CSII Module 2

Reading Notes

Group 1 ▪Level of perceived

criminal liability.
National Security ▪ Political instability.
- Defense/ security of the state. ▪ Number of refugees.
- Top priority of governments. o Degree of Militarization
- Example is North Korea. ▪ Budget allotted for
the military.
Human Security
- Focuses on the individuals. Fragile State Index
- Degree to which human security is
Note: National security is necessary for threatened. Looks at how
human security, but it is not sufficient. governments are able to provide
to its citizens.
e.g. – A 21-year-old American leaked - Key indicators are:
confidential documents from the o Cohesion
Pentagon. It is considered as the biggest o Economic side
leak on US Pentagon history. o Political
o Social and cross cutting
Classifications of Human Security area

Narrow – Focuses on Violent threats. Environmental Performance Index –

Broad – Focuses on Non-Violent threats. measures human security when there is
environmental security.
Indexes that measure human security.
Group 2
Human Development Index
- Measures human development. Interstate and Intrastate conflict
- It has 3 key indicators: - Number of armed conflicts
o Life Expectancy continue to increase.
o Knowledge
o Standard of Living Examples:
- India and Pakistan
Global Peace Index o Formerly one country
- Measures the level of o India – independence from
peacefulness of a country. Britain after World War 2.
- It has 3 domains: ▪ Muslims separating
o Internal Conflict from India (India
▪ Number and being Hindu).
duration of the ▪ Muslims will move to
conflict. Southern India to
▪ Deaths from conflict. establish their own
o Level of societal safety state, which is
Pakistan.
CSII Module 2
Reading Notes

- Iran and Israel James Fearson described a civil war in

o Israel (US ally) – jewish these concepts:
people took Israel, as it is - Growing ethno-sectarian identities
their promised Land. - Changing character of violence
- Ethno-sectarian mobilization
Group 3 - Population Displacements

Sudan – 500,000 of the population are The devastating impact of violent conflict
now displaced and 3,000 are killed in a is magnified by the indiscriminate use of
month. modern weapons.
- Firepower and availability of these
Uganda – most devastating terror attack. weapons increased since World
An Example is the ally democratic forces War 2.
that attacked schools in Uganda. From
the attack, 37 were killed using different SIPRI estimated world military
measures. expenditure to be 1.822 billion dollars I
2018 with the US, China, Saudi Arabia,
El Salvador – Gang wars were rampant India, and France as the five biggest
in this country. spendors at 649 billion dollars.

Group 4 The impact of modern weapons on

civilians is illustrated by the war in
Humanitarian Impact – an obvious Yugoslavia.
feature of violent conflict is the
widespread loss of life. Casualties are No less deadly are common lighter and
especially frequent among civilians and low-tech weapons. Many Rwadan deaths
those who are most vulnerable like during the 1994 conflict were caused by
women, children, and the elderly. What’s machetes.
causing this are cities and urban areas,
which are generally large in population, Apart from conventional weapons, there
and have control over these are is the threat of conventional weapons like
contested. nuclear weapons.

The conflict in Iraq since the 2003 The doomsday clock uses the imagery if
overthrow of President Saddam Hussein, apocalypse (midnight), and the
a dictator in Iraq for 30 years who has contemporary idiom of nuclear explosion
crimes against humanity — including (countdown to zero), to convey threats to
willful killing, illegal imprisonment, humanity and the planet.
deportation, and torture. He also led Iraq
into war wit Iran in the Iran-Iraq war with War crimes add to the cost. Human rights
Kuwait in the lead-up to the Persian Gulf are frequently violated as social mores
war. against such crimes are eroded while law
and order collapse.
CSII Module 2
Reading Notes

One-sided violence to the use of armed conflict production, and (2) the loss from
force by the government of a stable of by the damage inflicted.
a formally organized group against
civilians in at least 25 deaths in a year. Examples of these loss are:
- Skills – are lost with the death and
Gender-based violence frequently occurs exodus of people.
during conflict. The incidence of rape - Infrastructure and environment
increases with law and order collapsing – impede economic development
and power being held by those holding and activity.
weapons, often young poorly educated - Loss of reliable electricity –
males abusing alcohol and other drugs. reduce productivity.
- Damaged transport systems –
Children are frequently recruited as child hinder both the inflow of resources
soldiers by warring groups. and outflow of products.
- Uncertainty surrounding
Additional casualties can occur under the conflict – discourages
regime that emerges victorious from a investment. Can also heighten
conflict. Groups that use violence to economic instability as people try
seize power are likely to be willing and to stockpile goods and inflation
capable of widespread violence if they reduced the volume of money.
feel their power is threatened and are
likely to take extreme measures against 2019 GPI
perceived threats. - The global economic impact of the
violence lessened for the first time
The devastating effect of conflict remains since 2012, decreasing by 3.3% or
long after the fighting has subsided or $475 billion from 2017 to 2018.
concluded. Higher mortality rates often - The global economic impact of
remain, for it is time-consuming to rebuild violence was $14.1 trillion in PPP
the country’s damaged infrastructure, terms during 2018 equivalent to
such as health and sanitation systems. 11.2% of global GDP.
- The improvement was due to the
Group 5 decrease in the impact of armed
conflict particularly in Iraq,
The economic impact of conflict is Columbia, and Ukraine.
disastrous.
The impact of conflict is illustrated by the
Note: Resources are diverted into two economic performances of countries
parts: Productive activities that leads to witnessing conflict.
destruction that results in a double loss.
Example: World Bank Study
Double Loss – can be defined as (1) the - During civil war countries
loss of resources that contributed to pre- generally grow around 2.2% more
slowly than during peace.
CSII Module 2
Reading Notes

- Thus, after a typical civil war of o US decision to unilaterally

seven years duration, incomes exit the July 2015 nuclear
would be approximately 15% deal with Iran.
lower than had no war occurred. ▪ Tehran agreed to
- This implies the incidence of limit its sensitive
absolute poverty increased by nuclear activities
about 30%. and accept
- The cumulative loss of income international
during the war would be equal to inspectors in return
approximately 60% of a year’s for the lifting of
GDP. economic sanctions.
o Domestic upheavals in
The economic impact of civil war using Venezuela – a once
data from about 18 countries affected by wealthy country,
such conflict. Venezuela’s economy was
driven into political and
A conflict’s economic impact is not economic crises by
restricted to the country experiencing it. corruption and
- Countries are closely interlinked mismanagement.
by the global economy that is why o Tensions between Saudi
when conflict affects the economy Arabia and Iran
in one country, it often affects o Ongoing Conflicts
others especially neighbors. - In 2019, regional tensions
- The impact’s magnitude is shaped occurred like the attack on major
by the nature of the country’s Saudi oil facilities that happened
economy. last September.
o Conflict in a country that
has a large economy with Group 6
strategic resources (oil) is Violence can happen when there are
likely to have a larger external factors. Examples given were
impact on the global the Syrian civil war where external
economy than a conflict in factors like allied countries fought for
a country with a small their allied countries.
resource-limited economy.
▪ Examples are
developments in the
middle east.
- In 2018, rising oil prices against
the background of geopolitical
instability.
- Factors: