Credit-2 Electronics Fundamentals

Module-1 Electronics Mechanic
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Modular Course in Skill Development
BASIC TRAINING MODULE

FOR
HHP & AV
Credit – 2
Electronics Fundamentals
DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONER
MICRO, SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
GOVT. OF INDIA
NIRMAN BHAWAN, NEW DELHI – 110108
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Credit-2 Electronics Fundamentals [30 Hours]

This credit consists of 5 units. Unit 1 explains matter, molecules, and atom. Unit 2 explains
about voltage and current. Unit 3 explains about voltage, current measuring devices. Unit 4
explains about resistor, capacitor. Unit 5 deals with Basic Units .Unit 6 deals with Basic of
computer and its use .Unit 7 contains assignments and practical exercises.
TOPICS:-
Unit-1 Matter, molecules, atom

Unit-2 Voltage and Current
Unit-3 Voltage and current measuring devices
Unit-4 Resistor, capacitor
Unit-5 Basic Units
Unit-6 Basic of computer and its use
Unit-7 Assignments and practical exercises
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Unit-1 Matter, Molecules and Atom
OBJECTIVE:
Skill:
At the end of the training you should learn about matter, molecules and atom and about
their discovery.
Knowledge:
At the end of this unit trainee should be able to

 Explain what a matter is.
 How the state of the matter can change to another state?
 States of the matter.
 About the molecules of the matter.
 About the atoms, protons, neutrons, electrons.
Structure:
1.1 Matter
1.2 Facts about matter
1.3 States of matter molecules
1.4 Structure of Atom.
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1.5 Assignments
1.1 Matter
 Matter is anything that has mass, occupies space and one can see, feel, is matter.
 Matter can be in the form of a solid like wood, plastic, metal or liquids like water,
kerosene, oil or gas like oxygen, carbon dioxide.
1.1.1 Changing States of Matter
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 We could see solid to liquid phase transformation, liquid to gases phase transformation
and gases to solid phase transformation in our day to day life.
 In this we could see changing of matter from one state to another.
Let us see the following example for this:

1. When water is given heat at a certain temperature it starts getting vaporized. This takes
place at constant temperature known as the boiling point. It is nearly 100 0 C at normal
pressure. Water can also be vaporized at a lower temperature by lowering pressure.
2. Ice can be converted into water at a fixed temperature known as melting point which is
00 C at ordinary pressure. If the pressure is increased ice can melt at a lower
temperature than 00 C. However, at a given pressure the temperature of the substance
remains constant until the change of state is complete.
3. Similarly steam can be condensed into water and water can be freeze into ice at the
respective temperatures.
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1.2 Facts About Matter

 Matter is made up of tiny particles called molecules.
 Molecules are made up of even smaller particles called atoms.
 Atoms are made up of further smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.
 The structure of matter is formed by its atomic structure.
 The below picture helps you to understand the above facts.
1.3 States Of Matter Molecules

 Molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by
chemical bonds.
 Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge.
1.3.1 Solid
 In a solid, atoms are closely and uniformly packed together with strong forces existing
between them.
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 This stops the particles from moving, giving the solid a fixed volume and shape.
Particles in solid state
 When matter is in a solid state, its molecules are packed close together so they can't
move around.
 This creates a stable structure with a definite size and shape.
1.3.2 Liquid
 In a liquid, atoms are still held close together by forces; this causes the substance to
have a fixed volume.
 However, a liquid's atoms have enough energy to be able to move around relative to
one another, which enables them to flow and move independently. This causes a liquid
to have a fluid structure.
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Particles in liquid state

1.3.3 Gas
 In a gas, atoms have a large amount of kinetic energy.
 This energy is far greater in strength than the forces which hold the atoms together,
which allows them to move apart from one another in random motion because of this a
gas has neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.
Particles in gaseous state

1.3.4 Plasma
 Plasmas are made of charged particles every particle can interact with every other
particle, even over very long distances.
 This makes plasmas behave very strangely compared to the other states of matter.
 Plasma is a substance which is similar to that of gas in which some portion of the
particles inside is ionized.
 Under the influence of the magnetic field, plasma forms structures such as beams,
filaments and double layers.
 Some examples of plasmas are:
 The glowing “gas” (actually plasma!) inside neon signs and fluorescent lights.
 The glowing parts of a plasma TV.
 The exhaust of big rockets.
 Lightning.
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 The solar wind and space weather.

 The Sun and all the stars.
 The stuff inside a fusion reactor.
1.4 Structure Of Atom

 Though an atom cannot be seen through naked eyes, Neil Bohr has suggested the structure
of an atom which is universally accepted.
 Nucleus is the central part of the atom.
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 Nucleus is made up of protons which are positively charged and neutrons which do not
have any charge.
 Electrons revolve around the nucleus and are negatively charged.
1.4.1 Nucleus
 At the centre of an atom lies a nucleus, which consists of protons and neutrons.
 Because protons have a positive charge and neutrons have no charge, the overall charge
of a nucleus is positive.
 The charge of a nucleus is balanced out by negatively charged electrons, which are
arranged around it in shells.
 The charge of one proton is cancelled out by the charge of one electron - they have
equal but opposite charges.
 In a stable atom, the overall charge is zero, meaning that there is an equal number of
protons and electrons.
1.4.2 Proton
 Protons are positively charged particles found within atomic nuclei.
 Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in experiments conducted between the
years 1911 and 1919.
 Protons are found in the center of the atom.
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 Protons have a charge of +1 and a mass of 1 atomic mass unit, which is approximately
equal to 1.66×10-24 grams.
 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of one element differs from that of an
atom in other elements.
1.4.3 Neutron
 Neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in the year 1932.
 Neutrons have no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.
 The neutron is a subatomic hadrons particle that has the symbol n or n0.
 Neutrons have no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton.
1.4.4 Electron
 The electrons were invented by J.J Thomson in the year of 1856 to 1940.
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 Electrons are found in the periphery of the atom and have a charge of -1. They are much
smaller than protons; their mass is 1/1836 amu.
 Typically in modeling atoms, protons and neutrons are regarded as stationary, while
electrons move about in the space outside the nucleus like a cloud.
 The negatively charged electronic cloud indicates the regions of the space where
electrons are likely to be found.
 It is through electronic transfer that atoms become charged.
 You will fi nd the values of the charge and mass of a neutron, proton and
electron gathered together in below table.
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Charge/C Mass/kg Ratio of Masses
Proton 1.602×10-19 1.673×10-27 1
Neutron 0.0 1.675×10-27 1
Electron -1.602×10-19 9.109×10-11 1/1838
 Generally the number of electrons (-ve charge) in an atom will be equal to the number
of protons (+ve charge).
1. The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons; an atom will be
electrically neutral when it is not participating in any chemical, electrical or other
activity.
2. In other words, the positive charges of protons will neutralize the negative charges of
electrons resulting in zero net charge of an atom.
3. An atom is recognized by the following specifications;
 Atomic number - number of protons or number of electrons.
 Atomic mass - total number of protons and neutrons.
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4. In all atoms, electrons revolve round the nucleus in different orbits.

