selenium

#selenium
Table of Contents
About 1

Chapter 1: Getting started with selenium 2

Remarks 2

Versions 2

Examples 3

Simple Selenium test in Java 3

Simple selenium test in python 4

Setting up python Selenium via terminal (BASH) 4

Simple Selenium Example in C# 5

Chapter 2: Accepting popup alerts with Selenium 7

Examples 7

Python example of Accepting alert 7

C# Extensions to WebDriver 7

Java 7

Chapter 3: First project in selenium with Java 9

Introduction 9

Examples 9

Setting up IntelliJ Idea for Selenium 9

Setting up ChromeDriver 11

Opening up a Website using Selenium 12

Getting Elements in Selenium 12

Working Example in Selenium 12

Getting Attributes of WebElements in Selenium 13

Chapter 4: Getting started with Selenium in python 14

Remarks 14

Examples 15

Basic python Selenium 15

Basic Selenium testcase 15

Chapter 5: Mobile app automation 16

Examples 16
 Android + Chrome + Python 16

Python + Chrome + Android 16

Chapter 6: Selenium IDE 17

Examples 17

Try a simple Selenium script: Search Wikipedia on Google 17

Chapter 7: Selenium simple example C# and Nunit 18

Remarks 18

Examples 18

Simple Selenium-NUnit 18

Chapter 8: Selenium simple example C# and Nunit 20

Examples 20

Simple page load test and make sure the title of the page is correct 20

Chapter 9: Take a screenshot of a webpage 21

Examples 21

Python Selenium take/save screenshot of webpage 21

C# TakeScreenshot extension 21

Java Selenium take/save screenshot of webpage and add on report 21

Chapter 10: Waiting in Selenium 23

Introduction 23

Examples 23

Explicit Wait in Python 23

Wait in Java with selenium 24

Chapter 11: WebDriver Factory 25

Examples 25

WebDriver Factory C# 25

Chapter 12: WebDriverManager for Selenium - a very neat tool from Boni Garcia 27

Introduction 27

Examples 27

Below examples shows how easy it is to use 27

Credits 28
About
You can share this PDF with anyone you feel could benefit from it, downloaded the latest version
from: selenium

It is an unofficial and free selenium ebook created for educational purposes. All the content is
extracted from Stack Overflow Documentation, which is written by many hardworking individuals at
Stack Overflow. It is neither affiliated with Stack Overflow nor official selenium.

The content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, and the list of contributors to each
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Use the content presented in this book at your own risk; it is not guaranteed to be correct nor
accurate, please send your feedback and corrections to info@zzzprojects.com

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Chapter 1: Getting started with selenium
Remarks
Selenium is a powerful library of commands in multiple languages (C#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript,
Objective-C, Perl, PHP, Python, R, and Ruby) that allow a programmer to automate browser
interaction. This is incredibly useful for developers testing applications.

Selenium offers methods to:

• Find an Element in a webpage

• Click on an Element
• Send a String to an Element
• Navigate to a web page
• Change to a different tab in the same browser window
• Take a screenshot of a webpage

Using these methods, a developer can have automatic tests checking:

• If an Element is in a page, and visible to a user

• A search or login form
• Buttons or interactive Elements
• Check the values or attributes of an Element

Selenium runs in webdrivers, which are similar to a normal web browser but allow Selenium to
interact with them. A Selenium test typically opens up a new driver instance of whatever browser
the developer is testing in, which is always a clean slate. This way, when running a Selenium test,
the developer does not have to worry about previous cookies, or a browser cache affecting the
results of their application.

Selenium also works when running a webdriver in headless mode.

Versions

Version Release date

3.4.0 2017-04-11

3.3 2017-04-07

3.2 2017-02-27

3.1 2017-02-13

3.0.1 2016-11-19

3.0 2016-10-11

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Examples
Simple Selenium test in Java

Below code is simple java program using selenium. The journey of the below code is

1. Open Firefox browser

2. Open google page
3. Print title of Google page
4. Find the search box location
5. Pass the value as Selenium in the search box
6. Submit the form
7. Shutdown the browser

package org.openqa.selenium.example;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class Selenium2Example {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a new instance of the Firefox driver
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

// An implicit wait is to tell WebDriver to poll the DOM for a certain amount of time
// when trying to find an element or elements if they are not immediately available.
// The default setting is 0. Once set, the implicit wait is set for the life of the
WebDriver object instance.
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

// Maximize the browser window to fit into screen

driver.manage().window().maximize();

// Visit Google
driver.get("http://www.google.com");

// Check the title of the page

System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());

// Find the text input element by its name

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));

// Enter something to search for

element.sendKeys("Selenium!");

// Now submit the form. WebDriver will find the form for us from the element
element.submit();

//Close the browser

driver.quit();
}
}

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Simple selenium test in python

from selenium import webdriver

# Create a new chromedriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Go to www.google.com
driver.get("https://www.google.com")

# Get the webelement of the text input box

search_box = driver.find_element_by_name("q")

# Send the string "Selenium!" to the input box

seach_box.send_keys("Selenium!")

