLUMN_2 FROM TABLE_NAME");
uprs.last();
uprs.updateFloat("COLUMN_2", 25.55);//update last row's data
uprs.updateRow();//don't miss this method, otherwise, the data will be lost.

Delete: -
uprs.absolute(5);
uprs.deleteRow(); // will delete row 5.

Q) JDBC connection pool

When you are going to caret a pool of connection to the database. This will give access to a collection of
already opened data base connections, which will reduce the time it takes to service the request and you can service “n”
number of request at once.

Q) Why you need JDBC if ODBC is available?

A) ODBC is purely written in “c” so we cannot directly connect with java. JDBC is a low level pure java API used to
execute SQL statements. (i) ODBC is not appropriate for direct use from java because it uses “c” interfaces. Calls from
java to native “c” code has number of drawbacks in the security, implementation and robustness.

Q) Can we establish the connection with ODBC itself?

A) Yes, using java native classes we have to write a program.

Q) What is necessity of JDBC in JDBC-ODBC bridge?

A) The purpose of JDBC is to link java API to the ODBC, ODBC return high level “c” API so the JDBC converts “c” level
API to java API.

Q) Does the JDBC-ODBC Bridge support multiple concurrent open statements per connection?
A) No. You can open only one Statement object per connection when you are using the JDBC-ODBC Bridge.

Q) Is the JDBC-ODBC Bridge multi-threaded?

A) No. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge does not support concurrent access from different threads. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge
uses synchronized methods to serialize all of the calls that it makes to ODBC

Q) Dynamically creating Tables

Statement st = con.cretaeStatement();
Int n = st.executeUpdate(“create table “ + uname+ “(sno int, sentby varchar(10), subject varchar(15)”);

Q) Statements in JDBC

Statement  Does not take any arguments, In this statement it will check syntax error and execute it every
time (it will parse every time).

Prepare statement  P.S are precompiled statements once we compile the statements and send it to the server for
later use. P.S are partially compiled statements placed at server side with placeholders. Before execution of these
statements user has to supply values for place holders, it will increase performance of application.

PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE deptno=?");

DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(“System.in”);
Int dno = Integer.ParseInt(dis.readLine());
pst.setInt(1, dno);
ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery();

Callable statement  C.S used to retrieve data by invoking stored procedures, stored procedure are program units
placed at data base server side for reusability. These are used by n-number of clients. Stored procedure is precompiled
in RDBMS, so they can run faster than the dynamic sql.
Page 52
Callable statement will call a single stored procedure, they perform multiple queries and updates without network traffic.

callableStatement cst = con.prepareCall(“{CALL procedure-name(??)} ”);

DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(“System.in”);
Int enum = Integer.ParseInt(dis.readLine());
cst.setInt(1, enum);
cst.registerOutParameter(2, types.VARCHAR)
resultset rs = cst.execute();

In  used to send information to the procedure.

Out  used to retrieve information from data base.
InOut  both.

Q) In which interface the methods commit() & rollback() savepoint() defined ?

A) java.sql.Connection interface

Q) Retrieving very large values from database?

A) getASSCIISteram()  read values which are character in nature.
GetBinaryStream()  used to read images.
Q) ResultSetMetaData
It is used to find out the information of a table in a data base.
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM "+ table);
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();

Methods  getColumnCount(), getColumnName(), getColumnLabel(), getColumnType(), getTableName(),

Q) Database MetaData
You need some information about the “data base” & “dictionary” we use this .To find out tables, stored procedure
names, columns in a table, primary key of a table we use this, this is the largest interface in java.sql package

Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(jdbcURL, "", "");

DatabaseMetaData dbmd = con.getMetaData();
ResultSet rs= dbmd.getxxx();

Methods  getColumns(), getTableTypes(), getTables(), getDriverName(), getMajorVersion(), get MinorVersion(),

getProcedures(), getProcedureColumns(), getTables().

Q) SQL Warnings
Warnings may be retrieved from Connection, Statement, and ResultSet objects. Trying to retrieve a warning on a
connection after it has been closed will cause an exception to be thrown. Similarly, trying to retrieve a warning on a
statement after it has been closed or on a result set after it has been closed will cause an exception to be thrown. Note
that closing a statement also closes a result set that it might have produced.

Connection.getWarnings()
Statement.getWarnings(),
ResultSet.getWarnings(), Serialized Form

SQLWarning warning = stmt.getWarnings();

if (warning != null)
{
while (warning != null)
{
System.out.println("Message: " + warning.getMessage());
System.out.println("SQLState: " + warning.getSQLState());
System.out.print("Vendor error code: ");
System.out.println(warning.getErrorCode());
warning = warning.getNextWarning();
}
}
Page 53
Q) Procedure
Procedure is a subprogram will perform some specific action, sub programs are name PL/SQL blocks that can
take parameters to be invoked.

create (or) replace procedure procedure-name (id IN INTEGER , bal IN OUT FLOAT) IS
BEGIN
select balance into bal from accounts where account_id = id;
Bal: = bal + bal * 0.03;
Update accounts set balance = bal where account_id = id;
END;

Q) Trigger
Trigger is a stored PL/SQL block associated with a specific database table. Oracle executes triggers
automatically when ever a given SQL operation effects the table, we can associate 12 data base triggers with in a given
table.

Create/Replace trigger before Insert (or) Delete (or) Update on emp for each row
Begin
Insert into table-name values(:empno; :name)
end

Q) Stored Images into a table

Public class img

{
Public static void main(String args[]){
Class.forName();
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection();
Preparestatement pst = con.prepareStatement(“insert into image value(?));
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(“a.gif”);
Pst.setBinaryStream(1, fis, fis.available);
Int I = pst.executeUpadate();
}

Retrieve Image

Statement st = con.CreateStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(“select * from img”);
Rs.next();
InputStream is = rs.getBinaryStream(1);
FileOutPutStream fos = new FileOutPutStream(“g2.gif”);
Int ch;
While((ch=is.read(1))!=!-1)
{
fos.write(ch);
}

Threading Questions

Page 54
Q) What threads will start when you start the java program?
A) Finalizer, Main, Reference Handler, Signal dispatcher.

Q) Thread
Thread is a smallest unit of dispatchable code.

Q) Diff process and threads?

A) Thread is a smallest unit of dispatchable code, Process is a sub program will perform some specific actions.
(I) Process is a heavy weight task and is more cost. (ii) Thread is a lightweight task, which is of low cost.
(iii) A Program can contain more than one thread. (v) A program under execution is called as process.

Q) Sleep(), wait(), notify(), notifyAll(), stop(), suspend(), resume()

sleep  sleep for a thread until some specific amount of time.

wait  wait for a thread until some specific condition occurs (Or) Tells the calling thread to give up the
monitor and go to sleep until some other thread enters the same monitor and calls notify().
notify( )  wakes up the first thread that called wait() on the same object.
notifyAll( ) wakes up all the threads that called wait() on the same object, the highest priority thread will run first.
stop( )  The thread move to dead state.
suspend( ) & resume( )  To pass and restart the execution of a thread. In case of suspend, thread will be suspended
by calling the lock on the object. Resume will restart from where it is suspended.
join( )  wait for a thread to terminate.

Q) Yield( )
Yield method temporarily stop the callers thread and put at the end of queue to wait for another turn to be
executed. It is used to make other threads of the same priority have the chance to run.

 Thread.sleep(milliseconds);
 Thread.sleep(milliseconds, nanoseconds);

Q) Multi Threading
Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the
process.

Q) Daemon Thread
Daemon thread is one which serves another thread, it has no other role normally a daemon thread carry some
background program. When daemon thread remains the program exist.

Q) Thread Priority
MIN_PRIORITY = 1
NORM_PRIORITY = 5
MAX_PRIORITY = 10

Q) Can I restart a stopped thread?

A) Once a thread is stopped, it cannot be restarted. Keep in mind though that the use of the stop() method of Thread is
deprecated and should be avoided.

Q) Thread Priorities

Class A implements Runnable{

Thread t;
Public clicker(int p){
T = new Thread(this)
t.setPriority(p);
}
public void run(){
}
public void stop(){
}
public void start(){

Page 55
t.start();
}
try{
thread.sleep(1000);
}
lo.stop();
hi.stop();
try{
hi.t.join();
lo.t.join();
}
class HiLo{
public static void main(Stirng args[]){
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
Clicker hi = new Clicker(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY+2);
Clicker lo = new Clicker(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY-2);
Lo.start();
Hi.start();

Q) What is the use of start() function in starting a thread? why we do not use the run() method directly to run
the thread?
 Start method tell the JVM that it needs to create a system specific thread. After creating the system resources it
passes the runnable object to it to execute the run() method.
 Calling run() method directly has the thread execute in the same as the calling object, not a separate thread of
execution.

Q) What are the different levels of locking using ‘Synchronize’ key word?
A) Class level, method level, object level, block level

Q) Which attribute are thread safe?

Objective Multi Threaded Model Single threaded Model
Local variables Y Y
Instance variables N Y
Class variables N N
Request attributes Y Y
Session attributes N N
Context attributes N N

Page 56
 EJB Questions

Q: What is the J2EE?