5. These orbits are also called shells. Shells are identified by numbers or by letters.
1.5 Assignments
1. What is a Matter?
2. Draw the Structure of Atom?
3. What is boiling point?
4. Matter is made up of __________ particles called molecules. (tiny/large)
5. In a gas, atoms have a large amount of_____________ energy. (kinetic/potential)
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Unit-2: Voltage and Current
OBJECTIVE:
Skill:
At the end of the training you should learn about architecture of voltage and
current.
Knowledge:

 Explain what is voltage and current.
 Know what the sources of voltage and current are.
 How to measure the voltage and current.
 Explain what the difference between voltage and current is.
Structure:
2.1 voltage
2.2 types of voltage
2.3 current
2.4 types of current
2.5 difference between voltage and current
2.6 Assignments.
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2.1 Voltage:
 Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in volts (joules per
coulomb).
 It is often referred to as "electric potential", which then must be distinguished from
electric potential energy by noting that the "potential" is a "per-unit-charge" quantity.
 Voltage, also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression of the potential
difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.
 Voltage is symbolized by an uppercase italic letter V or E. The standard unit is the volt,
symbolized by a non-italic uppercase letter V.
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 One volt will drive one coulomb (6.24 x 1018) charge carriers, such as electrons, through
a resistance of one ohm in one second.
2.2 Types Of Voltage:

There are two different ways that electricity is produced
1. DC Voltage
2. AC Voltage
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2.2.1 DC Voltage:
 This is the type of electricity that is produced by batteries, static, and lightning.
 A voltage is created, and possibly stored, until a circuit is completed.
 When the current flows directly, in one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a
specific, constant voltage (this is oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our
needs.)
2.2.2 AC Voltage:
 This is the electricity that you get from your house's wall and that you use to power
most of your electrical appliances.
 The electricity is not provided as a single, constant voltage, but rather as a sinusoidal
(sine) wave that over time starts at zero, increases to a maximum value, then decreases
to a minimum value, and repeats.
2.3 Current
 An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often
carried by moving electrons in a wire.
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 An electric current is a flow of electric charge around a circuit. The charge is already in
the wires (carried by billions of tiny particles called electrons).
 An electric current always produces a magnetic field. The stronger the current, the more
intense the magnetic field.
 The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric
charge across a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second.
 Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.
2.4 Different Types Of The Current
There are two types of electric current:

1. Direct current (DC)
2. Alternating current (AC).
2.4.1 Direct current (DC):

 Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.
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 Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and
commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type.
 The electrons in direct current flow in one direction. The current produced by a battery
is direct current.
 Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through
semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams.
2.4.2 Alternating Current (AC):
 The electrons in alternating current flow in one direction, then in the opposite direction
—over and over again.
 In alternating current (AC, also ac), the flow of electric charge periodically reverses
direction.
 An alternating current of any frequency is forced away from the wire's center, toward its
outer surface. This is because the acceleration of an electric charge in an alternating
current produces waves of electromagnetic radiation that cancel the propagation of
electricity toward the center of materials with high conductivity.
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2.5 Difference Between Voltage And Current

Current Voltage
Current is the rate at which electric Voltage, also called electromotive force, is
charge flows past a point in a circuit. the potential difference in charge between
Definition In other words, current is the rate of two points in an electrical field. In other
flow of electric charge. words, voltage is the "energy per unit
charge”.
Symbol I V
Unit A or amps or amperage V or volts or voltage
SI Unit 1 ampere =1 coulomb/second. 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb. (V=W/C)
Measuring Ammeter Voltmeter

Instrument
Current is the effect (voltage being Voltage is the cause and current is its
Relationship the cause). Current cannot flow effect. Voltage can exist without current.
without Voltage.
Field created A magnetic field An electrostatic field
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Current Voltage
In series Current is the same through all Voltage gets distributed over components
connection components connected in series. connected in series.
In a parallel Current gets distributed over Voltages are the same across all
connection components connected in parallel. components connected in parallel.
2.6 Assignment
1. What is voltage?
2. What are the types of voltage?
3. Which type of field is created in voltage?
4. What is current?
5. What are the types of current?
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Unit-3: Voltage and Current Measuring Devices

OBJECTIVE:
Skill:
At the end of the training you should learn about voltage and current measuring devices
Knowledge:
At the end of this unit trainee should be able to understand the different voltage and
current measuring devices as below and its practical application.
 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
 CRO
 Digital Multimeter
Structure:
3.1 Ammeter
3.2 Application of ammeter
3.3 Voltmeter
3.4 Application of Voltmeter
3.5 Digital Multimeter
3.6 CRO
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3.7 Assignments
3.1 Ammeter
 An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
 Electric currents are measured in amperes (A).
 Ammeter is connected with circuit in series connection.
 Ammeter divides into two types.
 Analog Ammeter
 Digital Ammeter
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3.1.1 Analog Ammeter
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3.1.2 Digital Ammeter
3.2 Application Of Ammeter

 Ammeters, also known as ammeters in some cases, are measuring instruments that are
used to measure the electric current in a circuit.
 The current measurements are taken in amperes (A), and thus the name of the
instrument; ammeters.
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 There are smaller units of readings namely mill amperes and microamperes, which are
measured by milli ammeters and micro ammeters respectively.
 There are several designs of these instruments available in the market today that take
readings differently.
 Previously, ammeters were used in laboratories and relied on the Earth’s magnetic field
in order to be able to take readings of the current flowing through a circuit.
3.3 Voltmeter
 A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between
two points in an electric circuit.
 Voltmeter is connected with circuit in parallel connection.
 Ammeter divides into two types.
 Analog Voltmeter
 Digital Voltmeter
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3.3.1 Analog Voltmeter

 Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the
circuit.
3.3.2 Digital Voltmeter

 Digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital
converter.
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3.4 Application of Voltmeter
 A voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across a load or power supply usually in
either AC or DC.
 Most voltmeters are also used to measure resistance in Ohms and Current in Amps.
 The positive connection on the voltmeter to the more positive "part" of the voltage
source, and the negative to the more negative "part".
 The voltmeter is parallel to the electrical circuit.
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 If there is a high voltage (many volts), one can get hurt or even killed by touching the
metal connections with the voltage directly
3.5 Multimeter
 It is an instrument designed to measure electric current, voltage and resistance in
electronics and electrical equipment.
 There are different types of multimeters like analog, digital.
3.5.1 Digital Multimeter (Dmm)
3.5.2 Parts of a Multimeter

 A multimeter has three parts:
1. Display
2. Selection Knob
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3. Ports
Display
 The display usually has four digits and the ability to display a negative sign.
 A few multimeters have illuminated displays for better viewing in low light situations.
Selection Knob
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 The selection knob allows the user to set the multimeter to read different things such as
milliamps (mA) of current, voltage (V) and resistance (Ω).
Ports
 Two probes are plugged into two of the ports on the front of the unit.
 COM stands for common and is almost always connected to Ground or ‘-’ of a circuit.
 The COM probe is conventionally black but there is no difference between the red
probe and black probe other than color.
 10A is the special port used when measuring large currents (greater than 200mA).
 mAVΩ is the port that the red probe is conventionally plugged in to.
 This port allows the measurement of current (up to 200mA), voltage (V), and resistance
(Ω).
 The probes have a banana type connector on the end that plugs into the multimeter.
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 Any probe with a banana plug will work with this meter.
 This allows for different types of probes to be used.
3.5.3 Measuring Voltage

 To measure voltage on a AA battery: Plug the black probe into COM and the red probe
into mAVΩ.
 Set the multimeter to “2V” in the DC (direct current) range.
 Almost all portable electronics use direct current, not alternating current.
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 Connect the black probe to the AA battery’s ground or ‘-’ and the red probe to power or
‘+’.
 Squeeze the probes with a little pressure against the positive and negative terminals of
the battery.
 If you’ve got a fresh battery, you should see around 1.5V on the display!
Use the V with a straight line to measure DC Voltage
Use the V with a wavy line to measure AC Voltage
 What happens if you switch the red and black probes?
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 Mean the black probe to ‘+’ and red probe to ‘-’.
 The reading on the multimeter is simply negative.