# Submit the input, which starts a search

search_box.submit()

# Wait to see the results of the search

time.sleep(5)

# Close the driver

driver.quit()

Setting up python Selenium via terminal (BASH)

The easiest way is to use pip and VirtualEnv. Selenium also requires python 3.*.

Install virtualenv using:

$: pip install virtualenv

Create/enter a directory for your Selenium files:

$: cd my_selenium_project

Create a new VirtualEnv in the directory for your Selenium files:

$: virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python3.0 venv

Activate the VirtualEnv:

$: source venv/bin/active

You should see now see (venv) at the beginning of each bash line. Install Selenium using pip:

$: pip install selenium

Selenium comes with the FireFox driver by default.

If you want to run Selenium in google chrome, also do this:

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 $: pip install chromedriver

You now have a version-controlled VirtualEnv. To make sure everything is set up correctly:

Start python:

$: python

Prints out:

Python 2.7.10 (default, Jul 14 2015, 19:46:27)

[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 6.0 (clang-600.0.39)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

Create a new webdriver (in this case, a chromedriver), and go to www.google.com:

>>> from selenium import webdriver

>>> driver = webdriver.Chrome()
>>> driver.get("https://www.google.com")

Close the driver and python interpreter:

>>> driver.quit()
>>> quit()

Deactivate the VirtualEnv:

$: deactivate

If the line driver = webdriver.Chrome() is throwing errors:

• Make sure you also have the chrome browser installed. If you don't, the Selenium
chromedriver can not access the Chrome binary.
• webdriver.Chrome() can also take a parameter for your chromedriver location. If you
installed it using pip, try (on mac) driver =
webdriver.Chrome("./venv/selenium/webdriver/chromedriver").

Simple Selenium Example in C#

//Create a new ChromeDriver

IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

//Navigate to www.google.com
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");

//Find the WebElement of the search bar

IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("q"));

//Type Hello World into search bar

element.SendKeys("Hello World");

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 //Submit the input
element.Submit();

//Close the browser

driver.Quit();

Read Getting started with selenium online: https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/1840/getting-

started-with-selenium

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Chapter 2: Accepting popup alerts with
Selenium
Examples
Python example of Accepting alert

from selenium import webdriver

# Create a new webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Get a page that has a popup window (Use mouse to click "try it" button)
driver.get("http://www.w3schools.com/js/tryit.asp?filename=tryjs_alert")
# Accept the opened alert
driver.switch_to.alert.accept()

C# Extensions to WebDriver

public static IWebDriver dismissAlert(this IWebDriver driver)

{
try
{
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();
alert.Dismiss();
}
catch {}
return driver;
}
public static IWebDriver acceptAlert(this IWebDriver driver)
{
try
{
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();
alert.Accept();
}
catch { }
return driver;
}

How to use:

driver.acceptAlert();
driver.dismissAlert();

Java

For simple alert:

Alert simpleAlert = driver.switchTo().alert();

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 String alertText = simpleAlert.getText();
System.out.println("Alert text is " + alertText);
simpleAlert.accept();

For Prompt alert:

Alert promptAlert = driver.switchTo().alert();

String alertText = promptAlert.getText();
System.out.println("Alert text is " + alertText);
//Send some text to the alert
promptAlert.sendKeys("Accepting the alert");
Thread.sleep(4000); //This sleep is not necessary, just for demonstration
promptAlert.accept();

For Confirmation alert:

Alert confirmationAlert = driver.switchTo().alert();

String alertText = confirmationAlert.getText();
System.out.println("Alert text is " + alertText);
confirmationAlert.accept();

Another way you can do this, is wrap your code inside a try-catch:

try{
// Your logic here.
} catch(UnhandledAlertException e){
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
alert.accept();
}

// Continue.