The J2EE is a set of coordinated specifications and practices that together enable solutions for developing, deploying
and managing multi-tier server-centric applications.

Q) What is enterprise java bean? Why ejb?

A) It’s a collection of java classes and xml descriptor files bundled together as a unit. The java classes must provide
certain rules and call back methods as per ejb specifications.
When the application is so complex and requires certain enterprise level services such as concurrency, scalability,
transaction services, resource pooling, security, fail-over, load-balancing ejb is the right choice.

Q) New in EJB 2.1?

 Message-driven beans (MDBs): can now accept messages from sources other than JMS.
 EJB query language (EJB-QL): many new functions are added to this language: ORDER BY, AVG, MIN, MAX, SUM,
COUNT, and MOD.
 Support for Web services: stateless session beans can be invoked over SOAP/HTTP. Also, an EJB can easily access
a Web service using the new service reference.
 EJB timer service: a new event-based mechanism for invoking EJBs at specific times.
 Many small changes: support for the latest versions of Java specifications, XML schema, and message destinations.

Q) Application server & Web server

 A.S is a generalized server for running more than one application like ejb, rmi, jsp and servlets.
 W.S is for request, response paradigm. It takes the client request and send response back to the client and the
connection is closed.
 A.S cannot process Http request, but takes the forwarded request from W.S and process the business logic and send
the output to the W.S which it turns send to the client.
 W.S understands and supports only HTTP protocol whereas an Application Server supports HTTP, TCP/IP and many
more protocols.
 A.S manage transactions, security, persistence, clustering, caching, but W.S cannot help in this regards. W.S takes
only the Http request.
 A.S provides runtime environment for server side components, they provide middleware services such as resource
pooling and network.

Q) What does Container contain?

A) 1. Support for Transaction Management, 2. Support for Security 3. Support for Persistence 4. Support for
management of multiple instances (Instance passivation, Instance Pooling, Database connection pooling)
5. Life Cycle Management

Q) SessionBeans
Session beans are not persistence there are short lived beans. S.B can perform database operations but S.B it
self is not a persistence objects. S.B are business process objects they implements business logic, business rules and
workflow.

Q) Statefull Session Bean & Stateless Session Bean

Page 57
Stateless Session Bean Stateful Session Bean
Stateless session bean these are single request Statefull session bean is a bean that is designed to
business process is one that does not require service business process that span multiple methods
state to be maintained across method invocation. request/transaction, S.S.B can retain their state on the
Stateless session bean cannot hold the state. behalf of individual client.
There should be one and only one create method There can be one or more create methods with or
that to without any argument in the home without arguments in the Home Interface.
interface.
Stateless session bean instance can be pooled. Statefull session bean do not have pooling concept.
Therefore “n” number of beans can cater to n+1 Stateful bean will be given individual copy for every user.
number of clients.
Stateless bean will not be destroyed after client Stateful bean will be destroyed once the client has gone
has gone. (or after session time out)
If the business last only for a single method call, If the business process spans multiple invocations there
S.S.B are suitable by requiring a conversational then S.S.B will be ideal
choice.
Stateless session bean cannot have instance Stateful session bean will have instance variable and
variable state is maintained in these instance variables
EjbRemove() method does not destroy the bean , Stateful bean can be destroyed by calling the
it remains in the pooled state. ejbRemove() method

Q) Entity Bean
Entity beans are permanent business entities because their state is saved in permanent data storage. E.B are
persistence objects, E.B contain data related logic. E.B are permanent so if any machine crashes, the E.B can be
reconstructed in memory again by simple reading the data back in from the database.

Bean managed Persistence & Container managed Persistence

 B.P is an entity bean that must be persisted by hand, other words component developer must write the code to
translate your in-memory fields into an underlying data store. You handle these persist operations your self, you place
your data base calls in ejbLoad() and ejbStore(). Finder methods only for B.M.P for C.M.P your ejb container will
implement the finder methods. In this commit, rollback, begin are transactions In B.M.P findByPK() return a reference
to the actual bean object.
 You do not have to do anything to synchronize with database. In entity bean deployment descriptor you specify which
fields that the container should manage. The transactions in C.M.P are TX-Support, TX-NotSupport, TX-require. He
findByPK() in C.M.P return void because the method is internally implemented.

Q) Message Driven Bean

 M.D.B process messages asynchronously are deliver via JMS. M.D.B’s are stateless, server side, transaction aware
components used for asynchronous JMS messages. It acts as a JMS message listener which JMS messages, the
messages may be sent by any J2ee component, an application client, another enterprise bean, or by a JMS application.
When EJB application server starts it parse the D.D and then loads and initializes declared beans. In case of M.D.B
container establish a connection with the message provide(MOM server), client access message beans through the
beans JMS interface (java.JMS.messageListerner) which exposes a single method.
Public void onmessage(javax.JMS.message message)

Q) Diff Statefull Session & Entity Bean?

Both S.S.B & E.B undergo passivation and activation. The E.B have a separate ejbStore() callback for saving
state during passivation & a separate ejbLoad() callback for loading state during activation. We do not need these
callbacks for S.S.B because the container is simply uses object serialization to persist S.S.B fields.

Q) Diff MDB & Stateless Session beans?

- MDB’s process multiple JMS messages asynchronously, rather than processing a serialized sequence of method calls.
- MDB have no H.I / R.I, and therefore cannot be directly accessed by internal or external clients. Clients interact with
MDB’s only indirectly, by sending a message to a JMS Queue or Topic.
- Only the container directly interacts with a message-driven bean by creating bean instances and passing JMS
messages to those instances as necessary
-The Container maintains the entire lifecycle of a MDB; instances cannot be created or removed as a result of client
requests or other API calls.

Page 58
Q) When to choose Statefull & Stateless Session bean?
A) Does the business process span multiple method invocations, requiring a conversational state if so the state full
model fits very nicely. If your business process last for a single method call the stateless paradigm will better suite
needed.

Q) When to choose Session Bean & Entity Bean?

 E.B are effective when application want to access one row at a time, if many rows needed to be fetched using
session bean can be better alternative.
 E.B are effective when working with one row at a time cause of lot of N.W traffic. S.B are efficient when client wants
to access database directly, fetching, updating multiple rows from database.
 S.B for application logic.

Q) When to choose CMP & BMP?

CMP is used when the persistent data store is a relational database and there is “one to one” mapping
between a data represented in a table in the relational database and the ejb object.
Bean managed persistence is used when there is no “one to one” mapping of the table and a complex query
retrieving data from several tables needs to be performed to construct an ejb object. Bean managed is also used when
the persistence data storage is not a relational database.

Q) How do Stateful Session beans maintain consistency across transaction updates?

A) S.S.B maintain data consistency by updating their fields each time a transaction is committed. To keep informed of
changes in transation status, a S.S.B implements the SessionSynchronization interface. Container then calls methods
of this interface as it initiates and completes transactions involving the bean.

Q) Can't stateful session beans persistent? Is it possible to maintain persistence temporarily in stateful
sessionbeans?
A) Session beans are not designed to be persistent, whether stateful or stateless. A stateful session bean instance
typically can't survive system failures and other destructive events.
Yes, it is possible using Handle.

Q) Object-Relational Mapping
Mapping of objects to relational database is a technology called O.R.M. O.R.M is a persistence mechanism of
persistence objects than simple object serialization.

Q) Deployment Descriptor
D.D contains information for all the beans in the “ejb.jar” file. D.D enables ejb container to provide implicit
services to enterprise bean components, these services can gain your bean with out coding. D.D is a XML file.

Q) ejbCreate()
In stateless session bean can have only one ejbCreate() method it must take no arguments. Remember that
ejbCreate() is essentially analogous to a constructor for ejb; it initializes an instance internal state variable. Because the
stateless session bean has no client specific variables.

Q) Can a Session Bean be defined without ejbCreate() method?

The ejbCreate() methods is part of the bean's lifecycle, so, the compiler will not return an error because there is no
ejbCreate() method.

- The home interface of a Stateless Session Bean must have a single create() method with no arguments, while the
session bean class must contain exactly one ejbCreate() method, also without arguments.
- Stateful Session Beans can have arguments (more than one create method). Stateful beans can contain multiple
ejbCreate() as long as they match with the home interface definition

Q) Can I develop an Entity Bean without implementing the create() method in the home interface?
As per the specifications, there can be 'ZERO' or 'MORE' create() methods defined in an Entity Bean. In cases
where create() method is not provided, the only way to access the bean is by knowing its primary key, and by acquiring
a handle to it by using its corresponding finder method. In those cases, you can create an instance of a bean based on
the data present in the table. All one needs to know is the primary key of that table. i.e. a set a columns that uniquely
identify a single row in that table. Once this is known, one can use the 'getPrimaryKey()' to get a remote reference to
that bean, which can further be used to invoke business methods.

Page 59
Q) How do you determine whether two entity beans are the same?
A) By invoking the EntityBean.isIdentical method. This method should be implemented by the entity bean developer to
determine when two references are to the same object.

