Lecture 1 Introduction To Rotational Motion

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Lecture 1 Introduction To Rotational Motion

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NORHIWANI BINTI MOHD HAPIPI

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ROTATIONAL

MOTION
Lecture 1: Introduction to Rotational Motion
Lecture 2: Centripetal Acceleration &
Centripetal Force
Lecture 3: Rotational Motion in a horizontal
& vertical plane

By: Dr Norhiwani Mohd Hapipi

L1: INTRODUCTION TO ROTATIONAL MECHANICS
▪1.1 Angular Displacement
▪1.2 Angular Velocity
▪1.3 Angular acceleration
▪1.4 Frequency and period
▪1.5 Relationship between linear and rotational
motion
LINEAR MOTION VS ROTATIONAL MOTION
Linear motion Rotational Motion

▪ Moving in a straight line in 1D or 2D ▪ Movement of an object along the

(projectile motion) circumference or rotation along a
circular path
▪ Parameters:
▪ Displacement (∆s) ▪ Parameters:
▪ Velocity (v) ▪ Angular Displacement (∆θ)
▪ Acceleration (a) ▪ Angular Velocity (𝜔)
▪ Angular Acceleration (𝛼)
1.1 ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
▪ Measures how far objects rotate around
the circle
▪ Distance around the circle → 𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑠 2𝜋𝑟
▪ Divide both by radius, r → =
𝑟 𝑟
𝑠
▪ Thus, = 2𝜋 (2𝜋 =360°)
𝑟

𝑠 Angular displacement
▪ So, 𝜃 =
𝑟
𝑠 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

360
1 rad = = 57.3
2
▪ Rotation angle = ratio of the arc length to the radius of
curvature
∆𝑠
∆𝜃 =
∆𝑟

As a point on the rotating

disc moves from Ⓐ to Ⓑ
UNIT CONVERSION In radians in a time ∆𝑡, it starts at an
angle 𝜃𝑖 and ends at an
angle 𝜃𝑓 . The difference
𝜽𝒇 − 𝜽𝒊 is called the
angular displacement.
PRACTICE 1
▪Neena goes around a circular track that has a
diameter of 7 m. If she runs around the entire
track for a distance of 50 m, what is her
angular displacement?
SOLUTION 1:
According to question, Neena’s linear displacement, s = 50 m.
Also, the diameter of the curved path, d = 7 m
As we know that, d = 2r, so r =7/2= 3.5 m
And according to the formula for angular displacement,

θ = 50m /3.5 m
θ = 14.28 radians
1.2 ANGULAR VELOCITY
▪How fast the object rotating?
▪ Angular velocity, 𝝎 = we
define angular velocity as the rate
of change of an angle (the rate of change of angular
displacement.)
▪ Average angular velocity, 𝝎𝒂𝒗
▪ The ratio of the ang. displacement ∆𝜃 to the time interval ∆𝑡:

SI unit = radian/second (rad s-1)

▪ For very short time intervals, the average angular
velocity approaches the instantaneous angular
velocity, just as in the linear case.

▪ Instantaneous angular velocity, 𝝎

▪ A limit of the average velocity as the time interval, ∆𝑡
approaches zero:
PRACTICE 2
1.3 ANGULAR ACCELERATION
▪ When there is a changes is angular velocity, ∆𝜔 leads to the concept of
angular acceleration
▪ Average angular acceleration, 𝛼𝑎𝑣 = the change in its angular velocity
∆𝜔 divided by ∆𝑡:
SI unit = radians per second
squared (rad/s2)

▪ Instantaneous angular acceleration,𝛼 is the limit of the average angular

velocity as the time interval approaches zero
ROTATIONAL MOTION UNDER CONSTANT ANGULAR
ACCELERATION
▪ Compare the equation of angular velocity

with average linear velocity:

PRACTICE 2
FREQUENCY AND PERIOD
• Frequency, f is another quantity that
• Speed is total distance traveled divided by
specifies how fast the angle change in
the time taken
time
2𝜋𝑟
• Angular frequency, 𝜔 is defined as the 𝑣= = 2𝜋𝑟𝑓
𝑇
number of revolutions per unit time
1 𝜔
• Thus, for uniform circular motion
𝑓= = SI unit = Hertz (Hz)
𝑇 2𝜋 = rev/sec

• Period of time required to make one

complete revolution
1 2𝜋 Time taken to complete 1
𝑇= = Frequency, (unit Hz)
𝑓 𝜔 revolution
RPM number in tachometer of car
• How many times per minute the engine cycles
@ frequency of engine revolution.
TANGENTIAL VELOCITY
▪ The direction of velocity is constant in magnitude and is always tangential to the circle (tangential
velocity)
▪ We know from the defining equation for radian measure that,

▪ Dividing both sides of this equation by ∆t, the time interval during which the rotation occurs, yields

When ∆t is very small, the angle ∆𝜃 through

which the object rotates is also small, and the
∆𝜃
ratio ∆𝑡 is close to the instantaneous angular
velocity 𝜔.

Tangential velocity @ linear velocity

19
Tangential Acceleration
Example 1:
A toy train takes 30.0 s to go around a horizontal circular track of
radius 0.50 m. Calculate (a) the speed, and (b) the angular velocity.

(b) Angular velocity,

Solution v
=
(a) Distance travelled in a r
0.105
complete circle = 2𝜋𝑟 = rad s−1
Δs 0.50
v= = 0.210 rad s−1
Δt
2πr Alternatively, use
or v =
t 2π
2π 0.50 m  =
= t
30.0 s 2π
= rad s-1
30.0
= 0.105 m s-1
= 0.209 rad s-1
Example 2:
A merry-go-round makes 24 revolutions in 3.0
minutes.
(a) What is its average angular velocity?
(b) What is the tangential speed of an object 4.0 m
and 5.0 m from the center or axis of rotation?

Solution
(a) The average angular (b) The tangential speed is
velocity is v = r

Δ If r is 4.0 m:
 = v = (4.0 m)(0.84 rad s−1)
Δt
= 3.4 m s−1
(24  2) rad
=
3.0  60 s If r is 5.0 m:
= 0.84 rad s-1 v = (5.0 m)(0.84 rad s−1)
= 4.2 m s−1
Example 4:

A stone which is tied to the end of a string is whirled around a circle of radius 0.50 m with a
speed of 25 rev/min in a horizontal plane. Find the linear speed of the stone.

Solution
25 𝑟𝑒𝑣 25 𝑟𝑒𝑣
Frequency of the stone, f = = = 0.4167 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
1𝑚𝑖𝑛 60𝑠
anggular velocity,  =2𝜋𝑓=2𝜋(0.4167)