Read Accepting popup alerts with Selenium online:

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Chapter 3: First project in selenium with Java
Introduction
This is an introduction to Selenium, using Java. While we don't expect you to know anything
regarding Selenium, you have to have prior Java knowledge to follow this course.

Download Links :

Selenium

IntelliJ IDEA

ChromeDriver

JDK 8

Examples
Setting up IntelliJ Idea for Selenium

Prerequisites:

1. Java is installed
2. Selenium is extracted in a folder (Contains 2 files, and 1 folder)

Follow these steps to set up IntelliJ Idea for Selenium.

1. Click On "New Project".

2. Choose Java < "Hello World" Application
3. Type the name of the Project, and create it.

Your Screen should look something like this

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Now, go to

File < Project Structure < Modules < Dependencies

There, click on the green plus(+) icon, and choose Library. Then navigate to the extracted
Selenium folder, and add "selenium-java 2.4.0.jar". After adding this, click on the green plus(+)
icon again, and now choose "Directory". This time, locate the libs folder of Selenium, and click on
ok, while selecting it.

At the end, your Project Structure should look like this

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Now, click on OK, and you're all set.

Setting up ChromeDriver

Prerequisites : ChromeDriver is downloaded

Copy the following code into your class.

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path of the exe file\\chromedriver.exe");
}

If you're using linux, give the path to the ChromeDriver Binary.

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Opening up a Website using Selenium

We use the get method to go to a website. For Example, this would open google

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path of the exe file\\chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https:www.google.com");
Thread.sleep(3000); //wait for 3 seconds
driver.quit(); //close Chrome
}

driver.quit() closes the Browser. To create a delay, we use Thread.sleep(3000).

Getting Elements in Selenium

Every Html-Element in Selenium is called a WebElement. For example, a p tag would be a WebElement
, an a tag would be a WebElement, etc. Consider the following html Structure:

<a id="link1" href="https://www.google.com">google</a>

<p class="p1">
This is a paragraph
</p>

Now, if we wanted to get the a tag, we could do

WebElement link = driver.findElement(By.id("link1"));

Now, we can click on this, by

link.click();

Lets take another example. If we wanted the text of the p tag, ie, "This is a paragraph", we can do

WebElement p = driver.findElement(By.className("p1"));
System.out.println(p.getText());

We can also get Elements by tags, like

WebElement tag = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));

Working Example in Selenium

Now that we know the basics of Selenium, we can make our own project. For this example, we'll
be making a program, which finds the Newest questions on stack-overflow.

We start easy, lets open stack-overflow.

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

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 System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path of the exe file\\chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https:stackoverflow.com");
Thread.sleep(3000);
driver.quit();
}

Now, if you look at the source of the page, you find that all questions, are a tags, with an
className of question-hyperlink. However, since there are multiple questions, we use a List of
WebElement, instead of WebElement. Thus, we can do

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path to chromedriver\\chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https:stackoverflow.com");
List<WebElement> list = driver.findElements(By.className("question-hyperlink"));
}

Now, we need to get the href attribute of the a tag, which has the link of the question. To do this,
we can use getAttribute("href") on the each WebElement, like

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "path to chromedriver\\chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https:stackoverflow.com");
List<WebElement> list = driver.findElements(By.className("question-hyperlink"));
System.out.println(list.size());
list.forEach(e->System.out.println(e.getAttribute("href")));
driver.quit();
}

This prints out the links of the top-questions on Stack-overflow.

Getting Attributes of WebElements in Selenium

To get the attribute of a WebElement, we use getAttribute on that WebElement. For example, consider
the following html tag

<a id="click" href="https://www.google.com">

We can find the Element's href attribute by

WebElement e = driver.findElement(By.id("click"));
System.out.println(e.getAttribute("href")); //prints https://www.google.com

Read First project in selenium with Java online: https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/10012/first-

project-in-selenium-with-java

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Chapter 4: Getting started with Selenium in
python
Remarks
What is Selenium?

Selenium is a library of commands to help a programmer interface with a browser like a real user.

Things that Selenium does:

Finding element(s) in a webpage's html

• Finds a single element:

○ CSS Selector help

driver.find_element_by_css_selector("css.selector.of.element")
○ driver.find_element_by_xpath("//xpath//of//element") XPATH help
○ driver.find_element_by_name("name_of_element")
○ driver.find_element_by_id("id_of_element")
○ driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text("element_link_text")
○ driver.find_element_by_class_name("class_name_of_element")
○ driver.find_element_by_tag_name("tag_name_of_element")

• Finds a list of elements:

○ driver.find_elements_by_css_selector("css.selector.of.elements")
○ driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//xpath//of//elements")
○ driver.find_elements_by_name("name_of_elements")
○ driver.find_elements_by_partial_link_text("elements_link_text")
○ driver.find_elements_by_class_name("class_name_of_elements")
○ driver.find_elements_by_tag_name("tag_name_of_elements")

• Official documentation: selenium-python read the docs

Interact with elements:

"method" represents any of the above methods to find an element or list of elements.