Q) How can you capture if findBy method returns more than one row?
A) If finder method returns more than one row, create or instantiate an object (which has instance variable equal to
number of columns to be stored) each time and add the object to vector that stores. Vector stores only the memory
address not object reference. So every time when you instantiate and store object into vector a separate memory
address will be allocated and the same is stored in the vector.

Q) Diff Context, InitialContext & SessionContext & EntityContext

javax.naming.Context is an interface that provides methods for binding a name to an object. It's much like the RMI
Naming.bind() method.

javax.naming.InitialContext is a Context and provides implementation for methods available in the Context interface.

Where as SessionContext is an EJBContext object that is provided by the EJB container to a SessionBean in order for
the SessionBean to access the information and/or services or the container.

There is EntityContext too which is also and EJBContext object that'll be provided to an EntityBean for the purpose of
the EntityBean accessing the container details. In general, the EJBContext (SessionContext and EntityContext),
AppletContext and ServletContext help the corresponding Java objects in knowing about its 'context' [environment in
which they run], and to access particular information and/or service. Where as, the javax.naming.Context is for the
purpose of 'NAMING' [by the way of referring to] an object.

Q) Can i call remove() on a Stateless Session bean?

A) Yes, The life of a Stateless Session bean for a client is just till the execution of the method that the client would have
called on the bean…after the execution of that method if the client calls another method, then a different bean is taken
from the pool. So the container very well knows that a bean has finished its life for a client and can put it back in the
pool.

Q) Can a Stateless Session Bean maintain state?

A) Yes, A Stateless Session bean can contain no-client specific state across client-invoked methods. For ex states
such as socket connection, dbase connection, references to an EJBObject and so on can be maintained.

Q) How can I map a single Entity Bean to multiple tables?

A) If you use Bean-Managed Persistence(BMP), map the bean to tables manually. Consider applying the DAO design
pattern to accomplish this.
If you choose Container-Managed Persistence(CMP), use the vendors object/relational mapping tool to specify the
mapping between your object state and the persistence schema.

Q) Can EJB handle transaction across multiple databases?

A) The transaction manager in EJB handling transaction across multiple databases. This is accomplished with multiple
Entity beans handling to each database and a single session bean to manage a transaction with the Entity bean.

Q) Session Bean CallBack methods?

public interface javax.ejb.SessionBean extends javax.ejb.EnterpriseBean
{
public abstract void ejbActivate();
public abstract void ejbCreate();
public abstract void ejbPassivate();
public abstract void ejbRemove();
public abstract void setSessionContext(SessionContext ctx);
}

SessionContext  S.C is your beans gateway to interact with the container, S.C query the container about your
current transactional state, your security state.

ejbCreate()

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ejbPassivate( )  If too many beans are instantiated, the container can passivate some of them .ie write the bean to
some temp storage. The container should release all resources held by the bean. Just before passivating, the container
calls the ejbPassivate() method. So release all resources here, i.e. close socket connections..etc.

ejbActivate( )  When a passiavted bean is called, its said to be activated. The container then calls the ejbActivate()
method. Acquire all the required resources for the bean in this method. ie get socket connection

ejbRemove() container wants to remove your bean instance it will call this method.

Q) Entity Bean CallBack methods?

public interface javax.ejb.EntityBean extends javax.ejb.EnterpriseBean
{
public abstract void ejbActivate();
public abstract void ejbLoad();
public abstract void ejbPassivate();
public abstract void ejbRemove();
public abstract void ejbStore();
public abstract void setEntityContext(EntityContext ctx);
public abstract void unsetEntityContext();
}

Q) EJBContext Rollback Methods

EJBContext interface provides the methods setRollbackOnly() & getRollbackOnly().

setRollbackOnly( ) Once a bean invokes the setRollbackOnly() method, the current transaction is marked for rollback
and cannot be committed by any other participant in the transaction--including the container.
getRollbackOnly( ) method returns true if the current transaction has been marked for rollback. This can be used to
avoid executing work that wouldn't be committed anyway.

Q) How can I call one EJB from inside of another EJB?

A) EJB can be clients of another EJB’s it just works. Use JNDI to locate the Home Interface of the other bean, and then
acquire an instance.

Q) Conversational & Non-conversational

Conversational is an interaction between the bean and client, stateless session bean is a bean that do not hold multi
method conversation with clients. Stateless.S.B cannot hold state, Statefull.S.B can hold conversational with client that
may span multiple method requests.

Q) JNDI to locate Home Objects

H.O are physically located some where on the N.W, perhaps in the address space of the Ejb Container. For client to
locate H.O, you must provide nick name for your beans H.O. Client will use this nick name to identify the H.O it wants,
we will specify the nice name in the Deployment descriptor. Container will use this nick name, JNDI goes over the N.W
to some directory service to look for the H.O.

Properties props = System.getProperties();

Context ctx = new InitialContext(props);
MyHome home = (MyHome)ctx.lookup(“MyHome”);
MyRemoteInterface remote = home.create();

Q) ejbCretae( ) & ejbPostCreate( )

 ejbCreate() is called just before the state of the bean is written to the persistence storage. After this method is
completed a new record is created and written.
 ejbPostCreate() is called after the bean has been written to the database and the bean data has been assigned to
an Ejb object.

Q) EAR, WAR, JAR

 All EJB classes should package in a JAR file, All web components pages, servlets, gif, html, applets, beans, ejb
modules, classes should be packaged into WAR file. EAR file contain all the JAR & WAR files. Note that each JAR,
WAR, EAR file will contain D.D

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Q) What is the need of Remote and Home interface. Why cant it be in one?
The home interface is your way to communicate with the container, that is who is responsible of creating, locating even
removing one or more beans. The remote interface is your link to the bean, that will allow you to remotely access to all
its methods and members. As you can see there are two distinct elements (the container and beans) and you need two
different interfaces for accessing to both of them.

Q) Life cycle

Life cycle of a Stateful Session Bean

- Stateful session bean has 3 states Does Not Exist, Method Ready Pool and Passivated states.
- A bean has not yet instantiated when it is in the Does Not Exist Sate.
- Once a container creates one are more instance of a Stateful Session bean it sets them in a Method Ready
State. In this state it can serve requests from its clients. Like Stateless beans, a new instance is
created(Class.newInstance()), the context is passed (setSessionContext()) and finally the bean is created with
the ejbCreate().
- ejbPassivate( ) If too many beans are instantiated, the container can passivate some of them .ie write the
bean to some temp storage. The container should release all resources held by the bean. Just before
passivating, the container calls the ejbPassivate() method. So release all resources here,ie,close socket
connections..Etc.
- ejbActivate( ) When a passiavted bean is called, its said to be activated. The container then calls the
ejbActivate() method. Acquire all the required resources for the bean in this method. ie get socket connection

Life cycle of a Stateless Session Bean : -

- A S.S.B has only two states: Does Not Exist and Method Ready Pool.
- A bean has not yet instantiated when it is in the Does Not Exist Sate.
- When the EJB container needs one are more beans, it creates and set then in the Method Ready Pool Sate.
This happens through the creation of a new instance(Class.newInstance()), then it is set its context
(setSessionContext()) and finally calls the ejbCreate() method.
- The ejbRemove() method is called to move a bean from the Method Ready Pool back to Does Not Exist State.

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Life cycle of Entity bean
- Bean instance “Dose not exist” state represent entity bean instance that has not been instantiated yet.
- To create a new instance container calls the newInstance() on entity bean class.
- After step 2 E.B is in a pool of other E.Bs. At this point your E.B does not have any E.B data base data loaded
into it and it does not hold any bean specific resources (socket & database connections) .If the container wants
to reduce it’s pool size it can destroy your bean by calling unsetEntityContext() on your bean.
- When the client wants to create some new data base data it calls a create() method on entity beans
HomeObject. The container grabs the beans instance from the pool and the instance ejbCreate() method is
called.
- E.B to be kicked back to pool, if a client call ejbremove() method.
- ejbPassivate( ) If too many beans are instantiated, the container can passivate some of them .ie write the
bean to some temp storage. The container should release all resources held by the bean. Just before
passivating, the container calls the ejbPassivate() method. So release all resources here, ie,close socket
connections..etc.
- ejbActivate( ) When a passiavted bean is called, its said to be activated. The container then calls the
ejbActivate() method. Acquire all the required resources for the bean in this method. ie get socket connection
-

Life cycle of M.D.B

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Does Not Exist
When an MDB instance is in the Does Not Exist state, it is not an instance in the memory of the system. In other words,
it has not been instantiated yet.

The Method-Ready Pool

MDB instances enter the Method-Ready Pool as the container needs them. When the EJB server is first started, it may
create a number of MDB instances and enter them into the Method-Ready Pool. (The actual behavior of the server
depends on the implementation.) When the number of MDB instances handling incoming messages is insufficient, more
can be created and added to the pool.