 Nothing bad happens!
 The multimeter measures voltage in relation to the common probe.
 How much voltage is there on the ‘+’ of the battery compared to common or the
negative pin? 1.5V.
 If we switch the probes, we define ‘+’ as the common or zero point.
 How much voltage is there on the ‘-’ of the battery compared to our new zero? -1.5V!
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 Now let’s measure voltage on a breadboard or on a device.

 This is a very useful step to make sure the circuit you are working on is powered up
correctly.
 If your project should be at 5V but is less than 4.5V or greater than 5.5V, this would
quickly give you an indication that something is wrong and you may need to check your
power connections or the wiring of your circuit.
 Set the knob to “20V” in the DC range.
 Multimeters are generally not autoranging.
 You have to set the multimeter to a range that it can measure.
 For example, 2V measures voltages up to 2 volts.
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 20V measures voltages up to 20 volts.

 So if you’ve measuring a 12V battery, use the 20V setting.
 5V system? Use the 20V setting.
 If you set it incorrectly, you will probably see the meter screen change and then read ‘1’.
 With some force, push the probes onto two exposed pieces of metal.
 One probe should contact a Ground connection.
 Another probe to the VCC or 5V connection.
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 This is the meter trying to tell you that it is overloaded or out-of-range.

 Whatever you’re trying to read is too much for that particular setting.
 Try changing the multimeter knob to a different range.
3.5.4 Selection Knob

 Why does the meter knob read 20V and not 10V?
 If you’re looking to measure a voltage less than 20V, you turn to the 20V setting.
 This will allow you to read from 2.00 to 19.99.
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 The first digit on many multimeters is only able to display a ‘1’ so the ranges are limited
to 19.99 instead of 99.99.
 Hence the 20V max range instead of 99V max range.
Warning:
 In general, stick to DC circuits (the settings on the multimeter with straight lines, not
curvy lines).
 Most multimeters can measure AC (alternating current) systems, but AC circuits can be
dangerous.
 A wall outlet with AC or ‘main voltage’ is the stuff that can destroy you pretty good.
 Very carefully respect AC.
 If you need to check to see if an outlet is ‘on’ then use a AC tester.
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 The only times we’ve needed to measure AC are when we’ve got an outlet that is acting
funny (is it really at 110V?), or if we’re trying to control a heater (such as a hot plate).
 Go slow and double check everything before you test an AC circuit.
3.5.5 Measuring Resistance

 Normal resistors have color codes on them.
 If you don’t know what they mean, that’s ok!

 A multimeter is very handy at measuring resistance.
 Pick out a random resistor and set the multimeter to the 20kΩ setting.
 Then hold the probes against the resistor legs with the same amount of pressure like
when pressing a key on a keyboard.
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 The meter will read one of three things, 0.00, 1, or the actual resistor value.
 If the meter reads 9.90, well then you’ve got a 9.90k Ohm (Ω) resistor, because the
selection knob is in 20kΩ.
 If the multimeter reads 1 or displays OL, it’s overloaded.
 You will need to try a higher mode such as 200kΩ mode or 2MΩ (megaohm) mode.
 There is no harm if this happen, it simply means the range knob needs to be adjusted.
 If the multimeter reads 0.00 or nearly zero, then you need to lower the mode to 2kΩ or
200Ω.
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 Many resistors have a 5% tolerance.

 This means that the color codes may indicate 10,000 Ohms (10kΩ), but because of lack
of compatibility in the manufacturing process a 10kΩ resistor could be as low as 9.5kΩ
or as high as 10.5kΩ.
 It’ll work just fine as a pull-up or general resistor.
 Let’s select 2kΩ mode and the multimeter reads “0.329” then you probably have a 330Ω
resistor commonly used to limit current into LEDs.
 It’s rare to see a resistor less than 1 Ohm.
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 Remember that measuring resistance is not perfect.

 Temperature can affect the reading a lot.
 Also, measuring resistance of a device while it is physically installed in a circuit can be
very tricky.
 The surrounding components on a circuit board can greatly affect the reading.
3.5.6 Measuring Current

 To measure current you have to physically interrupt the flow of current and put the
meter in line.
 Pull out the VCC wire going to the breadboard and then probe from the power pin on
the power supply to the VCC rail on the breadboard.
and then,
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 Now you can connect the multimeter in series to the white wires.
 The current consumption for many breadboard projects is under 200mA.
 Make sure the red probe is plugged into the 200mA fused setting.
 On our multimeter the 200mA hole is the same as voltage and resistance reading (the
port is labeled mAVΩ).
 This means you can keep the red probe in the same port to measure current, voltage, or
resistance.
 Just remember: you have to measure current in series, not parallel.
 Using a digital multimeter to measure current is slightly more involved.
 When measuring current with a multimeter, it is necessary to place the multimeter
in series with the circuit so that the current actually flows through the digital
multimeter.
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 In the image above, we’ve pulled the wire out of the VCC pin on the bread board power
supply and added another wire to the VCC rail.
 This way we can more easily connect the red probe to the wire coming out of the power
supply, and the black probe to the wire sticking out of the bread board.
 This effectively “breaks” power to the breadboard.
 We then insert the multimeter inline so that it can measure the current as it “flows”
through to the multimeter into the bread board.
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 Now connect the red probe to the VCC pin on the power supply, and the black pin to the
VCC rail on the bread board.
 Realize that the multimeter is like a piece of wire - you’ve now completed the circuit and
the breadboard is now energized (and will start running).
 On the multimeter display you should see the instantaneous current reading.
 All multimeters take readings over time and then give you the average so expect the
reading to fluctuate.
 In your head, take an average range such as 7 to 8mA under normal 5V conditions (not
7.48mA).
 To give you a rough idea of power consumption: 8mA (0.008A) on a 5V system is
incredibly small (0.040W).
 A light bulb will easily consume 40W, or 1,000 times more energy.
 For the pictures above alligator clips are used.
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 When measuring current, it’s often good to watch what your system does over time, a
few seconds or minutes.
 Note that almost all multimeters have the same sized jacks (they’re called “banana
plugs”).
 Similarly, when measuring current the color of the probes does not matter.
 What happens if we switch probes? Nothing bad happens!

 It simply causes the current reading to become negative:
 Current is still flowing through the system, you’ve just changed your perspective and
now the meter reads negative.
3.5.7 Continuity
 Continuity testing is the act of testing the resistance between two points.
 If there is very low resistance (less than a few Ωs), the two points are connected
electrically and a tone is emitted.
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 If there is more than a few Ωs of resistance, than the circuit is open and no tone is
emitted.
 This test helps insure that connections are made correctly between two points.
 This test also helps us detect if two points are connected that should not be.
 This feature allows us to test for conductivity of materials and to trace where electrical
connections have been made.
 Set the multimeter to ‘Continuity’ mode.
 Now touch the probes together.

 The multimeter should emit a tone (Note: Not all multimeters have a continuity setting.
Only the cool ones do).
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 This shows that a very small amount of current is allowed to flow without resistance (or
at least a very very small resistance) between probes.
 Remember: In general, turn OFF the system before checking for continuity.
 On a breadboard that is not powered, use the probes to poke at the ground pins.
 You should hear a tone indicating that they are connected.
 Continuity is a great way to test if two SMD pins are touching.
 If your eyes can’t see it, the multimeter is usually a great second testing resource.
 When a system is not working, continuity is one more thing to help troubleshoot the
system.
 Here are the steps to take:
1. If the system is on, carefully check VCC and GND to make sure the voltage is the correct
level.
2. If the 5V system is running at 4.2V check your regulator carefully, it could be very hot
indicating the system is pulling too much current.
3. Power the system down and check continuity between VCC and GND.
4. If there is continuity (you hear a beep when poking ‘+’ and ‘-’), then you’ve got a short
somewhere.
5. Power the system down and with continuity, check that VCC and GND are correctly
wired to the pins on the devices.
6. The system may be powering up, but the individual ICs may be wired wrong.
3.5.8 Probe Types
 There are many different types of probes available for multimeters.

 Here are a few of our favorites.
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1. Banana to Alligator Clips :
 These are great cables for connecting to large wires or pins on a breadboard.
 Good for performing longer term tests where you don’t have to hold the probes
in place while you manipulate a circuit.
2. Banana to IC Hook : IC hooks work well on smaller ICs and legs of ICs.
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3. Banana to Tweezers : Tweezers are handy if you are needing to test SMD components.
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4. Banana to Test Probes : If you ever break a probe, they are cheap to replace!
3.6 CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)
 A cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is used to see

the waveform of a repetitive electronic signal.
 The signal is amplified or attenuated as required
and used to deflect an electron beam in the vertical
direction.
 This electron beam is deflected in the horizontal
direction at a suitable speed.
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 The electron beam impinging on a phosphorescent screen enables the viewer to see the
wave shape of the signal.
3.6.1 Working of a CRO:
 It generates the electron beam, accelerates the beam to a high velocity, deflects the beam
to create the image, and contains a phosphor screen where the electron beam eventually
becomes visible.
 For accomplishing these tasks various electrical signals and voltages are required, which are
provided by the power supply circuit of the oscilloscope.
 Low voltage supply is required for the heater of the electron gun for generation of electron
beam and high voltage, of the order of few thousand volts, is required for cathode ray tube
to accelerate the beam.
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 Normal voltage supply, say a few hundred volts, is required for other control circuits of the
oscilloscope.
 Horizontal and vertical deflection plates are fitted between electron gun and screen to
deflect the beam according to input signal.
 Electron beam strikes the screen and creates a visible spot.
 This spot is deflected on the screen in horizontal direction (X-axis) with constant time
dependent rate. This is accomplished by a time base circuit provided in the oscilloscope.
 The signal to be viewed is supplied to the vertical deflection plates through the vertical
amplifier, which raises the potential of the input signal to a level that will provide usable
deflection of the electron beam.
 Now electron beam deflects in two directions, horizontal on X-axis and vertical on Y-axis.
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 A triggering circuit is provided for synchronizing two types of deflections so that horizontal
deflection starts at the same point of the input vertical signal each time it sweeps.
3.6.2 Basic Controls Of A CRO:
 The CRO has 3 input leads.

 They are 'Input CH1', 'Input CH2' and 'Trig EXT'.
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 The CRO consists of many knobs and switches. The most important are the volts/div and
time/div knobs.
 Please note that for the two channels you can have different Volts/div but you will have the
same Time/div.
 The picture below summarizes the information.
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 An oscilloscope is easily the most useful instrument available for testing circuits because it
allows you to see the signals at different points in the circuit.
 As you can see, the screen of this oscilloscope has 8 squares or divisions on the vertical
axis, and 10 squares or divisions on the horizontal axis.
 Usually, these squares are 1 cm in each direction
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On/Off: This is required to turn the CRO on or off as per the requirement.
 Set both VOLTS/DIV

controls to 1 V/DIV and the
TIME/DIV control to 0.2 s/DIV,
its slowest setting.
 Now rotate the TIME/DIV
control clockwise, With the
spot moving at 0.1 s/DIV, it
will take 1 second to cross the
screen
INTENSITY And FOCUS Controls:
 When these are correctly set, the spot will be reasonably

bright but not glaring, and as sharply focused as possible.
 The TIME/DIV control determines the horizontal scale of
the graph which appears on the oscilloscope screen.
 With 10 squares across the screen and the spot moving
at 0.2 s/DIV, how long does it take for the spot to cross
the screen? The answer is 0.2 x 10 = 2 s
Check that VOLTS/DIV 1 is set at 1 V/DIV and that the adjacent controls are set correctly:
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 Y-POS 1 moves the whole trace vertically

up and down on the screen.
 While X-POS moves the whole trace from
side to side on the screen.
 These control are useful because the trace
can be moved to make measurements
easier using the grid.
Connecting A Function Generator

 A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate
different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.
 Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine,
square, triangular and saw tooth shapes.
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 It has push button controls for On/Off switching and for selecting either sine, square, or
triangular wave shapes.
 Most often the 600 output is used. This can be connected to the CH 1 input of the
oscilloscope using a BNC-BNC lead, as follows:
 Switch on the function generator and adjust the
output level to produce a visible signal on the
oscilloscope screen.
 Adjust TIME/DIV and VOLTS/DIV to obtain a
clear display and investigate the effects of pressing the
waveform shape buttons.
 The rotating FREQUENCY control and the
RANGE switch are used together to determine the
frequency of the output signal.
 With the settings shown in the diagram above,

the output frequency will be 1 kHz
 How would you change these setting to obtain an
output frequency of 50 Hz?
 This is done by moving the RANGE switch to '100'
and the FREQUENCY control to '.5':
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 The output level switch is normally set to 0 dB:
 This gives an output signal with a peak amplitude which can be easily adjusted up to
several volts.
Trigger controls: This group of controls allows the oscilloscope display to be synchronised with
the signal you want to investigate.
 When the AT/NORM button is in the OUT position, triggering is automatic. This works for
most signals. If you change the AT/NORM button to it’s IN position, the most likely result is
that the signal will disappear and the oscilloscope screen will be blank.
 The EXT button should normally be in its OUT position. When it is pushed IN, triggering
occurs from a signal connected to the trigger input, TRIG INP, socket.
 The slide switch to the left of TIME/DIV gives additional triggering options.
 AC is the normal position and is suitable for most waveforms.
 In the DC position, you use the LEVEL control to select a particular DC voltage on the
signal waveform where triggering will occur.
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 The +/- button gives triggering on the upward slope of the signal waveform in the OUT
position, and triggering on the downward slope in the IN position.
The green TRIG LED illuminates when a trigger point is detected.
 The HOLD OFF control allows you to introduce a delay relative to the
trigger point so that a different part of the signal can be seen.
 Normally, you will want to leave the HOLD OFF control in its minimum
position, as illustrated.
X-MAG: In the IN position, the horizontal scale of the V/t graph is

increased by 10 times.
For example, if TIME/DIV is set for 1 ms per division and X-MAG is pushed
IN, the scale is changed to 0.1 ms per division.
CAL outputs: The top terminal gives a 0.2 V peak to peak square wave,
while the lower terminal gives a 2 V peak to peak square wave, both at
50 Hz.
The signals from these outputs are used to confirm that the oscilloscope is
correctly calibrated.
Component Tester: When the button is IN, the oscilloscope displays

a V/V graph, with the component tester voltage connected
internally to provide the horizontal axis.
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To get normal V/t graph operation the component tester button must be in the OUT position.
Invert: When the INVERT button is pressed IN, the corresponding signal is

turned upside down, or inverted, on the oscilloscope screen.This feature is
sometimes useful when comparing signals.
CH I and CH II inputs: Signals are connected to the BNC input sockets

using BNC plugs.The smaller socket next to the BNC input socket provides
an additional 0 V, GROUND or EARTH connection.
DC/AC/GND slide switches:

 In the DC position, the signal input is connected directly to the Y-
amplifier of the corresponding channel, CH I or CH II.
 In the AC position, a capacitor is connected into the signal pathway
so that DC voltages are blocked and only changing AC signals are
displayed.
In the GND position, the input of the Y-amplfier is connected to 0v.
Trace selection switches: The settings of these switches
control which traces appear on the
oscilloscope screen.
The effects of different settings are summarized in the table:
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3.8 Assignments
1. What is the application of ammeter?
2. What is CRO stands for?
3. What are the types of ammeter?
4. What is the application of voltmeter?
5. What is a function generator?
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Unit-4: Resistor, Capacitor
OBJECTIVE:
Skill:
At the end of the training you should learn about Resistors Capacitors and its
types and usage in different Electronics circuits.
Knowledge:

 Explain what is a resistor and its function in a circuit.
 Explain unit and types of resistance.
 Explain how to measure resistance of resistors using color code and its
tolerance.
 Explain what is a capacitor and its function in a circuit.
 Explain unit and types of capacitor.
Structure:
4.1 resistor
4.2 Unit of resistance
4.3 types and its color code
4.4 Resistors used in practical circuit
4.5 Capacitor
4.6 Unit and types of Capacitor
4.7 Practical use of Capacitor
4.8 Assignments
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4.1 Resistors
 Resistors are electronic components, used to reduce, or limit the flow of electrons or
current in any electrical or electronic circuit.
 The below picture shows the resistor and its symbol.
PICTURE: RESISTOR AND ITS SCHEMATIC SYMBOL
 Resistors are made of materials whose conductivity falls in- between that of conductors
and insulators.
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 This means, the materials used for making resistors have free electrons, but not as many
as in conductors.
 Carbon is one such material used most commonly for making resistors.
 When a large number of electrons are made to flow through a resistor, there is
opposition to the free flow of electrons.

FIG: Resistor In Circuit
4.2 Unit of resistance
 The property of the resistor to limit the flow of current is known as resistance.
 The value or quantity of resistance is measured in units called ohms denoted by the
symbol Ω.
 Resistors are called passive devices because; their resistance value does not change
even when the level of applied voltage or current to it is changed.
 Also, the resistance value remains same when the applied voltage is AC or DC.
 Resistors can be made to have very small or very large resistance. Very large values of
resistances can be represented as given below:
 1000 Ω = 1 x 1000 Ω = 1 x kiloΩ = 1 K Ω
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 10,000 Ω = 10 x 1000 Ω = 10 x kilo = 10 K Ω

 100,000 Ω = 100 x 1000 Ω = 100 x kilo Ω = 100 K Ω
 1000,000 Ω= 1000 x 1000Ω= 1000 x kiloΩ = 1000 KΩ,= 1Mega Ω = 1MΩ
4.3 Types Of Resistors And Its Color Code
 Resistors can be classified under two main categories:

1) Fixed value resistors
2) Variable Resistor or Potentiometer
4.3.1 Fixed Value Resistors
 Fixed resistor’s value cannot be changed.
4.3.2 Variable Resistors

 Variable Resistors or Potentiometers are those types of resistors whose value can be
changed during its usage.
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 These types of resistor usually contains a shaft which can be rotated or moved by hand
or a screw driver to change its value in between a fixed range for e.g. 0 Kilo Ohms to 20
Kilo Ohms.
FIG: Variable Resistor
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FIG: Different Types Of Resistor And Their Symbol
4.3.3 Formula for Resistance
4.3.4 Resistor Color Code Method

 For using a particular type, value and wattage of resistor is to be chosen.
 Selection of a particular type of resistor is possible based on its physical appearance.
 Resistor values can be calculated by a color code method.
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FIG: Measurement Of Resistance Using Colour Code
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For example, a resistor has the following colored markings;
Yellow Violet Red = 4 7 2 = 4 7 x 102 = 4700Ω or 4k7.
 The fourth and fifth bands are used to determine the percentage tolerance of the
resistor.
 Typical resistor tolerances for film resistors range from 1% to 10% while carbon resistors
have tolerances up to 20%.
 Resistors with tolerances lower than 2% are called precision resistors with the or lower
tolerance resistors being more expensive.
 Most five band resistors are precision resistors with tolerances of either 1% or 2% while
most of the four band resistors have tolerances of 5%, 10% and 20%.
 The color code used to denote the tolerance rating of a resistor is given as;
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Brown = 1%, Red = 2%, Gold = 5%, Silver = 10 %
 If resistor has no fourth tolerance band then the default tolerance would be at 20%.
 It is sometimes easier to remember the resistor colour code by using mnemonics or
phrases that have a separate word in the phrase to represent each of the ten + Two-
color in the code.
 However, these sayings are often very crude but never the less effective for
remembering the resistor colors.
 Here are just a few of the more “cleaner” versions but many more exist.
4.4 Resistors Used In Practical Circuit
 Resistors can be connected in two types of connection for practical circuit.
 Resistors Connected in Series
 Resistors Connected in Parallel.
4.4.1 Resistors In Series
 When resistors are connected end to end as shown in Fig 3, the resistors are said to be
in series with each other.
4.4.2 Total Resistance Of Resistors In Series
 When resistors are connected in series, the total resistance of the series connection will
be equal to, the sum of individual resistance values.
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 In Fig 3, total resistance across point’s a-d will be equal to R1 + R2.

4.4.3 Resistors in Parallel
 The two resistors connected in parallel as shown in Fig 9 has effective or total resistance
equal to that of a single resistor that is shown in Fig 10.
4.4.4 Total Resistance Of Resistors In Parallel
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4.5 Capacitor
 Capacitors are electronic components which can store electric energy in the form of
electric charge.
 The charge storage ability of a capacitor is called the Capacitance of a capacitor.
 Alphabet 'C' is used to represent capacitor in circuit.
 A simple capacitor consists of two pieces of conductors separated by an insulator as in
below picture.
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FIG: Capacitor’s Construction

 The plates of a capacitor can be of any size and shape and the dielectric may be any one
of several insulator materials.
 Depending on the type insulator/dielectric used capacitors are called as paper, mica,
ceramic, glass, polyester, air electrolyte capacitors etc.
4.6 Unit and Types of Capacitance
4.6.1 Unit of Capacitance
 The unit used to measure capacitance is Farad abbreviated as F.
 A capacitor is said to have a capacitance(C) of 1 Farad, if it stores a charge (Q) of 1
coulomb when a voltage (V) of 1V is applied across its plates. Therefore, capacitance can
be mathematically expressed as,
 Farad (F) is a very large quantity of capacitance.

