Introduction to networks

Long Answer Questions

1. What is the difference between Hub, Switch, and Router?

Hub Switch Router

Hub is least Switches work The router is smartest
expensive, least similarly like Hubs but and most
intelligent and least in a more efficient complicated out of
complicated of the manner. these three. It comes
three. It creates connections in all shapes and
It broadcast all data dynamically and sizes. Routers are
to every port which provides information similar like little
may cause serious only to the requesting computers dedicated
security and port for routing network
reliability concern traffic

In a Network, Hub is a Switch is a device in a Routers are located

common connection network which at gateway and
point for devices forwards packets in a forwards data
connected to the network packets
network. Hub
contains multiple
ports and is used to
connect segments of
LAN

2. Explain various types of networks based on their sizes?

Answer: The size of the network is defined as the geographic area

and the number of computers covered in it. Based on the size of
the network they are classified as below:

1. Local Area Network (LAN): A network with a minimum of two

computers to a maximum of thousands of computers within an
office or a building is termed as LAN. Generally, it works for a
single site where people can share resources like printers, data
storage, etc.
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): It is larger than LAN and
used to connect various LANs across small regions, a city,
campus of colleges or universities, etc which in turn forms a
bigger network.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN): Multiple LANs and MAN’s
connected together form a WAN. It covers a wider area like a
whole country or world
3.How are networks classified based on their connections?

Answer: Networks are classified into two categories based on their

connection types. They are mentioned below:

Peer-to-peer networks (P2P): When two or more computers

are connected together to share resources without the use of a
central server is termed as a peer-to-peer network. Computers
in this type of network act as both server and client. It is
generally used in small companies as they are not expensive.
Server-based networks: In this type of network, a central
server is located to store the data, applications, etc of the
clients. The server computer provides the security and network
administration to the network.

Network Topologies

Long Answer Questions

1. Name the different types of network topologies and brief
their advantages?

Answer: Network Topology is nothing but the physical or logical way

in which the devices (like nodes, links, and computers) of a network
are arranged. Physical Topology means the actual place where the
elements of a network are located.

Logical Topology deals with the flow of data over the networks. A link
is used to connect more than two devices of a network. And more
than two links located nearby form a topology.

Network topologies are classified as below:

a) Bus Topology: In Bus Topology, all the devices of the network are connected to
a common cable (also called as the backbone). As the devices are connected to a
single cable, it is also termed as Linear Bus Topology.
The advantage of bus topology is that it can be installed easily. And
the disadvantage is that if the backbone cable breaks then the whole
network will be down.

b) Star Topology: In Star Topology, there is a central controller or

hub to which every node or device is connected through a cable. In
this topology, the devices are not linked to each other. If a device
needs to communicate with the other, then it has to send the signal or
data to the central hub. And then the hub sends the same data to the
destination device.

The advantage of the star topology is that if a link breaks then only
that particular link is affected. The whole network remains
undisturbed. The main disadvantage of the star topology is that all
the devices of the network are dependent on a single point (hub). If
the central hub gets failed, then the whole network gets down.

c) Ring Topology: In Ring Topology, each device of the network is

connected to two other devices on either side which in turn forms a
loop. Data or Signal in ring topology flow only in a single direction
from one device to another and reaches the destination node.

The advantage of ring topology is that it can be installed easily.

Adding or deleting devices to the network is also easy. The main
disadvantage of ring topology is the data flows only in one direction.
And a break at a node in the network can affect the whole network.

d) Mesh Topology: In a Mesh Topology, each device of the network

is connected to all other devices of the network. Mesh Topology uses
Routing and Flooding techniques for data transmission.
The advantage of mesh topology is if one link breaks then it does not
affect the whole network. And the disadvantage is, huge cabling is
required and it is expensive.

Network Devices

Long Answer Questions

1. Why switch is called intelligent hub?
Answer: A switch is more intelligent than a hub. Like a hub, a switch is
the connection point for the computers (and other devices) in a
network. However, a switch is more efficient at passing along traffic.
It records the addresses of the computers connected to it in a table.
When traffic comes through, the switch reads the destination address
and sends that traffic to the appropriate computer rather than
sending it to all the connected computers. If the destination address
is not in the table, the switch sends the traffic to all the connected
computers.

2.What is Modem?

Answer: A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that

modulates an analog signal to digital information. It also decodes
carrier signals to demodulates the transmitted information.

The main aim of the Modem is to produce a signal that can be

transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the digital data in its
original form. Modems are also used for transmitting analog signals,
from Light Emitting Diodes (LED) to radio.

2. What are the important differences between MAC address

and IP address

Answer: Here, are some difference between MAC and IP address:

MAC IP address
The MAC address stands for Media IP address stands for Internet
Access Control Address. Protocol Address.
It consists of a 48-bit address. It consists of a 32-bit address.
MAC address works at the link IP address works at the network
layer of the OSI model. layer of OSI model.
It is referred to as a physical It is referred to as a logical
address. address.
You can retrieve the MAC address You can retrieve the MAC address
of any device using ARP protocol. of any device RARP protocol.
Classes are not used in MAC In IP, IPv4 uses A, B, C, D, and E
address. classes.

Introduction to Internet

Long Answer Questions

1. Define various types of Internet connections?

Answer: There are three types of Internet connections. They are

listed below:

1. Broadband Connection: This type of connection gives

continuous high-speed Internet. In this type, if we log off from
the Internet for any reason then there is no need to log in again.
For Example, Modems of cables, Fibres, wireless connection,
satellite connection, etc.
2. Wi-Fi: It is a wireless Internet connection between the devices.
It uses radio waves to connect to the devices or gadgets.
3. WiMAX: It is the most advanced type of Internet connection
which is more featured than Wi-Fi. It is nothing but a high-speed
and advanced type of broadband connection.

2. What is "netiquette"?
Answer: Netiquette refers to rules of good behavior in Internet
communication. The cardinal rule, of course, is to be considerate of
other people, even though you may never have to face them.
Advertising in a newsgroup through email is a fairly common faux
pas. These unsolicited ads would create enormous clutter if they
weren't so strongly discouraged. A website is the most appropriate
place to advertise because those who are interested can come to you.
Typing your comments completely in capital letters ("shouting") is
another Internet taboo. Experienced Internet user recommend that
people who are unsure of their grasp of netiquette observe the
communications of others before leaping in, a practice known as
"lurking".
 Web Browsers

Long Answer Questions

1. What is a cookie?
Answer: A “cookie” is a small piece of information that a website can
store in a designated file on your computer. It can be used, among
other things, to identify you when you log in to a website. When you
visit a site, that site can access only the information that is stored in
your cookie — not information put in your cookie by other sites.
Boston.com is one of many sites that use cookies.

2. What Is Plug-in?
Answer : In web browsers, a plug-in (also called plugin, addin, add-in,
addon, add-on, snap-in or snapin) consists of a computer program
that interacts with a host application (a web browser or an email
client, for example) to provide a certain, usually very specific,
function "on demand". Add-on is often considered the general term
comprising plug-ins, extensions, and themes as subcategories.

Website

Long Answer Questions

1. Differentiate between website and web-page?
Answer: A document which can be displayed in a web browser such
as Firefox, Google Chrome etc. is called a web page.
A collection of web pages which are grouped together and usually
connected together in various ways. Often called a "web site" or
simply a "site."

2. Differentiate between static and dynamic web page?

Answer: The static web pages display the same content each time
when someone visits it, whereas in dynamic web
pages the page content changes according to the user. Conversely,
the dynamic web pages take more time while loading. A database is
used in at the server end in a dynamic web page.