Transitioning to the Method-Ready Pool

When an instance transitions from the Does Not Exist state to the Method-Ready Pool, three operations are performed
on it. First, the bean instance is instantiated when the container invokes the Class.newInstance() method on the MDB
class. Second, the setMessageDrivenContext() method is invoked by the container providing the MDB instance with a
reference to its EJBContext. The MessageDrivenContext reference may be stored in an instance field of the MDB.
Finally, the no-argument ejbCreate() method is invoked by the container on the bean instance. The MDB has only one
ejbCreate() method, which takes no arguments. The ejbCreate() method is invoked only once in the life cycle of the
MDB.

Q) Transaction Isolation levels

TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED
The transaction can read uncommitted data. Dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantom reads can occur. Bean
methods with this isolation level can read uncommitted change.

TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED
The transaction cannot read uncommitted data; data that is being changed by a different transaction cannot be read.
Dirty-reads are prevented; nonrepeatable reads and phantom reads can occur. Bean methods with this isolation level
cannot read uncommitted data.

TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ
The transaction cannot change data that is being read by a different transaction.
Dirty reads and nonrepeatable reads are prevented; phantom reads can occur. Bean methods with this isolation level
have the same restrictions as Read Committed and can only execute repeatable reads.

TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE
The transaction has exclusive read and update privileges to data; different transactions can neither read nor write the
same data. Dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantom reads are prevented. This isolation level is the most
restrictive.

Dirty-read  When your application reads data from a database that has not been committed to permanent storage
yet.

Un-repeatable read  When a component reads some data from a database, but upon reading the data, the data has
been changed. This can arise when another concurrently executing transaction modifies the data being read.

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Phantom-read  Phantom is a new set of data that magically appears in a database between two databases read
operations.

Q) Diff Phantom & Un-repeatable

Un-repeatable occurs when existing data is changed, where as phantom read occurs when new data is inserted
that does not exist before.

Q) Transaction Attributes

TX_BEAN_MANAGED  Then your bean programmatically controls its own transaction boundaries. When you using
programmatically transaction, you issue the begin, commit & abort statements.

TX_NOT_SUPPORTED  If you set this your bean cannot be involved in a transaction at all.

TX_REQUIRED  If you want your bean to always run in a transaction. If there is a transaction already running your bean joins in on
that transaction. If there is no transaction running, the container starts one for you.

TX_REQUIRES_NEW  If you always want a new transaction to begin when your bean is called we should use this. If there is a
transaction already underway when your bean called, that transaction is suspended during the bean invocation. The container then
launches a new transaction and delegate the call to the bean.

TX_SUPPORTS  When a client call this it runs only in a transaction if the client had one running already; it then joins that
transaction. If no transaction, the bean runs with no transaction at all.

TX_MANDATORY  Is a safe transaction attribute to use. It guarantees that your bean should run in a transaction. There is no way
your bean can be called if there is not a transaction already running.

Q) ACID Properties
When you properly use transaction your operations will execute ACID properties.

Atomicity  Guarantees that many operations are bundled together and appears as one contiguous unit of work.
Ex:- When you transfer money from one bank account to another you want to add funds to one account and remove
funds from the other transaction and you want both operations to occur or neither to occur.

Consistency  Guarantees that a transaction will leave the system state to be consistent after a transaction
completes.
Ex: - A bank system state could be consist if the rule “bank account balance must always be +ve”.

Isolation  Protect concurrently executing transaction from seeing each other incomplete results.
Ex: - If you write a bank account data to a database, the transaction may obtain locks on the bank account record (or)
table. The lock guarantee that no other updates can interfere.

Durability  Resources keep a transactional log for resources crashes; the permanent data can be reconstructed by
reapplying the steps in the log.

Q) Diff Sax & DOM

DOM SAX
1. Tree of nodes 1.Sequence of events
2. Occupies more memory preferred for 2.Does not use any memory preferred for large
small XML documents documents.
3. Slower at runtime 3.Faster at runtime
4. Stored as objects 4.Objects are to be created
5. Programmatically easy, since objects 5.Need to write code for creating objects are to
6. Easy of navigation referred
7. DOM creates a tree structure in memory 6.backward navigation is not possible

Q) Hot deployment
Hot Deployment in Web Logic is he acts of deploying, re-deploying and un-deploying EJBs while the server is still
running.

Page 65
Q) When should I use TxDataSource instead of Datasource?
If your application (or) environment meets the following criteria you should use
- Uses JTA
- Uses EJB container in web logic server to manage transactions.
- Includes multiple database updates with single transaction.
- Access multiple resources, such as database & JMS during transactions.
- Use same connection pool on multiple servers.

Q) Clustering
In J2ee container can be distributed, a distributed container consists of number of JVM’s running on one are
more host machines. In this setup, application components can be deployed on a number of JVM’s. Subject to the type
of loading strategy and the type of the component the container can distributed the load of incoming request to one of
these JVM’s.

Q How to deploy in J2EE (i.e Jar, War file)?

Each web application should be contained in a war (web archive) file. War files are nothing but a jar file containing
atleast one descriptor called web.xml. The file structure of war file is:

/--
|
| WEB-INF
| |
| |-- WEB.XML (Deployment descriptor)
| |-- classes (Folder containing servlets and JSPs
|
| META-INF
| |
| |-- MANIFEST.MF
|
| all utility files and resources like error pages etc.

Each enterprise bean is stored in a jar file. The jar file contains all standard files like manifest and atleast one additional
file called ejb-jar.xml. The structure of a jar file is:

/--
|
| META-INF
| |
| |-- MANIFEST.MF
| |-- ejb-jar.xml
|
| all classes as in a normal jar file.

Both jar and war files are placed inside a ear (enterprise archive) file. The structure of an ear file is

/--
|
| META-INF
| |
| |-- MANIFEST.MF
| |-- application.xml
|
| jar and war files.

Q) How do you configure a session bean for bean-managed transactions?

A) By set transaction-attribute in the xml file or in the deployment descriptor.

Q) Deployment descriptor of EJB (ejb-jar.xml)

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE ejb-jar PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Enterprise
Page 66
JavaBeans 1.1//EN" "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/ejb-jar_1_1.dtd">

<ejb-jar>
<description>
This Deployment includes all the beans needed to make a reservation:
TravelAgent, ProcessPayment, Reservation, Customer, Cruise, and Cabin.
</description>
<enterprise-beans>
<session>
<ejb-name>TravelAgentBean</ejb-name>
<remote>com.titan.travelagent.TravelAgent</remote>
...
</session>
<entity>
<ejb-name>CustomerBean</ejb-name>
<remote>com.titan.customer.Customer</remote>
...
</entity>
</enterprise-beans>
<! – Transactions in EJB -- >
<assembly-descriptor>
<container-transaction>
<method>
<ejb-name>EJBName</ejb-name>
<method-name>methodName / *</method-name>
</method>
<trans-attribute>Required</trans-attribute>
</container-transaction>
</assembly-descriptor>
...
</ejb-jar>

Q) Weblogic-ejb-jar.xml
<weblogic-ejb-jar>
<weblogic-enterprise-bean>
<ejb-name>demo.Story</ejb-name>
<entity-descriptor>
<entity-cache>
<max-beans-in-cache>100</max-beans-in-cache>
<idle-timeout-seconds>600</idle-timeout-seconds>
<read-timeout-seconds>0</read-timeout-seconds>
<concurrency-strategy>Database</concurrency-strategy>
</entity-cache>
<lifecycle>
<passivation-strategy>default</passivation-strategy>
</lifecycle>
<persistence>
<delay-updates-until-end-of-tx>true</delay-updates-until-end-of-tx>
<finders-load-bean>true</finders-load-bean>
<persistence-type>
<type-identifier>WebLogic_CMP_RDBMS</type-identifier>
<type-version>5.1.0</type-version>
<type-storage>META-INF/weblogic-rdbms11-persistence-600.xml</type-storage>
</persistence-type>
<db-is-shared>true</db-is-shared>
<persistence-use>
<type-identifier>WebLogic_CMP_RDBMS</type-identifier>
<type-version>5.1.0</type-version>
</persistence-use>
</persistence>
<entity-clustering>
Page 67
 <home-is-clusterable>true</home-is-clusterable>
</entity-clustering>
</entity-descriptor>
<transaction-descriptor>
<trans-timeout-seconds>30</trans-timeout-seconds>
</transaction-descriptor>
<enable-call-by-reference>true</enable-call-by-reference>
<jndi-name>demo.StoryHome</jndi-name>
</weblogic-enterprise-bean>
</weblogic-ejb-jar>

Q) Session Bean Example

Remote Interface
public interface Hello extends javax.ejb.EJBObject
{
public String hello() throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
}

Home Interface
public interface HelloHome extends javax.ejb.EJBHome
{
Hello create() throws java.rmi.RemoteException; javax.ejb.CreateException;
}

Bean Class
public class HelloBean implements javax.ejb.SessionBean
{
private SessionContex ctx;
public void ejbCreate();
public abstract void ejbRemove();
public abstract void ejbActivate();
public abstract void ejbPassivate();
public abstract void setSessionContext(SessionyContext ctx);

public String hello(){

System.out.println(“hello()”);
Return “hello world”;
}

Client
public class HelloClient
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
properties props = system.getProperties();
Context ctx = new InitialContext(props);
Object obj = ctx.lookup(“HelloHome”);
HelloHome home = (HelloHome)
javax.rmi.protableRemoteObject.narrow(obj, HelloHome.class);
Hello hello = home.create();
System.out.println(hello.hello());
Hello.remove();
}

Q) Entity Bean Example

Home.java (Home Interface)

package test;

public interface Home extends javax.ejb.EJBHome {

public String hello() throws RemoteException;
Page 68
 public int add(int a, int b) throws RemoteException;
public HomeObj findByPrimaryKey(String a) throws RemoteException, FinderException;
}

HelloObj.java (Remote Interface)

package test;

public interface HelloObj extends javax.ejb.EJBObject {

}

HelloBean.java (Bean class)

package test;
import javax.ejb.*;

public class HelloBean extends com.caucho.ejb.AbstractEntityBean {

public String ejbHomeHello()
{
return "Hello, world";
}

public int ejbHomeAdd(int a, int b)

{
return a + b;
}

public String ejbFindByPrimaryKey(String key) throws FinderException

{
throw new FinderException("no children");
}
}

Client
package test.entity.home;
import javax.naming.*;

public class HomeServlet extends GenericServlet {

Home home;

public void init() throws ServletException

{
try {
Context env = (Context) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env");
home = (Home) env.lookup("ejb/home");
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new ServletException(e);
}
}

public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) throws IOException, ServletException

{
PrintWriter pw = res.getWriter();
try {
pw.println("message: " + home.hello() + "");
pw.println("1 + 3 = " + home.add(1, 3) + "");
pw.println("7 + 1 = " + home.add(7, 1) + "");
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new ServletException(e);
}
}
}

Page 69
 Struts Questions
Q) Framework?
A) A framework is a reusable, ``semi-complete'' application that can be specialized to produce custom applications
Q) Why do we need Struts?
A) Struts combines Java Servlets, Java ServerPages, custom tags, and message resources into a unified framework.
The end result is a cooperative, synergistic platform, suitable for development teams, independent developers, and
everyone in between.

Q) Diff Struts1.0 & 1.1?

1.RequestProcessor class, 2.Method perform() replaced by execute() in Struts base Action Class
3. Changes to web.xml and struts-config.xml, 4. Declarative exception handling, 5.Dynamic ActionForms, 6.Plug-ins,
7.Multiple Application Modules, 8.Nested Tags, 9.The Struts Validator Change to the ORO package, 10.Change to
Commons logging, 11. Removal of Admin actions, 12.Deprecation of the GenericDataSource

Q) What is the difference between Model2 and MVC models?

In model2, we have client tier as jsp, controller is servlet, and business logic is java bean. Controller and
business logic beans are tightly coupled. And controller receives the UI tier parameters. But in MVC, Controller and
business logic are loosely coupled and controller has nothing to do with the project/ business logic as such. Client tier
parameters are automatically transmitted to the business logic bean, commonly called as ActionForm.
So Model2 is a project specific model and MVC is project independent.

Q) How to Configure Struts?

Before being able to use Struts, you must set up your JSP container so that it knows to map all appropriate
requests with a certain file extension to the Struts action servlet. This is done in the web.xml file that is read when the
JSP container starts. When the control is initialized, it reads a configuration file (struts-config.xml) that specifies action
mappings for the application while it's possible to define multiple controllers in the web.xml file, one for each application
should suffice

Q) ActionServlet (controller)
The class org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet is the called the ActionServlet. In Struts Framework this class
plays the role of controller. All the requests to the server goes through the controller. Controller is responsible for
handling all the requests. The Controller receives the request from the browser, invoke a business operation and
coordinating the view to return to the client.

Q) Action Class
The Action Class is part of the Model and is a wrapper around the business logic. The purpose of Action Class
is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use the Action, we need to Subclass and overwrite the
execute() method. In the Action Class all the database/business processing are done. It is advisable to perform all the
database related stuffs in the Action Class. The ActionServlet (commad) passes the parameterized class to Action Form
using the execute() method. The return type of the execute method is ActionForward which is used by the Struts
Framework to forward the request to the file as per the value of the returned ActionForward object.

Ex: -
package com.odccom.struts.action;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class BillingAdviceAction extends Action {

public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,

ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception {
BillingAdviceVO bavo = new BillingAdviceVO();
BillingAdviceForm baform = (BillingAdviceForm)form;
DAOFactory factory = new MySqlDAOFactory();
BillingAdviceDAO badao = new MySqlBillingAdviceDAO();
ArrayList projects = badao.getProjects();

Page 70
 request.setAttribute("projects",projects);
return (mapping.findForward("success"));
}
}

Q) Action Form
An ActionForm is a JavaBean that extends org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm. ActionForm maintains the session
state for web application and the ActionForm object is automatically populated on the server side with data entered from
a form on the client side.

Ex: -
package com.odccom.struts.form;

public class BillingAdviceForm extends ActionForm {

private String projectid;
private String projectname;

public String getProjectid() { return projectid; }

public void setProjectid(String projectid) { this.projectid = projectid; }

public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) {

ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
if(getProjectName() == null || getProjectName().length() < 1){
errors.add(“name”, new ActionError(“error.name.required”));
}
return errors;
}
public void reset(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request){
this.roledesc = "";
this.currid = "";
}
}

Q) Message Resource Definition file

M.R.D file are simple “.properties” file these files contains the messages that can be used in struts project.
The M.R.D can be added in struts-config.xml file through <message-resource> tag
ex: <message-resource parameter=”MessageResource”>

Q) Reset :-
This is called by the struts framework with each request, purpose of this method is to reset all of the forms data
members and allow the object to be pooled for rescue.

public class TestAction extends ActionForm{

public void reset(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request request)
}

Q) execute
Is called by the controller when a request is received from a client. The controller creates an instance of the
Action class if one does not already exist. The frame work will create only a single instance of each Action class.

public ActionForward execute( ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request,

HttpServletResponse response)

Q) Validate: -
This method is called by the controller after the values from the request has been inserted into the ActionForm.
The ActionForm should perform any input validation that can be done and return any detected errors to the controller.

Public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request)

Q) What is Validator? Why will you go for Validator?

Validator is an independent framework, struts still comes packaged with it.
Page 71
 Instead of coding validation logic in each form bean’s validate() method, with validator you use an xml
configuration file to declare the validations that should be applied to each form bean. Validator supports both “server-
side and client-side” validations where form beans only provide “server-side” validations.

Flowing steps: -
1. Enabling the Validator plug-in: This makes the Validator available to the system.
2. Create Message Resources for the displaying the error message to the user.
3. Developing the Validation rules We have to define the validation rules in the validation.xml for the address form.
Struts Validator Framework uses this rule for generating the JavaScript for validation.
4. Applying the rules: We are required to add the appropriate tag to the JSP for generation of JavaScript.

Using Validator Framework

Using the Validator framework involves enabling the Validator plug-in, configuring Validator's two configuration
files, and creating Form Beans that extend the Validator's ActionForm subclasses.

Enabling the Validator Plug-in

Validator framework comes packaged with Struts; Validator is not enabled by default. To enable Validator, add the
following plug-in definition to your application's struts-config.xml file.

<plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn">
<set-property property="pathnames" value="/technology/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml,
/WEB-INF/validation.xml"/>
</plug-in>
This definition tells Struts to load and initialize the Validator plug-in for your application. Upon initialization, the plug-in loads the
comma-delimited list of Validator config files specified by the pathnames property.

Validator-rules.xml
<form-validation>
<global>
<Validator name="required" classname="org.apache.struts.validator.FieldChecks" method="validateRequired"
methodParams="java.lang.Object,
org.apache.commons.validator.ValidatorAction,
org.apache.commons.validator.Field,
org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors,
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest"
msg="errors.required">
<javascript>
<![CDATA[
function validateRequired(form) {
]]>
</javascript>
</validator>
</global>
</form-validation>

Q) How struts validation is working?

Validator uses the XML file to pickup the validation rules to be applied to a form. In XML validation requirements
are defined applied to a form. In case we need special validation rules not provided by the validator framework, we can
plug in our own custom validations into Validator.

The Validator Framework uses two XML configuration files validator-rules.xml & validation.xml. The validator-
rules.xml defines the standard validation routines; such as Required, Minimum Length, Maximum length, Date
Validation, Email Address validation and more. These are reusable and used in validation.xml. To define the form
specific validations. The validation.xml defines the validations applied to a form bean.

Q) What is Tiles?
A) Tiles is a framework for the development user interface, Tiles is enables the developers to develop the web
applications by assembling the reusable tiles.

1. Add the Tiles Tag Library Descriptor (TLD) file to the web.xml.

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 2. Create layout JSPs.
3. Develop the web pages using layouts.

Q) How to call ejb from Struts?

1…use the Service Locator patter to look up the ejbs.
2…Or you can use InitialContext and get the home interface.

Q) What are the various Struts tag libraries?

Struts-html tag library -> used for creating dynamic HTML user interfaces and forms.
Struts-bean tag library -> provides substantial enhancements to the basic capability provided by .
Struts-logic tag library -> can manage conditional generation of output text, looping over object collections for
repetitive generation of output text, and application flow management.
Struts-template tag library -> contains tags that are useful in creating dynamic JSP templates for pages which share a
common format.
Struts-tiles tag library -> This will allow you to define layouts and reuse those layouts with in our site.
Struts-nested tag library ->

Q) How you will handle errors & exceptions using Struts?

-To handle “errors” server side validation can be used using ActionErrors classes can be used.
-The “exceptions” can be wrapped across different layers to show a user showable exception.
- Using validators

Q) What are the core classes of struts?

A) ActionForm, Action, ActionMapping, ActionForward etc.

Q) How you will save the data across different pages for a particular client request using Struts?
A) If the request has a Form object, the data may be passed on through the Form object across pages. Or within the
Action class, call request.getSession and use session.setAttribute(), though that will persist through the life of the
session until altered.
(Or) Create an appropriate instance of ActionForm that is form bean and store that form bean in session scope. So that
it is available to all the pages that for a part of the request

Q) How would struts handle “messages” required for the application?

A) Messages are defined in a “.properties” file as name value pairs. To make these messages available to the
application, You need to place the .properties file in WEB-INF/classes folder and define in struts-config.xml

<message-resource parameter=”title.empname”/>

and in order to display a message in a jsp would use this

<bean:message key=”title.empname”/>

Q) What is the difference between ActionForm and DynaActionForm?

A) 1. In struts 1.0, action form is used to populate the html tags in jsp using struts custom tag.when the java code
changes, the change in action class is needed. To avoid the chages in struts 1.1 dyna action form is introduced.This can
be used to develop using xml. The dyna action form bloats up with the struts-config.xml based definetion.
2. There is no need to write actionform class for the DynaActionForm and all the variables related to the actionform
class will be specified in the struts-config.xml. Where as we have to create Actionform class with getter and setter
methods which are to be populated from the form
3.if the formbean is a subclass of ActionForm, we can provide reset(),validate(),setters(to hold the values),gettters
whereas if the formbean is a subclass to DynaActionForm we need not provide setters, getters but in struts-config.xml
we have to configure the properties in using .basically this simplifies coding

DynaActionForm which allows you to configure the bean in the struts-config.xml file. We are going to use a subclass of
DynaActionForm called a DynaValidatorForm which provides greater functionality when used with the validation framework.

<struts-config>
<form-beans>
<form-bean name="employeeForm" type="org.apache.struts.validator.DynaValidatorForm">
<form-property name="name" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="age" type="java.lang.String"/>
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 <form-property name="department" type="java.lang.String" initial="2" />
<form-property name="flavorIDs" type="java.lang.String[]"/>
<form-property name="methodToCall" type="java.lang.String"/>
</form-bean>
</form-beans>
</struts-config>

This DynaValidatorForm is used just like a normal ActionForm when it comes to how we define its use in our action
mappings. The only 'tricky' thing is that standard getter and setters are not made since the DynaActionForms are
backed by a HashMap. In order to get fields out of the DynaActionForm you would do:

String age = (String)formBean.get("age");

Similarly, if you need to define a property:
formBean.set("age","33");

Q) Struts how many “Controllers” can we have?

A) You can have multiple controllers, but usually only one is needed

Q) Can I have more than one struts-config.xml?

A) Yes you can I have more than one.
<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<! — module configurations -- >
<init-param>
<param-name>config/exercise</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/exercise/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>

Q) Can you write your own methods in Action class other than execute() and call the user method directly?
A) Yes, we can create any number of methods in Action class and instruct the action tag in struts-config.xml file to call
that user methods.

Public class StudentAction extends DispatchAction

{
public ActionForward read(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exceptio
{
Return some thing;
}

public ActionForward update(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,

HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exceptio
{
Return some thing;
}
If the user want to call any methods, he would do something in struts-config.xml file.
<action path="/somepage"
type="com.odccom.struts.action.StudentAction"
name="StudentForm"
<b>parameter=”methodToCall”</b>
scope="request"
validate="true">

<forward name="success" path="/Home.jsp" />

</action>
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Q) Struts-config.xml

<struts-config>

<data-sources>
<data-source>
<set-property property=”key” value=”” url=”” maxcount=”” mincount=”” user=”” pwd=”” >
</data-source>
<data-sources>

<!— describe the instance of the form bean-- >

<form-beans>
<form-bean name="employeeForm" type="net.reumann.EmployeeForm"/>
</form-beans>

<!— to identify the target of an action class when it returns results -- >
<global-forwards>
<forward name="error" path="/error.jsp"/>
</global-forwards>

<!— describe an action instance to the action servlet-- >

<action-mappings>
<action path="/setUpEmployeeForm" type="net.reumann.SetUpEmployeeAction"
name="employeeForm" scope="request" validate="false">
<forward name="continue" path="/employeeForm.jsp"/>
</action>

<action path="/insertEmployee" type="net.reumann.InsertEmployeeAction"

name="employeeForm" scope="request" validate="true"
input="/employeeForm.jsp">
<forward name="success" path="/confirmation.jsp"/>
</action>
</action-mappings>

<!— to modify the default behaviour of the struts controller-- >

<controller processorClass=”” bufferSize=” ” contentType=”” noCache=”” maxFileSize=””/>

<!— message resource properties -- >

<message-resources parameter="ApplicationResources" null="false" />

<!—Validator plugin 
<plug-in className="org.apache.struts.validator.ValidatorPlugIn">
<set-property property="pathnames" value="/WEB-INF/validator-rules.xml, /WEB-INF/validation.xml"/>
</plug-in>

<!—Tiles plugin 
<plug-in className="org.apache.struts.tiles.TilesPlugIn">
<set-property property="definitions-config" value="/WEB-INF/tiles-defs.xml "/>
</plug-in>

</struts-config>

Q) Web.xml: - Is a configuration file describe the deployment elements.

<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class>

<!—Resource Properties -->

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 <init-param>
<param-name>application</param-name>
<param-value>ApplicationResources</param-value>
</init-param>

<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>

<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>

<!-- Action Servlet Mapping -->

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/do/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

<!-- The Welcome File List -->

<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>

<!-- tag libs -->

<taglib>
<taglib-uri>struts/bean-el</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-bean-el.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>

<taglib>
<taglib-uri>struts/html-el</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-html-el.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>

<!—Tiles tag libs -->

<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/tags/struts-tiles</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-tiles.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>

<!—Using Filters -->

<filter>
<filter-name>HelloWorldFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>HelloWorldFilter</filter-class>
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>HelloWorldFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>ResponseServlet</ url-pattern >
</filter-mapping>
</web-app>

Page 76
 Database Questions

Q) DML  insert, update, delete

DDL  create, alter, drop, truncate, rename.
DQL  select
DCL  grant, revoke.
TCL  commit, rollback, savepoint.

Q) Normalization
Normalization is the process of simplifying the relationship between data elements in a record.

(i) 1st normal form: - 1st N.F is achieved when all repeating groups are removed, and P.K should be defined. big table is
broken into many small tables, such that each table has a primary key.
(ii) 2nd normal form: - Eliminate any non-full dependence of data item on record keys. I.e. The columns in a table which
is not completely dependant on the primary key are taken to a separate table.
(iii) 3rd normal form: - Eliminate any transitive dependence of data items on P.K’s. i.e. Removes Transitive dependency.
Ie If X is the primary key in a table. Y & Z are columns in the same table. Suppose Z depends only on Y and Y depends
on X. Then Z does not depend directly on primary key. So remove Z from the table to a look up table.

Q) Diff Primary key and a Unique key? What is foreign key?

A) Both primary key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default primary
key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default. Another major
difference is that, primary key doesn't allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only.

Foreign key constraint prevents any actions that would destroy link between tables with the corresponding data values.
A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would leave rows
with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key constraints are used to enforce
referential integrity.
CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column. The check constraints are used to enforce
domain integrity.
NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not null constraints are used to enforce
domain integrity, as the check constraints.

Q) Diff Delete & Truncate?

A) Rollback is possible after DELETE but TRUNCATE remove the table permanently and can’t rollback. Truncate will
remove the data permanently we cannot rollback the deleted data.

Dropping : (Table structure + Data are deleted), Invalidates the dependent objects, Drops the indexes
Truncating : (Data alone deleted), Performs an automatic commit, Faster than delete
Delete : (Data alone deleted), Doesn’t perform automatic commit

Q) Diff Varchar and Varchar2?

A) The difference between Varchar and Varchar2 is both are variable length but only 2000 bytes of character of data can
be store in varchar where as 4000 bytes of character of data can be store in varchar2.

Q) Diff LONG & LONG RAW?

A) You use the LONG datatype to store variable-length character strings. The LONG datatype is like the VARCHAR2
datatype, except that the maximum length of a LONG value is 32760 bytes.
You use the LONG RAW datatype to store binary data (or) byte strings. LONG RAW data is like LONG data, except
that LONG RAW data is not interpreted by PL/SQL. The maximum length of a LONG RAW value is 32760 bytes.