• click function:
○ driver.find_element_by_method.click()

• send_keys function:

○ driver.find_element_by_method.send_keys("text") sends the String "text" to the element

found.
○ driver.find_element_by_method.send_keys(KeyCode.UP) sends the KeyCode for the up
arrow key to the element found.

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Examples
Basic python Selenium

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome() # Creates a new chromedriver instance

driver.get("https://www.python.org/") # Go to https://www.python.org/
# Sends the text "python" to the text search box
driver.find_element_by_id("id-search-field").send_keys("python")
# Click on the search button
driver.find_element_by_css_selector("button[type=\"submit\"]").click()

Basic Selenium testcase

This is a basic example of a Selenium testcase using the python Unittest library

from selenium import webdriver

import unittest

class SeleniumTest(Unittest.testcase):

def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
self.driver.implicitly_wait(30)

def test(self):
self.driver.get("https//www.google.com")
self.driver.find_element_by_id("lst-ib").send_keys("python")
self.driver.find_element_by_css_selector("span[class=\"sbico\"]").click()

def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()

Read Getting started with Selenium in python online:

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Chapter 5: Mobile app automation
Examples
Android + Chrome + Python

To be able to run tests Chrome broser should be pre-installed on Android device,

Python + Chrome + Android

To be able to work with web-application on Android device using Selenium below pre-conditions
should be met:

• Android SDK installed on computer

• Chrome browser installed on Android device
• Debugging mode enabled on Android device

Start adb and chromedriver server with below commands from cmd/Terminal:

adb start-server
chromedriver

Note down chromedriver server port number from log that looks like

Starting ChromeDriver 2.15.322448 (52179c1b310fec1797c81ea9a20326839860b7d3)

on port 9515

Connect Android device to computer with USB cable

Below is simple Python code to get Google page:

from selenium import webdriver

capabilities = {
 'chromeOptions': {
   'androidPackage': 'com.android.chrome',
  }
}
driver = webdriver.Remote('http://localhost:9515', capabilities) # Specify your port number
value
driver.get('http://google.com')
driver.quit()

Read Mobile app automation online: https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/9449/mobile-app-

automation

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Chapter 6: Selenium IDE
Examples
Try a simple Selenium script: Search Wikipedia on Google

Prerequisites:

• Install Firefox
• Install Selenium IDE addon (https://addons.mozilla.org/fr/firefox/addon/selenium-ide/)

Open the plugin. A button displaying a red circle must be shown. If it's pressed, it means you can
start your scenario. The plugin is recording everything you do within this Firefox instance.
Do whatever you want to be recorded.
In the end, save your scenario; you will notice that Selenium IDE's scenarios are html files.
You can also open files from other users. For instance, copy and paste the code below in a new
html file and import it via your plugin. You will be able to run the -very simple- scenario.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head profile="http://selenium-ide.openqa.org/profiles/test-case">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
<link rel="selenium.base" href="https://www.google.com/" />
<title>sample-test</title>
</head>
<body>
<table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="1">
<thead>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="3">sample-test</td></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td>open</td>
<td>/</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>type</td>
<td>id=lst-ib</td>
<td>Wikipedia</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</body>
</html>

This DSL (domain specific language) is commonly named "selenese".

Its most common functions are listed here.

Read Selenium IDE online: https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/7694/selenium-ide

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Chapter 7: Selenium simple example C# and
Nunit
Remarks
This is a very basic example or starting Selenium, accessing and using a page and then shutting
down Selenium within NUnit.

Examples
Simple Selenium-NUnit

Prereqs:

• Selenium and required Browser Drivers are installed (Available in Nuget)

• NUnit has been installed in VS and added to the project

using NUnit.Framework;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.IE;
using System;
[TestFixture]
public class GoToGoogle
{
//The WebDriver object
IWebDriver driver;
//Ran before test cases
[TestFixtureSetUp]
public void setup()
{
//Initialize the webdriver
//An example of IE
driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
//Firefox Example
//driver = new FirefoxDriver();
//An example of Chrome
//driver = new ChromeDriver();

//Wait x seconds to find the element and then fail, x = 5 here

driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitlyWait(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
}
//Ran after the test case has completed
[TestFixtureTearDown]
public void tearDown()
{
driver.Quit();
}
[Test]
public void gotoGoogle()
{

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 //going to google.com
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("www.google.com");
//Assert we are on google.com
Assert.AreEqual(driver.Title, "Google");
//Getting the search field
IWebElement searchField = driver.FindElement(By.Name("q"));
//Typing in the search field
searchField.SendKeys("Selenium Tutorial");
//Submitting
searchField.Submit();

Read Selenium simple example C# and Nunit online:

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Chapter 8: Selenium simple example C# and
Nunit
Examples
Simple page load test and make sure the title of the page is correct

public class HomepageTests

{
private IWebDriver _driver;

[SetUp]
public void LoadDriver()
{
_driver = new ChromeDriver();

[Test]
public void Valid_Home_Page_Title()
{
_driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("Your homeoage url / local or remote");
StringAssert.Contains("Expected title of your page", _driver.Title);

[TearDown]
public void UnloadDriver()
{
_driver.Quit();
}
}

Read Selenium simple example C# and Nunit online:

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Chapter 9: Take a screenshot of a webpage
Examples
Python Selenium take/save screenshot of webpage

from selenium import webdriver

# Create a new cromedriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Go to www.google.com
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
# Saves a .png file with name my_screenshot_name to the directory that
# you are running the program from.
screenshot_name = "my_screenshot_name.png"
driver.save_screenshot(screenshot_name)

driver.save_screenshot will return 'true' if the screenshot was taken, and 'false' if it was not. Saving
screenshots also works with headless browsers. If you want to save a screenshot in a different
directory, just add the filepath (relative to where you are running the code from). For example:

screenshot_name = "screenshots/my_screenshot_name.png"

Will save the screenshot in directory "screenshots" inside the directory that python is being run
from.

C# TakeScreenshot extension

public static Screenshot TakeScreenshot(this IWebDriver _driver)

{
return ((ITakesScreenshot)_driver).GetScreenshot();
}

Usage example:

driver.TakeScreenshot().SaveAsFile(@"/Test/Test.png",ImageFormat.Png);

Java Selenium take/save screenshot of webpage and add on report

public void Screenshot() throws Throwable{

final byte[] screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES);
scenario.embed(screenshot, "image/png"); // ... and embed it in the report.
Thread.sleep(1000);
}

Alternately

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 public static void captureScreenShot(WebDriver ldriver){

// Take screenshot and store as a file format

File src= ((TakesScreenshot)ldriver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
try {
// now copy the screenshot to desired location using copyFile method

FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("C:/selenium/"+System.currentTimeMillis()+".png"));

}

catch (IOException e)

{
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}

Read Take a screenshot of a webpage online: https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/6789/take-a-

screenshot-of-a-webpage

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Chapter 10: Waiting in Selenium
Introduction
One of the most common stumbling blocks for newer Selenium users is waiting until a page is fully
loaded. Human users can easily tell if a page has fully loaded or if it is still loading. Selenium,
however, just waits for a set amount of time. Therefore, it is often convenient to have a good way
to wait for elements in a page. While it is possible to do this with a loop and sleep() functions,
there are much cleaner ways already built into Selenium.

Examples
Explicit Wait in Python

When browser navigates to a dynamic page (most commonly AJAX-based web application), the
elements on the page can take different time to load, and furthermore: some elements will only
load in response to some user actions. In such cases direct retrieval of an element may fail:

# Don't do this: may fail on dynamic page with ElementNotVisibleException

element = driver.find_element_by_name('q')

The most obvious solution it seems to introduce the wait before retrieving elements:

# Don't do this: inefficient solution for ElementNotVisibleException

time.sleep(5) # delays for 5 seconds
element = driver.find_element_by_name('q')

But such solution is inefficient, since it causes the test to always wait for 5 seconds, even when
the element in most cases appears after 1 second (and only sometimes requires up to 5 seconds).
It doesn't look much if it's one place, but usually each test deals with multiple elements, and there
are multiple tests, which adds up to overall test duration.

A better solution is to wait for element to appear for up to 5 seconds, but return from the wait as
soon as element is found. WebDriverWait allows you to do just that.

The following example navigates to www.google.com, waits (for up to 5 seconds) for the search
bar to load, and then searches for "selenium".

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# Create a new chromedriver instance

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

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 # Go to www.google.com
driver.get("https://www.google.com")

try:
# Wait as long as required, or maximum of 5 sec for element to appear
# If successful, retrieves the element
element = WebDriverWait(driver,5).until(
EC.presence_of_element_located((By.NAME, "q")))

# Type "selenium"
element.send_keys("selenium")

#Type Enter
element.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)

except TimeoutException:
print("Failed to load search bar at www.google.com")
finally:
driver.quit()

Wait in Java with selenium

Explicit wait : Wait for a certain condition to occur before proceeding further in the code.

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.get("http://google.com");
WebElement myElement = (new WebDriverWait(driver, 10))
.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.id("myElement")));

Implicit wait: Wait for a certain amount of time when trying to find an element or elements if they
are not immediately available.

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.get("http://google.com");
WebElement myElement = driver.findElement(By.id("myElement"));

Read Waiting in Selenium online: https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/6901/waiting-in-selenium

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Chapter 11: WebDriver Factory
Examples
WebDriver Factory C#

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using OpenQA.Selenium.IE;

/// <summary>
/// Factory for creating WebDriver for various browsers.
/// </summary>
public static class WebDriverFactory
{
/// <summary>
/// Initilizes IWebDriver base on the given WebBrowser name.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static IWebDriver CreateWebDriver(WebBrowser name)
{
switch (name)
{
case WebBrowser.Firefox:
return new FirefoxDriver();
case WebBrowser.IE:
case WebBrowser.InternetExplorer:
InternetExplorerOptions ieOption = new InternetExplorerOptions();
ieOption.IntroduceInstabilityByIgnoringProtectedModeSettings = true;
ieOption.EnsureCleanSession = true;
ieOption.RequireWindowFocus = true;
return new InternetExplorerDriver(@"./", ieOption);
case "safari":
return new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri("http://mac-ip-address:the-opened-port"),
DesiredCapabilities.Safari());
case WebBrowser.Chrome:
default:
ChromeOptions chromeOption = new ChromeOptions();
string location = @"./";
chromeOption.AddArguments("--disable-extensions");
return new ChromeDriver(location, chromeOption);
}
}
}

public enum WebBrowser

{
IE,
InternetExplorer,
Firefox,
Chrome
}

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 // Usage
var driver = WebDriverFactory.CreateWebDriver(WebBrowser.Chrome);

Read WebDriver Factory online: https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/7727/webdriver-factory

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Chapter 12: WebDriverManager for Selenium
- a very neat tool from Boni Garcia
Introduction
I switched to Selenium 3 and started using Chrome instead of Firefox. I discovered that for
Chrome I need to download a binary for WebDriver to handle the browser. For that to work I need
to set absolute path to this binary as Java variable. If binary gets updated, I need to update that
binary manually in my test framework - which takes time and is really annoying. I discovered a
very neat Java library that does it for me: https://github.com/bonigarcia/webdrivermanager

Examples
Below examples shows how easy it is to use

ChromeDriverManager.getInstance().setup();
FirefoxDriverManager.getInstance().setup();
OperaDriverManager.getInstance().setup();
PhantomJsDriverManager.getInstance().setup();
EdgeDriverManager.getInstance().setup();
InternetExplorerDriverManager.getInstance().setup();

Read WebDriverManager for Selenium - a very neat tool from Boni Garcia online:
https://riptutorial.com/selenium/topic/10582/webdrivermanager-for-selenium---a-very-neat-tool-
from-boni-garcia

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Credits
S.
Chapters Contributors
No

Getting started with akhilsk, Alex.K., Brydenr, Community, Eugene S, Priya, Pseudo
1
selenium Sudo, Ruslan López Carro, Thomas, Venkatesh Achanta

Accepting popup
2 Brydenr, Paul Muir, Priya, slackmart
alerts with Selenium

First project in
3 Frank Underwood
selenium with Java

Getting started with

4 Brydenr
Selenium in python

Mobile app
5 Andersson
automation

6 Selenium IDE Y-B Cause

Selenium simple
7 example C# and Paul Muir
Nunit

Take a screenshot of
8 Brydenr, DuarteNGF, Paul Muir, Priya
a webpage

9 Waiting in Selenium Brydenr, John Fisher, Kiril S., Priya, Pseudo Sudo

10 WebDriver Factory Buaban

WebDriverManager
for Selenium - a very
11 sen4ik
neat tool from Boni
Garcia

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