ENLIGHTENMENT TO PERFECTION

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL

Syllabus and Examination Scheme for

M. A.
in

MATHEMATICS

Under CBCS

(To be implemented from Session 2018-19)

Signature of Chairperson Signature of HOD

DDE Expert Committee, Mathematics, Department of Mathematics,
NBU NBU

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 1

 Proposed PG Syllabus in Mathematics, DDE, NBU

Credit distribution

Course type Total papers Credits Marks

1.Core courses(CORE) 7 7 × 4=28 7 × 75 =525
2.Soft core 4 3 × 3 +4=13 4 × 75 =300
courses(SCORE)
3. Elective 4 4 × 3=12 4 × 75=300
courses(ELEC)
4. Open elective 1 1 × 3=3 1 × 75=75
courses(OLEC)
5. Assignments 4 4 × 2=8 4 × 4 × (15 + 10 ) =400
Total 16 64 1600

Semester 1

Subject course No Course Credit

DEMATH1CORE1 Abstract algebra 4
DEMATH1CORE2 Complex Analysis I 4
DEMATH1SCORE3 Analysis of several variables 3
DEMATH1ELEC4 / Differential Geometry /p-adic 3
DEMATH1ELEC5 Analysis
DEMATHASSG1 Assignment 2

Semester 2

Subject course No Course Credit

DEMATH2CORE1 Real Analysis 4
DEMATH2CORE2 Point set Topology 4
DEMATH2SCORE3 Ordinary Differential 3
Equations
DEMATH2ELEC4 / Theory of Rings and Modules 3
DEMATH2ELEC5 / Complex Analysis II
DEMATHASSG2 Assignment 2

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 2

 Semester 3

Subject course No Course Credit

DEMATH3CORE1 Linear Algebra 4
DEMATH3CORE2 Functional Analysis 4
DEMATH3SCORE3 Partial Differential Equations 3
DEMATH3OLEC4 / Discrete Mathematics / 3
DEMATH3OLEC5 History of Mathematics
DEMATHASSG3 Assignment 2

Semester 4

Choose any two courses from DEMATH4ELEC3, DEMATH4ELEC4, DEMATH4ELEC5, and

DEMATH4ELEC6

Subject Course No Course Credit

DEMATH4CORE1 Abstract Measure theory 4
DEMATH4SCORE2 Elementary Number theory 4
DEMATH4ELEC3 Integral equation and Integral 3
transform
DEMATH4ELEC4 Field extension and Galois theory 3
DEMATH4ELEC5 Algebraic Topology 3
DEMATH4ELEC6 General theory of Integration 3
DEMATHASSG4 Assignment 2

 Question Pattern for all Papers: Group-A: (3 Questions out of 5)×10=30, Group-B: (5
harder problems out of 7) ×6= 30 and Group-C: (5 moderate problems) ×3=15.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 3

 Detailed Syllabus of PG Semester-I

Paper: DEMATH1CORE1 4 Credits

Abstract Algebra

Homomorphism of Groups, Isomorphism Theorems, Cayley’s Theorem, Generalized Cayley’s

Theorem, Group Action, Conjugacy Relation, Class Equation, Cauchy’s Theorem, Sylow’s
Theorems and applications.

Ring Homomorphism. Isomorphism Theorems, Ideals and Quotient Ring. Prime and irreducible
elements. Maximal and Prime Ideals. Quotient Field of an Integral Domain. Prime Fields.
Irreducible and Prime Elements in a Ring. Factorisation Domain, Unique Factorisation Domain,
Principal Ideal Domain, Euclidean Domain, Ring of Polynomials.

References

1. David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra (3e), John Wiley and
Sons.
2. Joseph R. Gallian, Contemporary Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publishing House.
3. John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publishing House.
4. Michael Artin, Algebra, Prentice Hall.
5. Thomas Hungerford, Algebra, Springer GTM.
6. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Abstract Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited.
7. D. S. Malik, J. N. Modrdeson, and M. K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra, Mc
Graw-Hill, International Edition, 1997.
8. J.J. Rotman, The Theory of Groups: An Introduction, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Boston.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 4

Paper: DEMATH1CORE2 4 Credits
Complex Analysis I

Function of a complex variable, concept of limit and continuity, Stereographic Projection,

Sequences and series of functions, Analytic function and Power series, Power series as analytic
function, exponential, trigonometric, logarithmic, inverse functions, Complex integration.,
Cauchy-Goursat Theorem (for convex region), Winding number or index of a curve, Cauchy's
integral formula, Higher order derivatives, Morera's Theorem, Cauchy's inequality and
Liouville's theorem, Doubly periodic entire function, The fundamental theorem of algebra, Zeros
of analytic functions, Maximum modulus principle, Hadamard’s three circle theorem, Taylor’s
theorem, Schwarz lemma, Laurent's series, Isolated singularities, Casoratti-weierstrass theorem.

Residues. Cauchy's residue theorem, Evaluation of integrals, Rouche's theorem, Meromorphic

functions, The argument principle, inverse function theorem, Branches of many valued
functions with special reference to arg z , log z and za., Riemann surfaces.

Bilinear transformations, their properties and classifications, Definitions and examples of

Conformal mappings, Cross-Ratio, Principle of Symmetry.

Analytic continuation, Uniqueness of direct analytic continuation, Monodromy theorem,

Analytic continuation via Reflection, Uniqueness of analytic continuation along a curve, Power
series method of analytic continuation.

References
1. H. A. Priestly, Introduction to Complex Analysis, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1990.
2. J. B. Conway, Functions of one Complex variable. Springer-Verlag. International
Student Edition, Narosa Pub. House. 1980.
3. Liang-shin Hahn & Bernard Epstein, Classical Complex Analysis. Jones and
Bartlett Pub. International London, 1996.
4. L. V. Ahlfors. Complex Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
5. S. Lang. Complex Analysis, Addison Wesley. 1970.
6. D. Sarason, Complex Function Theory , Hindustan Book Agency, Delhi, 1994.
7. E. Hille, Analytic Function Theory (2 vols) , Gonn & Co, 1959.
8. W.H.J. Fuchs, Topics in the Theory of Functions of one complex variable, D. Van
Nostrand Co. , 1967.
9. C. Caratheodory. Theolry of ;Functions (2 vols) Chelsea Publishing Company,
1964.
10. M. Heins, Complex Function Theory. Academic Press, 1968.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 5

 11. Walter Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw - Hill Book Co, 1966.
12. S. Saks and A. Zygmund, Analytic Functions, Monografie Matematyczne, 1952.
13. E. C. Titchmarsh, The Theory of Functions, Oxford Univ. Press, London.
14. W. A. Veech, A Second Course in Complex Aanlysis. W. A. Benjamin, 1967.
15. S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Complex Analysis, Narosa Pub. House, 1997.

Paper: DEMATH1SCORE3 3 Credits

Analysis of Several Variables

Topology of ℝ𝑛 , 𝐺𝐿𝑛 (ℝ) etc. . Differentiability of maps from ℝ𝑚 to ℝ𝑛 and the derivative as a
linear map. Determinant as mapping; its continuity and differentiability. Existence and
meaningfulness of 𝑒 𝐴 and its continuity as well as differentiability (A is a real square matrix).
Higher derivatives, Chain Rule, mean value theorem for differentiable functions, Taylor
expansions in several variables, Local maxima and minima, Lagrange multiplier, Sard’s theorem.
Multiple integrals, Existence of the Riemann integral for sufficiently well-behaved functions on
rectangles, i.e., product of intervals. Multiple integrals expressed as iterated simple integrals.
Brief treatment of multiple integrals on more general domains. Change of variables and the
Jacobian formula, illustration with plenty of examples. Inverse and implicit function theorems.
Picard’s Theorem.

Curves in ℝ2 and ℝ3 . Line integrals, Surfaces in ℝ3 , Surface integrals, Integration of forms,

Divergence, Gradient and Curl operations, Green’s theorem, Gauss (Divergence) theorem and
Stoke’s theorem.

References
1. M. Spivak: Calculus on manifolds, Benjamin (1965).
2. W. Rudin: Principles of mathematical analysis, Mc Graw-Hill.
3. T. Apostol: Mathematical Analysis
4. Munkres, J., Analysis on Manifolds.
5. T. Apostol: Calculus (Vol 2), John Wiley.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 6

Paper: DEMATH1ELEC4 3 Credits
Differential Geometry

Curvilinear Coordinates, Elementary arc length, Length of a vector, Angle between two non-null
vectors, Reciprocal Base system, Intrinsic Differentiation, Parallel vector fields.
Geometry of space curves: Serret-Frenet formulae, Equation of Straight lines, Helix, Bertrand
curve.
Quick recap of multivariate calculus, Inverse Function Theorem and Implicit Function Theorem.
Regular surfaces, differential functions on surfaces, the tangent plane and the differential maps
between regular surfaces, the first fundamental form, normal fields and orientability.
Gauss map, shape operator, the second fundamental form, normal and principle curvatures,
Gaussian and mean curvatures.
Geodesic, Exponential map, Parallel transport, Theorem of Egregium.
Geodesic curvature, Gauss-Bonnet Theorem for simple closed curve.

References:
1. Elementary Differential Geometry, Andrew Pressley, Springer, 2010.
2. Elementary Differential Geometry, Barrett O’Neill, Elsevier, 2006.
3. Elementary Differential Geometry, Christian Bä r, Cambridge
University Press, 2011.
4. Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Manfredo P. Do Carmo, Prentice-
Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 1976.
5. A Text Book of Differential Geometry, U. C. De, Asian Books Pvt. Ltd, 2014.
6. An Introduction to Differential Geometry (with the use of tensor Calculus),
Princeton University Press, 1940.

Paper: DEMATH1ELEC5 3 Credits

P-adic Analysis

I. Congruences and modular equations

II. The p-adic norm and the p-adic numbers

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 7

 III. Some elementary p-adic analysis

IV. The topology of Qp

V. p-adic algebraic number theory

References:

1. G. Bachman, Introduction to p-adic numbers and valuation theory, Academic

Press (1964).
2. J. W. S. Cassels, Local fields, Cambridge University Press (1986).
3. F. Q. Gouvˆea, p-adic Numbers: An Introduction, 2nd edition, Springer-Verlag
(1997).
4. S. Katok, p-adic analysis compared with real, American Mathematical Society
(2007).
5. N. Koblitz, p-adic numbers, p-adic analysis and zeta functions, second edition,
Springer-Verlag (1984).
6. S. Lang, Algebra, revised third edition, Springer-Verlag (2002).
7. K. Mahler, Introduction to p-adic numbers and their functions, second edition,
Cambridge University Press (1981).
8. AM. Robert, A course in p-adic analysis, Springer-Verlag, 2000.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 8

 Detailed Syllabus of PG Semester-II
Paper: DEMATH2CORE1 4 Credits
Real Analysis

Extended real numbers, Algebraic operations and convergence in extended real number systems.
Lebesgue outer measure, Measurable sets , regularity, Measurable Functions, Borel and
Lebesgue measurability.

References:
1. Fundamentals of Real Analysis, S K. Berberian, Springer.
2. Measure Theory and Integration, G. De Barra, New Age International Publ.
3. Real Analysis, H. L. Royden.
4. Principles of Mathematical Analysis, W. Rudin.
5. Lectures on Real Analysis, J. Yeh, World Sci.
6. R. G. Bartle, The Elements of Integration, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York,
1966

Paper: DEMATH2CORE2 4 Credits

Point-Set Topology

Axiom of choice and existence of choice function. Partially ordered set, linearly ordered set, well
ordered set and product of the same kinds, Zorn’s lemma, well ordering principle with special
emphasis on Ordinal and Cardinal numbers.
Topological spaces, open and closed sets, basis and sub-basis, closure, interior and boundary of a
set. Subspace topology. Continuous maps: properties and constructions; Pasting Lemma. Open
and closed maps, Homeomorphisms. Product topology, Quotient topology and examples of
Topological Manifolds. Countability and separation axioms: Urysohn’s lemma, Tietze extension
theorem and applications. Urysohn embedding lemma and metrization theorem for second
countable spaces. Connected, path-connected and locally connected spaces. Lindelof and
Compact spaces. Net, Filters
Different kinds of compactness and their identity in metric spaces. Local compactness,
Compactifications, Paracompactness. Covering Spaces and Uniform Spaces.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 9

References:
1. J. R. Munkres, Topology: a first course, Prentice-Hall (1975).
2. G.F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, TataMcGraw-Hill
(1963).
3. M.A. Armstrong, Basic Topology, Springer.
4. J. L. Kelley, General Topology, Springer-Verlag (1975).
5. J. Dugundji, Topology, UBS (1999).
6. Stephen Willard, General Topology, Dover (2004).
7. I. P. Natanson, Theory of functions of a real variable, Vol. II. (especially for
Ordinal numbers)

Paper: DEMATH2SCORE3 3 Credits

Ordinary Differential Equations

Review of solution methods for first order as well as second order equations, Power Series
methods with properties of Bessel functions and Legendré polynomials.

Existence and Uniqueness of Initial Value Problems: Picard's and Peano's Theorems, Gronwall's
inequality, continuation of solutions and maximal interval of existence, continuous dependence.

Higher Order Linear Equations and linear Systems: fundamental solutions, Wronskian, variation
of constants, matrix exponential solution, behaviour of solutions.

Boundary Value Problems for Second Order Equations: Green's function, Sturm
comparisontheorems and oscillations, eigenvalue problems.

References

1. S. L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Edn., Wiley India, 1984.

2. G.F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes,
Tata-McGrawHill 2003.
3. M.Brown, Differential Equations and Their Applications, Springer 1983.
4. W. Boyce and R. Diprima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary
Value Problems.
5. G. Birhoff & G.C. Rofa Ordinary Differential Equations, Wily ,1978

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 10

Paper: DEMATH2ELEC4 3 Credits
Theory of Rings and Modules

Ring Theory- Noetherian and Artinian Rings, Hilbert Basis Theorem, Cohen’s Theorem.
Radicals of Rings and Modules, Primary Decomposition of Noetherian rings.

Module theory- Modules, sub modules, quotient modules; homomorphism and isomorphism
theorems. Commutativity of Diagrams, Exact Sequences, Four Lemma, Five Lemma. Direct
Sum and product of modules, free modules, cyclic modules, simple and semi-simple modules,
projective and injective modules, flat modules. Fundamental Structure Theorem for finitely
generated modules over a PID and its applications to finitely generated abelian groups.
Embedding of a module in an injective module, Tensor product of modules, chain conditions on
modules. Noetherian and Artinian modules.

References:
1. Lang, S., Algebra, Addison-Wesley, 1993.
2. Lam, T.Y., A First Course in Non-Commutative Rings, Springer Verlag
3. Algebra, by Michael Artin, Prentice Hall.
4. Herstein, I.N., Topics in Abstract Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited.
5. Malik, D.S., Mordesen, J.M., Sen, M.K., Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra, The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra (3e), John Wiley and Sons.
7. T. S. Blyth, Module Theory: An Approach to Linear Algebra, Oxford University Press,
1977.
8. M. Atiyah, I.G. MacDonald, Introduction to Commutative Algebra, Addison-Wesley,
1969.

9. Thomas Hungerford, Algebra, Springer GTM.

Paper: DEMATH2ELEC5 3 Credits

Complex Analysis II
Harmonic Function: Definition, Relation between Harmonic function and an analytic function,
Examples, Harmonic Conjugate of a Harmonic function, Poisson’s integral formula, Mean value

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 11

property, The maximum and minimum principles, Dirichlet’s problem for a disc and uniqueness
of its solution, Characterization of harmonic function by mean value property.
Infinite Product: Definition, Necessary condition for convergence, General principle of
convergence, Weierstrass inequality, Convergence of Infinite Product in terms of Corresponding
series, Comparison test for Convergence, Absolute Convergence, Uniform convergence.

Integral Function: Factorization of Integral function, Weierstrass’s Primary factor, Weierstrass

factorization theorem, functions of finite order, Examples, The function n(r), Exponent of
Convergence of Zeros, Canonical products, Hadamard’s factorization theorem, Genus,
Laguerre’s Theorem, a-points of Integral function, Borel’s Theorem, Picard’s Theorem.

References:
1. H.A Priestly, Introduction to Complex Analysis, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1990.
2. J.B. Conway, Functions of one Complex variable, Springer-Verlag, International
student-edition, Narosa Pub. House, 1980.
3. Liang-Shin Hahn and Bernard Epstein, Classical Complex Analysis, Jones and
4. Bartlett Pub. International London, 1996.
5. L.V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, McGraw.
6. S. Lang, Complex Analysis, Addison Wesley, 1970.
7. D. Sarason, Complex Function Theory, Hindustan Book Agency, Delhi, 1994.
8. Mark J. Ablowitz and AS. Fokas, Complex Variables: Introduction and
Applications, Cambridge University Press, South Asian edn. 1998.
9. E. Hille, Analytic Function Theory (2 Vols), Gonn and Co., 1959.
10. W.H.J. Fuchs, Topics in the Theory of Functions of one complex variable, D. Van
Nostrand Co., 1967.
11. C. Caratheodory, Theory of Functions (2 vols), Chelsea Publishing Company,
12. 1964.
13. M. Heins, Complex Function Theory, Academic Press, 1968.
14. Walter Rudin, Real and Complex Analysis, McGraw- Hill Book Co., 1966.
15. S. Saks and A Zygmund, Analytic Functions, Monographie Matematyczne, 1952.
16. E.C. Titchmarsh, The Theory of Functions, Oxford University Press, London.
17. W.A Veech, A Second course in Complex Analysis, WA. Benjamin, 1967.
18. S. Ponnusamy, Foundations of Complex Analysis,Narosa Publication House, 1997
.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 12

 Detailed Syllabus of PG Semester-III
Paper: DEMATH3CORE1 4 Credits
Linear Algebra

Linear transformations, Algebra of linear transformations, Matrix representation of linear

transformations. Change of Basis.

Annihilating polynomials, diagonal forms, triangular forms, Direct Sum Decompositions,

Invariant Direct sums, The Primary Decomposition Theorem.

Jordan Blocks and Jordan forms. Rational Canonical Form, Generalized Jordan form over an
arbitrary field.

Inner product spaces, orthonormal basis. Quadratic forms, reduction and classification of
quadratic forms.

Bilinear forms, Symmetric Bilinear forms, Skew - Symmetric Bilinear forms.

References
1. K. Hauffman and R. Kunz, Linear Algebra, Pearson Education (INDIA), 2003.
2. G. Strang, Linear Algebra And Its Applications, 4th Edition, Brooks/Cole, 2006.
3. S. Lang, Linear Algebra, Springer, 1989.
4. David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract Algebra (3e), John Wiley and
Sons.
5. R. Gallian Joseph, Conte mporary Abstract Algebra, Narosa Publishing House.
6. Thomas Hungerford, Algebra, Springer GTM.
7. I.N. Herstein, Topics in Abstract Algebra, Wiley Eastern Limited.
8. D.S. Malik, J.M. Mordesen, M.K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra, The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Paper: DEMATH3CORE2 4 Credits

Functional Analysis

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 13

Normed linear spaces. Banach spaces and examples. Quotient space of normed linear spaces and
its completeness, equivalent norms. Riesz Lemma, basic properties of finite dimensional normed
linear spaces and compactness. Weak convergence and bounded linear transformations, normed
linear spaces of bounded linear transformations, dual spaces with examples. Uniform
boundedness theorem and some of its consequences. Open mapping and closed graph theorems.
Hahn-Banach theorem for real linear spaces, complex linear spaces and normed linear spaces.
Reflexive spaces.
Inner product spaces. Hilbert spaces. Orthonormal sets. Bessel's inequality. Comlplete
orthonormal sets and Parseval's identity. Structure of Hilbert spaces. Projection theorem. Riesz
representation theorem. Adjoint of an operator on a Hilbert space. Reflexivity of Hilbert spaces.
Self-adjoint operators, Positive, projection, normal and unitary operators.

References:
1. G. Bachman and L. Narici, Functional Analysis, Academic Press, 1966.
2. N. Dunford and J. T. Schwartz, Linear Operators, Part I, Interscience, New York,
1958.
3. R. E. Edwards, Functional Analysis. Holt Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1965.
4. C. Goffman and G. Pedrick, First Course in Functional Analysis, Prentice Hall of
India, New Delhi, 1987.
5. R. B. Holmes, Geometric Functional Analysis and its Applications, Springer-
Verlag 1975.
6. L. V. Kantorovich and G. P. Akilov, Functional Analysis, Pergamon Press, 1982.
7. K. Kreyszig , Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, John Wiley &
Sons New York, 1978.
8. B. K. Lahi;ri, Elements of Functional Analysis, The World Press Pvt. Ltd.
Calcutta, 1994.
9. B. V. Limaye, Functional Analysis, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
10. L. A. Lustenik and V. J. Sobolev, Elements of Functional Analysis, Hindustan
Pub. Corpn. N.Delhi 1971.
11. G. F. Simmons, Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis, McGraw -Hill
Co. New York , 1963.
12. A. E. Taylor, Introduction to Functional Analysis, John Wiley and Sons, New
York, 1958.
13. K. Yosida, Functional Analysis, 3rd edition Springer - Verlag, New York 1971.
14. J. B. Conway, A course in functional analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York 199

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 14

Paper: DEMATH3SCORE3 3 Credits

Partial Differential Equations

Cauchy Problems for 1st Order Hyperbolic Equations, Method of Characteristics etc.

Classification of Second Order Partial Differential Equations: normal forms and characteristics.

Initial and Boundary Value Problems: Lagrange-Green's identity and uniqueness by energy
methods.

Laplace equation: mean value property, weak and strong maximum principle, Green's function,
Poisson's formula, Dirichlet's principle, existence of solution using Perron's method (without
proof).

Heat equation: initial value problem, fundamental solution, weak and strong maximum principle
and uniqueness results.

Wave equation: uniqueness, D'Alembert's method, method of spherical means and Duhamel's
principle.

Methods of separation of variables for heat, Laplace and wave equations.

References:

1. S. L. Ross, Differential Equations, 3rd Edn., Wiley India, 1984.

2. DiBenedetto, Partial Differential Equations, Birkhaüser, 1995.
3. L.C. Evans, Partial Differential Equations, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, Vol.
19, American Mathematical Society, 1998.
4. I.N. Sneddon Elements of Partial Differential Equations McGrawHill 1986.
5. R. Churchil & J. Brown, Fourier Series & Boundary Value Problems.
6. R.C. McOwen , Partial Differential Equations (Pearson Edu.) 2003.

Paper: DEMATH3OLEC4 3 Credits

Discrete Mathematics

Number Theory and Cryptography: Divisibility and Modular Arithmetic, Integer,

Representations and Algorithms, Primes and Greatest, Common Divisors, Solving Congruences,
Applications of Congruences, Cryptography.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 15

Counting Techniques: The Basics of Counting, The Pigeonhole Principle Permutations and
Combinations, Binomial Coefficients and Identities, Generalized Permutations and
Combinations, Applications of Recurrence Relations, Solving Linear Recurrence Relations,
Recurrence Relations, Generating, Functions, Principle of Inclusion–Exclusion, Applications of
Inclusion–Exclusion. Modeling with recurrence relations with examples of Fibonacci numbers
and the tower of Hanoi problem, Solving recurrence relations. Divide-and-Conquer relations
with examples (no theorems).Generating functions, definition with examples, solving recurrence
relations using generating functions, exponential generating functions. Difference equations.

Order Relations and Structures: Product Sets and Partitions, Relations, Properties of
Relations, Equivalence Relations, Partially Ordered Sets, Extremal Elements of Partially Ordered
Sets, Lattices, Finite Boolean Algebras, Functions on Boolean Algebras, Boolean Functions as
Boolean Polynomials. Definition and types of relations. Representing relations using matrices
and digraphs, Closures of relations, Paths in digraphs, Transitive closures, Warshall’s Algorithm.

Groups and Coding Theory: Binary Operations Revisited, Semigroups, Products and Quotients
of Semigroups, Groups, Products and Quotients of Groups, Coding of Binary Information and
Error Detection, Decoding and Error Correction.

Graph Theory : Elements of Graph Theory, Eulerian and Hamiltonian graphs, Planar Graphs,
Directed Graphs, Trees, Tree traversals, binary search trees, Permutations and Combinations,
Pigeonhole principle, principle of Inclusion and Exclusion, Derangements.

References:
1. Kenneth H. Rosen - Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, Tata Mc-Graw-
Hill, 7th Edition, 2012.
2. Bernard Kolman, Robert C. Busby, Sharon Cutler Ross-Discrete Mathematical
Structures-Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition, 1996.
3. Grimaldi R-Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics. 1-Pearson, Addison Wesley,
5th Edition, 2004.
4. C. L. Liu – Elements of Discrete Mathematics, McGraw-Hill, 1986.
5. F. Harary – Graph Theory, Addition Wesley Reading Mass, 1969.
6. N. Deo – Graph Theory With Applications to Engineering and Computer Science,
Prentice Hall of India, 1987.
7. K. R. Parthasarathy – Basic Graph Theory, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 1994.
8. G. Chartand and L. Lesniak – Graphs and Diagraphs, wadsworth and Brooks, 2nd
Ed.,
9. Clark and D. A. Holton – A First Look at Graph Theory, Allied publishers.
10. D. B. West – Introduction to Graph Theory, Pearson Education Inc.,2001, 2nd Ed.,
11. J. A. Bondy and U. S. R. Murthy – Graph Theory with applications, Elsevier, 1976

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 16

 12. J. P. Tremblay & R. Manohar, Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications
to Computer Science, McGraw Hill Book Co. 1997
13. S. Witala, Discrete Mathematics - A Unified Approach, McGraw Hill Book Co.

Paper: DEMATH3OLEC5 3 Credits

History of Mathematics

Arithmetic and Geometry, Pythagorean triples, Rational points on circles, Irrational numbers.
Greek Geometry, deductive method, conic sections.
Role of number theory, Euclid algorithm, Pell’s equations
Calculus, maxima-minima and tangents, Calculus of Leibnitz, Fermat’s little theorem, Fermat’s last
theorem.
Biographical notes on Pythagorus, Euclid, Diophantus, Leibnitz, Newton, Fermat.
Leonhard Euler, Calculus, Calculus of variations, number theory, Biography of Euler.
John Napier, Napier’s algorithm, recognition, achievements, setback and influence of Lagrange’s
attempts to reduce calculus to Algebra, Biographical notes of Lagrange.
Mathematical proofs, proof versus non-proofs, conjectures and mathematical induction.

References:
1. John Stillwell, Mathematics and Its History, Springer, 2001.
2. A decade of the Berkeley math circle, The American experience, Vol 1, AMS, 2008.
3. A Historian Looks Back, The Calculus as Algebra and selected writings, MAA, 2010.
4. Elimaor, e: The story of a number, University press, 1999
5. V. S. Varadaranjan, Euler through time: A new look at old themes, Hindustan book Agency, 2006

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 17

 Detailed Syllabus of PG Semester-IV
Paper: DEMATH4CORE1 4 Credits

Abstract Measure Theory

Abstract measure spaces: σ-algebra of sets, limit of sequences of sets, Borel σ-algebra, measure
on a σ-algebra, measurable space and measure space.

Borel and Lebesgue measurability of functions on R. cantor ternary set and Cantor-Lebesgue
function. Completion of Measure Space.

References:
1. Fundamentals of Real Analysis, S K. Berberian, Springer.
2. Measure Theory and Integration, G. De Barra, New Age International Publ.
3. Real Analysis, H. L. Royden.
4. Principles of Mathematical Analysis, W. Rudin.
5. Lectures on Real Analysis, J. Yeh, World Sci.
6. R. G. Bartle, The Elements of Integration, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York,
1966

Paper: DEMATH4SCORE2 4 Credits

Elementary Number Theory

Division algorithm, Greatest common divisor, Euclidean algorithm, Diophantine equations.

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.

Congruences, Binary and Decimal Representations of integers, Chinese remainder theorem,

Fermat’s Little Theorem, Pseudoprimes, Euler’s Theorem, Wilson's theorem, linear
congruences, order of an integer modulo a prime, primitive roots for primes, quadratic residues,
Legendre’s Symbol and its properties, Law of Quadratic Reciprocity.

Arithmetic functions like Mobius function, Euler phi function, greatest integer function etc.
Mobius inversion formula, Dirichlet’s product of arithmetical functions, Dirichlet’s inverse, The
Mangoldt function, Multiplicative and Completely Multiplicative functions, Formal Power
Series, The Bell series of an arithmetical function, Derivatives of an arithmetical function.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 18

References:
1. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, University of New Hampshire.
2. G.H. Hardy, and , E.M. Wrigh,. An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (6th ed,
Oxford University Press, (2008).
3. W.W. Adams and L.J. Goldstein, Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 3rd ed.,
Wiley Eastern, 1972.
4. A. Baker, A Concise Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1984.
5. I. Niven and H.S. Zuckerman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers,
4th Ed., Wiley, New York, 1980.
6. T.M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic number theory, UTM, Springer, (1976).
7. J. W. S Cassel, A. Frolich, Algebraic number theory, Cambridge.
8. M Ram Murty, Problems in analytic number theory, springer.
9. M Ram Murty and Jody Esmonde, Problems in algebraic number theory, springer.

Paper: DEMATH4ELEC3 3 Credits

Integral Equation and Integral Transform

Integral equations: classifications, successive approximations, separable kernels, Fredholm

alternative, Hilbert-Schemidt theory of symmetric kernels, Construction of Green’s function,
Convoluted Kernels, Abels equations and solutions.
Calculus of Variations, Euler-Lagrange’s equations, Geodesics, Minimum surface of revolution,
Isoperimetric problems, Brachistochrone problem.

Integral transforms: Laplace and Fourier transforms, Applications to boundary Value

Problems, Mellin & Hanckels transform, Inversion formulae, Bromwich Integral, Convolutions
and applications, Distributions and their transforms. Applications to Wave, Heat and Laplace
equations.

References:
1. M. Gelfand and S. V. Fomin. Calculus of Variations, Prentice Hall.
2. Linear Integral Equation: W.V. Lovitt (Dover).
3. Integral Equations, Porter and Stirling, Cambridge.
4. The Use of Integral Transform, I.n. Sneddon, Tata-McGrawHill, 1974
5. R. Churchil & J. Brown Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems, McGraw-
Hill, 1978
6. D. Powers, Boundary Value Problems Academic Press, 1979.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 19

Paper: DEMATH4ELEC4 3 Credits
Field Extension and Galois Theory
Field extension – Algebraic and transcendental Extensions. Separable and Inseparable
extensions. Perfect fields, Artin’s Theorem, Normal extensions. Splitting fields of a polynomial.
Finite fields. Primitive elements, Primitive Element Theorem, Algebraically closed fields,
Algebraic closure of a field and its existence.

Galois extensions. Galois Group of automorphisms and Galois Theory, Fundamental theorem of
Galois theory. Solutions of polynomial equations by radicals. Insolvability of the general
equation of degree 5 (or more) by radicals.

References
1. M. Artin, Algebra, Perentice -Hall of India, 1991.
2. P.M. Cohn, Algebra, vols, I,II, & III, John Wiley & Sons, 1982, 1989, 1991.
3. N. Jacobson, Basic Algebra, vols. I & II, W. H. Freeman, 1980 (also published by
Hindustan Publishing Company)
4. S. Lang. Algebra, 3rd edn. Addison-Weslley, 1993.
5. I.S. Luther and I.B.S. Passi, Algebra, Vol.III-Modules, Narosa Publishing House.
6. D. S. Malik, J. N. Modrdeson, and M. K. Sen, Fundamentals of Abstract Algebra,
Mc Graw-Hill, International Edition, 1997.
7. Vivek Sahai and Vikas Bist, Algebra, Narosa Publishing House, 1999
8. I. Stweart, Galois Theory, 2nd edition, Chapman and Hall, 1989.
9. J.P. Escofier, Galois theory, GTM Vol.204, Springer, 2001.

Paper: DEMATH4ELEC5 3 Credits

Algebraic Topology

Homotopy Theory : Fundamental Groups. Fundamental groups of Circle, Sphere and some
surfaces. Geometrical construction of group structure on circle (in fact on any conic), Separation
Theorem in the plane, Classification of surfaces. Simplical complex, Homology, Cohomology .

References :

1. Satya Deo ,Algebraic Topology-A Primer , Hindustan Book Agency

2. James r. Munkres, topology ,PHI
3. Anant R. Shastri, Basic Algebraic Topology, CRC Press Book.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 20

Paper: DEMATH4ELEC6 3 Credits
General Theory of Integration

Tagged Gauge Partitions. Definitions, Cousins Theorem, Right-left Procedure, Straddle Lemma,
Application in continuity, Intrinsic Power.
Henstock–Kurzweil Integral. Definition and basic properties. Fundamental Theorem, Saks-
Henstock Lemma, Inclusion of the Lebesgue integral. SqueezTheorem, Vitali- Covering
Theorem, Differentiation Theorem, Characterization Theorem.

References:
1. A Modern Theory of Integration, R. G. Bartle, AMS
2. Theories of Integration, Douglas S. Kurtz & Charles W. Swartz, World
Scientific.
3. Lanzhou Lectures on Henstock Integration, Lee Peng Yee, World Scintific.
4. The Riemann, Lebesgue and General Riemann Integrals, A.G. Das, Narosa.
5. The general Theory of integration, R. Henstock, Clarendon Press.

P.G. Syllabus in Mathematics under CBCS Page 21