 As most circuits use capacitance values much lower than one farad (F), smaller
quantities of capacitance given below are generally used:
4.6.2 Types Of Capacitors

 Capacitors can be classified under two main categories:
 Fixed value capacitors
 Variable capacitors
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 Fixed Value Capacitors

 The capacitance value of these capacitors is fixed at the time of manufacture.
 This value cannot be varied/altered by the user.
 Variable Capacitors
 The capacitance of such capacitors can be varied between the specified minimum to the
specified maximum values by the user.
 Amongst fixed value capacitors, many different types of capacitors are manufactured to
satisfy the needs of the electronic industry.
 These different types of capacitors are named according to the type of dielectric
material used in capacitor.
 If paper is used as dielectric, the capacitors are called paper capacitors.
 If ceramic is used as dielectric, the capacitors are called Ceramic capacitors.
Fig: Paper Capacitor Fig: Ceramic Capacitor
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Fig: Plastic Film Capacitor Fig: Mica Capacitor Fig: Electrolytic Capacitor
4.6.3 Capacitors Color Code
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4.7 Practical Use of Capacitors
4.8 Assignments
1. What is a resistor?
2. What is the unit of resistor?
3. What is the Unit of capacitance?
4. What is dielectric material?
5. 1 µF=_____F?
6 1 K Ω = ______ Ω
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Unit-5: Basic Units
OBJECTIVE:
Skill:
At the end of the training you should learn about fundamental and derived units
and their standard definitions.
Knowledge:

 Explain what is fundamental units.
 Explain what is derived units and supplementary units.
 Explain S.I. units of electrical parameters.
 Explain standard definitions of parameters.
Structure:
5.1 Fundamental units

5.2 Derived units
5.3 Supplementary units
5.4 S.I. units of electrical parameters
5.5 Standard definitions
5.6 Assignments
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5.1 Fundamental Units
 The units of fundamental physical quantities are called fundamental units.

 They are length, mass, time etc.
 These units can neither be derived from one another nor can be resolved into any other
units.
 In this picture s is second, Kg is kilogram, Cd is candela, k is kelvin, m is meter, mol is

mole, A is ampere.
5.2 Derived units
 From fundamental units we can derive some more units that are called derived units.
 Examples of derived units are joule, coulomb, watt etc.
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5.3 Supplementary Units

 These are the dimensionless units those are used along with base units to form derived
units in the international system.
 It contains only two geometrical units. The radian, the steradian.
5.4 S.I. Units Of Electrical Parameters
 The SI system is nothing but an expanded form of the RMKSA system.

 RMKSA stands for Rationalized Meter, Kilogram, Second, Ampere.
 In addition to these, degree Kelvin (unit of absolute temperature), Candela (unit of
luminous intensity), and Mole (amount of substance) are included in the SI system of
units.
 This latest system of units was mainly introduced for wide application in all branches of
science and engineering.
PARAMETERS UNIT NAME UNIT SYMBOL
Voltage volt V
Current ampere I
Resistance ohm Ω
Conductance siemens
Capacitance Farad F
Inductance Henry H
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Charge Coulomb C
PARAMETERS UNIT SYMBOL
Work Newton-Meter Nm
Power Watts W
Energy Joule J
Length Meter/metre m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Impedance ohm Z
Frequency Hertz Hz
Area Square-meter m2
Units Prefix Table
Prefix Prefix Prefix

Example
Symbol factor
pico p 10-12 1pF = 10-12F
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nano n 10-9 1nF = 10-9F
micro μ 10-6 1μA = 10-6A
milli m 10-3 1mA = 10-3A
kilo k 10 3 1kΩ = 1000Ω
mega M 10 6 1MHz = 106Hz
giga G 10 9 1GHz = 109Hz
5.5 Standard Definitions
5.5.1 Volt (V)
 Volt is the electrical unit of voltage.

 One volt is the energy of 1 joule that is consumed when electric charge of 1 coulomb
flows in the circuit.
 1V = 1J / 1C
5.5.2 Ampere (A)
 Ampere is the electrical unit of electrical current.

 It measures the amount of electrical charge that flows in an electrical circuit per 1
second.
 1A = 1C / 1s
5.5.3 Ohm (Ω)
 Ohm is the electrical unit of resistance.

 1Ω = 1V / 1A
5.5.4 Siemens ()
 Siemens is the unit of conductance, which is the opposite of resistance.

 1S = 1 / 1Ω
5.5.5 Farad (F)

 Farad is the unit of capacitance.
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 It represents the amount of electric charge in coulombs that is stored per 1 volt.

 1F = 1C / 1V
5.5.6 Henry (H)
 Henry is the unit of inductance.
 1H = 1Wb / 1A
5.5.7 Coulomb (C)
 Coulomb is the unit of electric charge.

 1C = 6.238792×1018 electron charges
5.5.8 Newton-Meter(Nm)
 Nm is the unit of work.
 1N.m=1 kg m2
s2
5.5.9 Watt (W)
 Watt is the electrical unit of electric power.
 It measures the rate of consumed energy.
 1W = 1J / 1s
 1W = 1V · 1A
5.5.10 Joule (J)
 Joule is the unit of energy.
 1J = 1 kg · 1(m / s)2
5.5.11 Meter(m)
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 Meter or meter is the unit of length.
SI multiples for metre (m)
Submultiples Multiples
Value Symbol Name Value Symbol Name
10−1 m dm decimetre 101 m dam decametre
10−2 m cm centimetre 102 m hm hectometre
10−3 m mm millimetre 103 m km kilometre
10−6 m µm micrometre 106 m Mm megametre
10−9 m nm nanometre 109 m Gm gigametre
10−12 m pm picometre 1012 m Tm terametre
5.5.12 kilogram(kg)
 Mass is a dimensionless quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle or

object.
 Kilogram is the unit of mass.
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To convert kilograms to
Unit To convert to kilograms, multiply
respective unit
(and symbol) by:
multiply by:
metric ton (T) 1000 0.001
gram (g) 0.001 1000
milligram (mg) 10 -6 10 6
microgram (µg) 10 -9 10 9
nanogram (ng) 10 -12 10 12
picogram (pg) 10 -15 10 15
5.5.13 Second(s)
 Second is the unit of time.

Common units of time
UNIT SIZE
10-12s
Picosecond
Nanosecond 10-9s
Microsecond 10-6s
Millisecond 10-3s
Minute 60s
5.5.14 Impedance(ohm)
 Impedance is a vector quantity consisting of two independent scalar phenomena:

resistance and reactance.
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 Its unit is ohm.
5.5.15 Hertz (Hz)
 Hertz is the unit of frequency.