Q) Diff Function & Procedure

Function is a self-contained program segment, function will return a value but procedure not.
Procedure is sub program will perform some specific actions.

Q) How to find out duplicate rows & delete duplicate rows in a table?
A) MPID EMPNAME EMPSSN
----- ---------- -----------
1 Jack 555-55-5555
2 Mike 555-58-5555

Page 77
 3 Jack 555-55-5555
4 Mike 555-58-5555
SQL> select count (empssn), empssn from employee group by empssn
having count (empssn) > 1;

COUNT (EMPSSN) EMPSSN

------------- -----------
2 555-55-5555
2 555-58-5555
SQL> delete from employee where (empid, empssn)
not in (select min (empid), empssn from employee group by empssn);

Q) Select the nth highest rank from the table?

A) Select * from tab t1 where 2=(select count (distinct (t2.sal)) from tab t2 where t1.sal<=t2.sal)

Q) a) Emp table where fields empName, empId, address

b) Salary table where fields EmpId, month, Amount
these 2 tables he wants EmpId, empName and salary for month November?
A) Select emp.empId, empName, Amount from emp, salary where emp.empId=salary.empId and month=November;

Q) Oracle/PLSQL: Synonyms?
A) A synonym is an alternative name for objects such as tables, views, sequences, stored procedures, and other
database objects

Syntax: -
Create [or replace] [public] synonym [schema.] synonym_name for [schema.] object_name;

or replace -- allows you to recreate the synonym (if it already exists) without having to issue a DROP synonym
command.
Public -- means that the synonym is a public synonym and is accessible to all users.
Schema -- is the appropriate schema. If this phrase is omitted, Oracle assumes that you are referring to your own
schema.
object_name -- is the name of the object for which you are creating the synonym. It can be one of the following:
Table Package
View materialized view
sequence java class schema object
stored procedure user-defined object
Function Synonym

example:
Create public synonym suppliers for app. suppliers;
Example demonstrates how to create a synonym called suppliers. Now, users of other schemas can reference the table
called suppliers without having to prefix the table name with the schema named app. For example:
Select * from suppliers;

If this synonym already existed and you wanted to redefine it, you could always use the or replace phrase as follows:
Create or replace public synonym suppliers for app. suppliers;
Dropping a synonym
It is also possible to drop a synonym.
drop [public] synonym [schema .] Synonym_name [force];
public -- phrase allows you to drop a public synonym. If you have specified public, then you don't specify a schema.
Force -- phrase will force Oracle to drop the synonym even if it has dependencies. It is probably not a good idea to use
the force phrase as it can cause invalidation of Oracle objects.

Example:
Drop public synonym suppliers;
This drop statement would drop the synonym called suppliers that we defined earlier.

Q) What is an alias and how does it differ from a synonym?

Page 78
A) An alias is an alternative to a synonym, designed for a distributed environment to avoid having to use the location
qualifier of a table or view. The alias is not dropped when the table is dropped.

Q) What are joins? Inner join & outer join?

A) By using joins, you can retrieve data from two or more tables based on logical relationships between the tables
Inner Join: - returns all rows from both tables where there is a match.
Outer Join: - outer join includes rows from tables when there are no matching values in the tables.

• LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN

The result set of a left outer join includes all the rows from the left table specified in the LEFT OUTER clause, not just
the ones in which the joined columns match. When a row in the left table has no matching rows in the right table, the
associated result set row contains null values for all select list columns coming from the right table.
• RIGHT JOIN or RIGHT OUTER JOIN.
A right outer join is the reverse of a left outer join. All rows from the right table are returned. Null values are returned for
the left table any time a right table row has no matching row in the left table.
• FULL JOIN or FULL OUTER JOIN.
A full outer join returns all rows in both the left and right tables. Any time a row has no match in the other table, the
select list columns from the other table contain null values. When there is a match between the tables, the entire result
set row contains data values from the base tables.

Q. Diff join and a Union?

A) A join selects columns from 2 or more tables. A union selects rows.
when using the UNION command all selected columns need to be of the same data type. The UNION command
eliminate duplicate values.

Q. Union & Union All?

A) The UNION ALL command is equal to the UNION command, except that UNION ALL selects all values. It cannot
eliminate duplicate values.
> SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_Norway
UNION ALL
SELECT E_Name FROM Employees_USA

Q) Is the foreign key is unique in the primary table?

A) Not necessary

Q) Table mentioned below named employee

ID NAME MID
1 CEO Null
2 VP CEO
3 Director VP

Asked to write a query to obtain the following output

CEO Null
VP CEO
Director VP

A) SQL> Select a.name, b.name from employee a, employee b where a.mid=b.id(+).

Q) Explain a scenario when you don’t go for normalization?

A) If we r sure that there wont be much data redundancy then don’t go for normalization.

Q) What is Referential integrity?

A) R.I refers to the consistency that must be maintained between primary and foreign keys, i.e. every foreign key value
must have a corresponding primary key value.

Q) What techniques are used to retrieve data from more than one table in a single SQL statement?
A) Joins, unions and nested selects are used to retrieve data.

Q) What is a view? Why use it?

A) A view is a virtual table made up of data from base tables and other views, but not stored separately.

Page 79
Q) SELECT statement syntax?
A) SELECT [ DISTINCT | ALL ] column_expression1, column_expression2, ....
[ FROM from_clause ]
[ WHERE where_expression ]
[ GROUP BY expression1, expression2, .... ]
[ HAVING having_expression ]
[ ORDER BY order_column_expr1, order_column_expr2, .... ]

column_expression ::= expression [ AS ] [ column_alias ]

from_clause ::= select_table1, select_table2, ...
from_clause ::= select_table1 LEFT [OUTER] JOIN select_table2 ON expr ...
from_clause ::= select_table1 RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN select_table2 ON expr ...
from_clause ::= select_table1 [INNER] JOIN select_table2 ...
select_table ::= table_name [ AS ] [ table_alias ]
select_table ::= ( sub_select_statement ) [ AS ] [ table_alias ]
order_column_expr ::= expression [ ASC | DESC ]

Q) DISTINCT clause?
A) The DISTINCT clause allows you to remove duplicates from the result set.
> SELECT DISTINCT city FROM supplier;

Q) COUNT function?
A) The COUNT function returns the number of rows in a query
> SELECT COUNT (*) as "No of emps" FROM employees WHERE salary > 25000;

Q) Diff HAVING CLAUSE & WHERE CLAUSE?

A) Having Clause is basically used only with the GROUP BY function in a query. WHERE Clause is applied to each row
before they are part of the GROUP BY function in a query.

Q) Diff GROUP BY & ORDER BY?

A) Group by controls the presentation of the rows, order by controls the presentation of the columns for the results of
the SELECT statement.

> SELECT "col_nam1", SUM("col_nam2") FROM "tab_name" GROUP BY "col_nam1"

> SELECT "col_nam" FROM "tab_nam" [WHERE "condition"] ORDER BY "col_nam" [ASC, DESC]

Q) What keyword does an SQL SELECT statement use for a string search?
A) The LIKE keyword allows for string searches. The % sign is used as a wildcard.

Q) What is a NULL value? What are the pros and cons of using NULLS?
A) NULL value takes up one byte of storage and indicates that a value is not present as opposed to a space or zero
value. A NULL in a column means no entry has been made in that column. A data value for the column is "unknown" or
"not available."

Q) Index? Types of indexes?

A) Locate rows more quickly and efficiently. It is possible to create an index on one (or) more columns of a table, and
each index is given a name. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up queries.

Unique Index : -
A unique index means that two rows cannot have the same index value.
>CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)

When the UNIQUE keyword is omitted, duplicate values are allowed. If you want to index the values in a column in
descending order, you can add the reserved word DESC after the column name:
>CREATE INDEX PersonIndex ON Person (LastName DESC)

If you want to index more than one column you can list the column names within the parentheses.
>CREATE INDEX PersonIndex ON Person (LastName, FirstName)

Q) Diff subqueries & Correlated subqueries?

Page 80
A)subqueries are self-contained. None of them have used a reference from outside the subquery.
correlated subquery cannot be evaluated as an independent query, but can reference columns in a table listed in the
from list of the outer query.

Q) Predicates IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS?

A) Sub query can return a subset of zero to n values. According to the conditions which one wants to express, one can
use the predicates IN, ANY, ALL or EXISTS.

IN The comparison operator is the equality and the logical operation between values is OR.
ANY Allows to check if at least a value of the list satisfies condition.
ALL Allows to check if condition is realized for all the values of the list.
EXISTS If the subquery returns a result, the value returned is True otherwise the value returned is False.

Q) What are some sql Aggregates and other Built-in functions?

A) AVG, SUM, MIN, MAX, COUNT and DISTINCT.