 It measures the number of cycles per second.
 1 Hz = 1 cycles / s
5.5.16 Square-meter(m2)
 Square-meter is the unit of area.
 Area is proportional to the square of the linear dimension.
5.6 Assignments
1. Write some names of fundamental units.
2. Write some names of derived units.
3. What is the unit of power?
4. What is the unit of length?
5. Write the standard definition of voltage.
6. What is the symbol of joule?
7. What is the symbol of ohm?
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Unit-6: Basic Of Computer And Its Use
OBJECTIVE:
Skill:
At the end of the training you should learn about basic of computer and its use.
Knowledge:

 Explain how to switch on and switch off the system.
 Explain what is derived units and supplementary units.
 Explain S.I. units of electrical parameters.
 Explain standard definitions of parameters.
Structure:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 How to start a system
6.3 How to switch off a system
6.4 Upload
6.5 Download
6.6 Install
6.7 Uninstall
6.8 Assignments
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6.1 Introduction
 A computer definitely needs to work in electricity.

 A desktop computer must always be connected to a power supply.
 While a laptop may operate on its own internal battery for few hours.
 Without power the computer is useless.
6.2 Power Button:- For Turning On A Cpu
 A desktop computer has a power button on the front.

 By pushing in on the button and then releasing it, you turn the computer on.
 You should hear a noise like a fan or vacuum cleaner, some lights will appear on on the
front of the computer.
 The green light in the picture that indicates the power is on.
Fig: Power Button
 First you need to switch on the monitor to see the computer is displaying or not.
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 A similar power button will be found in the lower right hand corner of the monitor
screen.
6.3 How To Turn Off A Computer

 First click on the start button which is at the lower left hand side of the system.
 When the menu appears click on turn off.
 Finally click on turn off computer.
 When a computer not able to turn off then press the power button switch and wait upto
screen is not blank.
 When screen is blank that means computer is turn off.
6.4 Upload
 Storing files on Google is a great way to be able to access them from anywhere
without having to carry around a USB drive.
 To upload files (including .zip files) onto Google, use one of the following methods.
Method 1: Google Docs Method.

 Log into Google Docs.
 If you’ve never used it before, you will have to either have to set up a Google
account or, if you already have one, confirm that you’d like to begin using Google
Docs.
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 Browse for your desired file and hit OK .
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 Confirm your upload settings (if necessary). Here you will have the option to convert files
into Google Doc format.

Wait for
the upload to finish. When it’s done, the file will appear at the top of your list of documents.
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METHOD 2: GMAIL Method
 Log into Gmail. If you’ve never used it before, you will have to set up an account.
 Compose an email. Use the red Compose button toward the top left-hand corner of the
page.
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 Attach your desired file to the email. Click the Attach button, locate the file, hit Open,
and wait for it to load.
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 Save or send the email.
 You can either save the email as a draft so that you can access it in your drafts folder
whenever you need it or send it to yourself so that it goes to your inbox.
 Be sure to give your email a subject so that your file is easy to find.
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Warnings
 Google Docs has set the following upload-size limits:
 Documents: 1,024,000 characters, regardless of the number of pages or font size.
 Uploaded document files that are converted to Google documents format can’t be
larger than 2MB.
 Spreadsheets: 400,000 cells, with a maximum of 256 columns per sheet.
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 Uploaded spreadsheet files that are converted to Google spreadsheets format can’t be
larger than 20MB, and need to be under 400,000 cells and 256 columns per sheet.
 Presentations: Presentations created in Google Docs can be up to 10MB -- which is

about 200 slides.
 Uploaded presentation files that are converted into Google presentations format can
also be up to 10MB.
 Drawings: We’ve never seen anyone make a drawing that was too big (but that’s not a
dare).
 Files that you upload but don’t convert to Google Docs format: Up to 10GB each.
 Note that this upload limit is larger than the free storage space given to each Google
Docs user.
 Every user is given 5GB of free storage space for files, and can purchase additional
Google Docs storage to upload larger files.
6.5 Download
 The internet is a wonderful resource for obtaining files of any imaginable type of
data. Here's how to get those files.
 Find a file. Maybe the file you want is attached to an email, or on a website.
 If you are looking for a file on the internet, use a search engine (e.g., Google, MSN)
to find the file you want.
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 Locate the link to the file. Such a link will usually say "Download", or something similar.
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 Confirm that you trust the source of the file.

 If the file is attached to, or linked from an email message, do you trust the sender?
 If the file is located on a web site, is the site run by a reputable business?
 If your answer is "no", or "I don't know", you should not download the file.
 Alternatively, you can install anti-virus software, and scan the file for a threat.
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 Click on the link.
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 Dialog box should appear, asking you whether you would like to "Save" the file, or "Run"
it.
 It is best to save the file somewhere on your computer where you will remember it.
 If you need immediate access to the file, and do not wish to open it again later, select
"Run".
 Now u can use the downloaded application.
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6.6 Install
6.6.1 General Tips
 Make sure your computer meets the system requirements of the program, game, or
utility you are attempting to install.
 The manuals for the program or the readme file located in the same directory as the
install commonly contain exact instructions on how to install a program.
 After installing or during the installation, a program may need to install other programs,
files, or utilities before it can run. If this is the case, the program prompts you to install
the program or you may need to run a separate install before the program can be fully
used.
 When installing a program, utility, or game, it is always a good idea first to close or
disable any other programs that are running.
 After installing a new program if it prompts you to reboot the computer, do it.
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6.6.2 Microsoft Windows users
 Many software programs, games, and utilities have an AutoPlay feature that will
automatically start the setup screen for the software program when the CD is placed in
the computer.
 If your program, game, or utility contains this feature, run the installation through the
screen that appears after inserting the disc.
 If you are installing a program, game, or utility that does not contain this feature or you
are installing a program from a floppy diskette, follow the steps below.
1. Open My Computer.
2. Within the My Computer window, open the drive that contains the installation files. For
example, if the files are on a floppy diskette, open the A: drive. If they're on a CD or DVD
open the D: drive or the letter of the disc drive.
3. Within the drive that contains your files, locate either a setup or install file. Double-
clicking on this file should start the installation for the program, game, or utility. If you
see multiple setups or install files, try to locate the Application file or double-click each
of setup or install files until you find the file that starts the installation. Many times the
icons associated with the installation files have the same name.
An alternate method of starting the installation in Microsoft Windows
1. Click Start and Run.

2. In the Run Window, type x:\setup or x:\install where x is the letter of the drive you want
to start the installation. For example, if you are attempting to install a program from the
floppy disk drive you would type a:\setup or a:\install. Usually with a CD or DVD it would
be d:\setup but may be a different drive letter depending on your computer
configuration.
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6.6.3 MS-DOS users
 Users installing a program from Microsoft DOS should have a basic understanding of the
MS-DOS commands.
1. Before installing a program in MS-DOS, you must switch to the drive or directory that
contains the installation files. If you are installing a program from a CD or diskette,
switch to that drive. If the installation files are located in a different directory, use the
dir command to list the directories and the cd command to switch into the appropriate
directory.
2. Once you are in the directory or drive that contains the installation files, run the
executable for the setup. Many times this can be done by typing setup or install at the
prompt to start the installation. If both of these commands give a bad command or file
name error message, type dir *.exe or dir *.com or dir *.bat. These commands will list
any executable files; if any files are listed, execute these files to run the installation or
setup of the program. If no files are listed when typing all three of the above commands,
you are in the incorrect directory or drive letter for that program.
6.7 Uninstalling Windows software
 If a software program or game is no longer being used or played or additional space is

required it may be necessary to uninstall or delete it.
 Below is a listing of different methods of uninstalling software from a computer running
Microsoft Windows.
6.7.1 Install and Uninstall option
Pro: Will remove all or the majority of all files copied to the computer during installation.
Con: Not all programs support or use this feature.
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1. Click Start
2. Click Control Panel or Settings and then Control Panel
3. Double-click Add or Remove Programs or Uninstall a program.
4. Within the new window select the program you want to uninstall and click the Remove
button or Uninstall/Change button.
6.7.2 Unwise Wizard
Pro: Created or programmed by the developer of the program that allows the program to
delete any files that were originally installed.
Con: May cause errors with other software because it can uninstall files that other
programs may be using.
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1. Click Start
2. Open the Programs folder under Programs or All Programs.
3. Within the folder look for an Unwise or Uninstall shortcut. Click this shortcut to start the
uninstall.
OR
1. Open Windows Explorer.

2. In Explorer Open the folder containing the program you want to uninstall. If you're not
sure where this is located a good place to check first would be the Program files folder.
3. Once the folder has been located and opened look for an unwise or uninstall shortcut
link or executable program.
Note:
 Do not search for unwise.exe since it's likely several of these files exist on your
computer and may be associated with another program.
 If the program or game you have does not have this option, continue reading this
document for alternative methods to uninstalling software.
6.7.3 Third-Party Software
Pro: Will remove files and registry settings associated with the program, which manually
deleting the program will not.
Con: May not remove everything since it's third-party and not something the developer
created.
 There are various commercial and free available solutions for uninstalling
software on your computer.
 We highly recommend and suggest users use Revo Uninstaller, a free and easy to
use uninstall program and junk file utility.
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6.7.4 Manually Delete
Pro: Manually deleting the software from the computer helps save space when no other
options are available.
Con: May cause additional errors if the operating system or other programs require files
that are deleted.
Before manually deleting any software from the computer we recommend you do each
of the below suggestions.
1. Make sure your Recycle Bin is empty and that files that are deleted are sent to the
Recycle Bin. This helps you restore those files if they are required or cause you errors
after deleted.
2. Backup all important data.
Once you are ready follow the steps below to manually delete the files.
1. Open Windows Explorer.

2. Highlight the program or game folder making sure you're not highlighting its containing
folder such as Programs files.
3. Press delete to delete the files.
4. After deleted reboot the computer to verify no errors occur. If errors occur the files can
be recovered from the Recycle Bin.
6.8 Assignments
1. How to switch on a system?

2. What are the steps to switch off the system?
3. How to upload on a computer?
4. How to manually delete a software?
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Unit-7 Assignments and Practical Exercise

Assignments:
Give all the answer of the following questions:
1. What is unit of Current?

2. What is the symbolic representation of current and voltage?
3. What is the relation between voltage and current?
4. What is the charge of electron?
5. How many types of voltages are there?
6. What is a variable resistor?
7. What is a paper capacitor?
8. What are the types of capacitors?
9. What is ceramic capacitor?
Answer all the objective type questions:
1. DC is ____________ flow of electric charge. (unidirectional/bidirectional)

2. Symbol of voltage is ____________.
3. Measuring instrument for current is ___________. (voltmeter/ammeter)
4. CRO has _______ leads. (2/3)
5. Voltmeter is used to measure ____________. (voltage/current)
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Practical Exercise:
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this exercise you shall be able to:
1. Calculate the value of resistor.

2. Calculate the value of a capacitor.
Requirements:
Tools/Instruments Quantity
Resistor 1 box
Wires 2 pieces(20 to 30 feet)
Bread board 1 No.
1 box
Capacitor
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PROCEDURE:
Step 1Take the resistor in your hand and note down the color code.
Step 2The color code value is
Step 3 Now match the color code and calculate this.
Calculation of capacitance of a capacitor
Step 1 If it is electrolytic then the value will be written on the capacitor itself but if the capacitor is the
ceramic one then then you have to calculate the value from the no written.
Step 2 Note down the three digit no written on the capacitor. All the value are in the pf unit.
Now if the no is ABC then the value will be
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ABx 10c pf
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Credit-2 Electronics Fundamentals

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Credit-2 Electronics Fundamentals

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Module-1 Electronics Mechanic

Modular Course in Skill Development

BASIC TRAINING MODULE

Credit-2 Electronics Fundamentals [30 Hours]

Unit-1 Matter, molecules, atom

Unit-1 Matter, Molecules and Atom

At the end of this unit trainee should be able to

1.2 Facts about matter

1.3 States of matter molecules

1.4 Structure of Atom.

1.1.1 Changing States of Matter

Let us see the following example for this:

1.2 Facts About Matter

1.3 States Of Matter Molecules

Particles in solid state

Particles in liquid state

Particles in gaseous state

 The solar wind and space weather.

1.4 Structure Of Atom

Charge/C Mass/kg Ratio of Masses

Proton 1.602×10-19 1.673×10-27 1

Neutron 0.0 1.675×10-27 1

Electron -1.602×10-19 9.109×10-11 1/1838

4. In all atoms, electrons revolve round the nucleus in different orbits.

Unit-2: Voltage and Current

At the end of this unit trainee should be able to

2.2 Types Of Voltage:

2.4 Different Types Of The Current

There are two types of electric current:

2. Alternating current (AC).

2.4.1 Direct current (DC):

2.5 Difference Between Voltage And Current

Unit A or amps or amperage V or volts or voltage

SI Unit 1 ampere =1 coulomb/second. 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb. (V=W/C)

Measuring Ammeter Voltmeter

Field created A magnetic field An electrostatic field

Unit-3: Voltage and Current Measuring Devices

3.1.1 Analog Ammeter

3.1.2 Digital Ammeter

3.2 Application Of Ammeter

3.3.1 Analog Voltmeter

3.3.2 Digital Voltmeter

3.4 Application of Voltmeter

3.5.1 Digital Multimeter (Dmm)

3.5.2 Parts of a Multimeter

3.5.3 Measuring Voltage

Use the V with a straight line to measure DC Voltage

Use the V with a wavy line to measure AC Voltage

 What happens if you switch the red and black probes?

 Mean the black probe to ‘+’ and red probe to ‘-’.

 The reading on the multimeter is simply negative.

 Now let’s measure voltage on a breadboard or on a device.

 20V measures voltages up to 20 volts.

 This is the meter trying to tell you that it is overloaded or out-of-range.

3.5.4 Selection Knob

3.5.5 Measuring Resistance

 If you don’t know what they mean, that’s ok!

 Many resistors have a 5% tolerance.

 It’s rare to see a resistor less than 1 Ohm.

 Remember that measuring resistance is not perfect.

3.5.6 Measuring Current

 What happens if we switch probes? Nothing bad happens!

 Now touch the probes together.

3.5.8 Probe Types

 There are many different types of probes available for multimeters.

1. Banana to Alligator Clips :

3.6 CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)

 A cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) is used to see

 The CRO has 3 input leads.

On/Off: This is required to turn the CRO on or off as per the requirement.

 Set both VOLTS/DIV

INTENSITY And FOCUS Controls:

 When these are correctly set, the spot will be reasonably

 Y-POS 1 moves the whole trace vertically

Connecting A Function Generator

 With the settings shown in the diagram above,