Page 81
 Design Patterns Questions

J2EE Design Patterns

Tier Pattern Name
Presentation Tier ? Intercepting Filter
? Front Controller
? View Helper
? Composite view
? Service to Worker
? Dispacther View
Business Tier ? Business Delegate
? Value Object
? Session Façade
? Composite Entity
? Value Object Assembler
? Value List Handler
? Service Locator
Integration Tier ? Data Access Object
? Service Activator

Q) What is a Desin Pattern? Why use patterns?

A) A pattern describes a proven solution to a recurring design problem. Patterns provide a ready-made solution that can
be adapted to different problems as necessary.

Q) J2EE Design Patterns?

Dispatcher View: Combines a Dispatcher component with the Front Controller and View Helper patterns, deferring
many activities to View processing.

Service to Worker: Combines a Dispatcher component with the Front Controller and View Helper patterns.

Transfer Object Assembler: It is used to build the required model or submodel. The Transfer Object Assembler uses
Transfer Objects to retrieve data from various business objects and other objects that define the model or part of the
model.

Composite Entity :It model, represent, and manage a set of interrelated persistent objects rather than representing
them as individual fine-grained entity beans. A Composite Entity bean represents a graph of objects.

Service Activator: Service Activator enables asynchronous access to enterprise beans and other business services. It
receives asynchronous client requests and messages. On receiving a message, the Service Activator locates and
invokes the necessary business methods on the business service components to fulfill the request asynchronously. In
EJB2.0, Message Driven beans can be used to implement Service Activator for message based enterprise applications.
The Service Activator is a JMS Listener and delegation service that creates a message façade for the EJBs.

Q) What is architectural design pattern?

A) Describe MVC2 & Front Controller.

Front Controller
It will dispatch the request to the correct resource, Centralized controller for managing and holding of a request.

Service Locator
To access different resources/services, J2EE compatible server binds these resources/services to the JNDI
server so that the clients can lookup those resources/services through JNDI lookup process from anywhere in the
network. The resources/services can be
1. EJBHome objects 2. DataSource objects 3. JMS ConnectionFactory 4. JMS Topic/Queue etc.

Page 82
All these services need to bind to the JNDI services and the clients need to lookup JNDI to get those services. Clients
have to go through JNDI lookup process every time to work with these services. JNDI lookup process is expensive
because clients need to get network connection to the JNDI server if the JNDI server is located on a different machine
and need to go through lookup process every time, this is redundant and expensive.

The solution for the redundant and expensive JNDI lookup process problem is to cache those service objects
when the client performs JNDI lookup first time and reuse that service object from the cache second time onwards for
other clients. This technique maintains a cache of service objects and looks up the JNDI only first time for a service
object.

Session Façade
EJB clients (swing, servlets, jsps etc) can access entity beans directly. If EJB clients access entity beans
directly over the network, it takes more network calls and imposes network overhead.

Here the servlet calls multiple entity beans directly to accomplish a business process, thereby increasing the number of
network calls.
The solution for avoiding number of network calls due to directly accessing multiple entity beans is to wrap
entity beans with session bean (Facade). The EJB client accesses session bean (Facade) instead of entity beans
through coarse grained method call to accomplish a business process.

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Message Facade
Session bean and entity bean methods execute synchronously that means the method caller has to wait till a
value is returned. In some situations like sending hundred's of mails or firing a batch process or updating processes, the
client does not have to bother about return value. If you use synchronous session and entity beans in such situations,
they take a long time to process methods and clients have to wait till the method returns a value.

The client has to wait till all the eight synchronous steps complete. This synchronous execution takes a long time and
has an impact on performance when the method process is huge.

To avoid blocking of a client, use asynchronous message driven beans, so that client does not have to wait for a
return value. If a client uses asynchronous messaging then the client need not wait for a return value but can continue
its flow of execution after sending the message.

Value Object (DTO-DataTransfer Object)

When a client calls a remote method there will be process of marshalling, network calls and unmarshalling
involved for the remote method invocation. If you choose fine-grained approach when calling methods remotely, there
will be a significant network overhead involved. For example if you call fine grained method like this,
remoteObject.getName();
remoteObject.getCity();
remoteObject.getState();
there are three network calls from client to the remote object because every method call is remote method call.

Page 84
The solution for avoiding many network calls due to fine-grained method calls is to use coarse-grained approach. For
example:
// Create a Value Object and fill that object locally
PersonInfo person = new PersonInfo();
person.setName("Ravi");
person.setCity("Austin");
// send Value Object through network
remoteObject.getPersonInfo(person);
Here, there is only one network call instead of three network calls and PersonInfo object is a Value Object. The following
figure illustrates the coarse grained approach that is passing a Value Object through network.

Value Object is an object that is passed over the network rather than passing each attributes separately thus increasing
performance by reducing network calls.

ValueObjectFactory
For a single request, a client might need to access multiple server side components such as different
session beans and entity beans. In such situations the client accesses multiple components over the network, this
increases the network traffic and has an impact on the performance.

To reduce the network traffic due to accessing multiple components by a client for a single request, let
ValueObjectFactory hold different ValueObjects as placeholders and respond with a single ValueObject for a client
request.

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Value List Handler (DAO)

J2EE applications generally have the search facility and have to search huge data and retrieve results. If an
application returns huge queried data to the client, the client takes long time to retrieve that large data and If that
application uses entity bean to search data, it has an impact on.

1. Use Data Access Objects (DAO) rather than Entity beans

2. Return small quantity of data multiple times iteratively rather than returning large amount of data at once to the client.
DAO encapsulates JDBC access logic. ValueListHandler caches list of Value objects that are retrieved through DAO.
When client wants to search data, It calls ValueListHandler that is in turn responsible for caching data and returning data

to the client iteratively.

Singleton
 You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class, so that other classes can't create a new instance.
Its intent is to ensure that a class has only one instance, and to provide a global point of access to it. There are many
situations in which a singleton object is necessary: a GUI application must have a single mouse, an active modem

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needs one and only one telephone line, an operating system can only have one window manager, and a PC is
connected to a single keyboard

1.Create a Private constructor, so that outside class can not access this constructor. And declare a private static
reference of same class.
2.Write a public Factory method which creates an object. Assign this object to private static Reference and return the
object

public class Singleton

{
private static Singleton ref;
private Singleton (){
}
public static Singleton getSingleton()
{
if (ref == null)
ref = new Singleton ();
return ref;
}
}

Business Delegate
The B.D acts as a client-side business abstraction and hides the implementation of the business services. such
as lookup & access details of the EJB architecture.
The delegate may cache results and references to remote business services. Caching can significantly improve
performance, because it limits unnecessary and potentially costly round trips over the network.
B.D uses a component called the Lookup Service. The Lookup Service is responsible for hiding the underlying
implementation details of the business service lookup code.
The client requests the BusinessDelegate to provide access to the underlying business service. The BusinessDelegate
uses a LookupService to locate the required BusinessService component.

Q). Where do you use singleton pattern and why?

A) If I require a single instance of an object in a particular JVM, ex while designing database connection pool. I would
require a single connection object for all the users coming in, not a separate one for each user.

Q). Why Factory Pattern is used and an example?

A) Factory pattern is used in place where the implementation varies over time. Factory pattern suggest creating many
different instances from interfaces. Interfaces are the one that faces client and implementation of those methods come
from factory depending on a specific condition.
ex: If the OS is Windows, look and feel of the application changes to Window style, for Linux it is Metal and for
machintosh it will be different.

Q). Where do you use visitor pattern and why?

A) If I want to defrag business logic in different sets of modules and the final processing requires all these module to be
included in a particular fashion. Visitor pattern generally calls a visit method of these modules /objects and
all the different logic stored in different modules and call one by one. It is something like visiting many modules one at a
time.

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Q). What problem an observer pattern solves?
A) If a particular event has to be notified to many objects, and list grows over time and it is hardly possible to call /notify
each and every listeners at design time. We use observer pattern , just to register many objects listening to a particular
event and getting notified automatically, as and when the event occurs.

Q) What is the difference between J2EE design patterns and the Gang of Four patterns?
A) The GOF design patterns apply generically to any object-oriented programming language. J2EE design patterns
address common problems encountered in designing J2EE architecture. This course presents the key J2EE design
patterns required when implementing a J2EE system.

Security Questions

Q) Java Security Model

Byte code verifier

Which examine the byte code of a class before executing. The verifier checks that the instructions cannot
perform actions that are obviously damaging.
ClassLoader
ClassLoader, which restrict access to the classes, which can be loaded into JVM, ClassLoader keeps the record
of classes, which can be loaded into JVM.
Security manager
Restrict access to potentially dangerous operations. S.M provides a sand box in which applet run. You can also
define a set of sand boxes, applying a different san box to each program. S.M is a class that controls weather a specific
operation are permitted, S.M will perform operations like opening N.W socket, creating S.M, perform N.W multi cast
etc…

Q) Basic Authentication & Digest Authentication

Basic Authentication  Is a security model in this the client must authenticate itself with user id and password for
each resource to access. In this the user id and password are sent by the client in base-64 encoded string, the server
decode the string and looks in the data base for match. If it finds a match grant access to the requested resource.

Digest Authentication  In this the user id and password does not send across the network instead send a digest
representation of password.

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