CamScanner

CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
Power computations for sinusoidal AC circuits
For any element in an ac circuit, let

Then instantaneous power is

Power computations for non-sinusoidal periodic waveforms

• Power electronics circuits typically have voltages and/or currents that are
periodic but not sinusoidal.

• A common error that is made when doing power computations is to attempt to

apply some special relationships for sinusoids to waveforms that are not
sinusoids.

• The Fourier series can be used to describe non-sinusoidal periodic waveforms

in terms of a series of sinusoids. The power relationships for these circuits can be
expressed in terms of the components of the Fourier series.

Fourier Series
• A non-sinusoidal periodic waveform that meets certain conditions can be described
by a Fourier series of sinusoids. The Fourier series for a periodic function f(t) can be
expressed in trigonometric form as
Average Power

If periodic voltage and current waveforms represented by the Fourier series

average power for non-sinusoidal periodic voltage and current waveforms is

• Total average power is the sum of the powers at the frequencies in the Fourier
series
Sinusoidal Source and Non-Linear Load

• If a sinusoidal voltage source is applied to a nonlinear load, the current waveform will
not be sinusoidal but can be represented as a Fourier series

and current is represented by the Fourier series

• Note that the only nonzero power term is at the frequency of the applied voltage.
 The power factor of the load

for a sinusoidal voltage and a sinusoidal current

which is the power factor term commonly used in linear circuits and is called the displacement
power factor
distortion factor (DF)

The distortion factor represents the reduction in power factor due to the non-
sinusoidal property of the current.
Power factor is also expressed as

Total harmonic distortion (THD)

Term used to quantify the non-sinusoidal property of a waveform.

THD is the ratio of the rms value of all the non-fundamental frequency terms to the rms
value of the fundamental frequency term.
PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

• In uncontrolled rectifier diodes are used for the rectification purpose.

• Whereas for controlled rectifier circuits diodes are replaced by thyristors.

• Controlled rectifiers produce variable DC output, whose magnitude is varied by Phase

control.

Phase Control

• DC output from rectifier can be controlled by controlling duration of the conduction

period by varying the point at which gate signal is applied to SCR.
1-ø HALF-WAVE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit (with R load)

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit (with R load)

Fig. Voltage and current waveforms

Average voltage across load resistance

𝜋
1 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 1 + cos𝛼 (1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝛼
Where, α is firing angle of thyrsitor
Maximum value of output voltage occurs when firing angle (α) is zero.

Equation (1) now becomes:

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜,max = 2
2𝜋

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜,max =
𝜋

For resistive load, the average load current can be given as:

𝑉0 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑜 = = 1 + cos𝛼
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
Input power factor calculation
For 1-ø half wave rectifier, the input power factor can be calculated with the use of rms
values of voltage and current.

Output voltage rms value can be given as:

𝜋 1 Τ2
1
𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න𝑉𝑚2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
The rms value of current can be given as:
𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅
Power delivered to the load (R-load)
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠
Input power factor
𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑝. 𝑓 = = =
𝑃𝑖𝑛,𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑠

1Τ2
1 1
𝑝. 𝑓 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 + sin2𝛼
2𝜋 2
 1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit (with RL load)

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit (with RL load)

at ωt = α, load voltage (𝑣𝑜 ) =source voltage (𝑣𝑠 )

𝛽 − 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
Fig. Voltage and current waveforms
The voltage equation of the half-bridge rectifier with R-L load can be given as:
𝑑𝑖𝑜
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Due to presence of inductance in the load, the load current will have the steady-state
component (iss) and the transient component (it).
𝑉𝑚 𝜔𝐿
𝑖𝑠𝑠 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝜙 = tan−1
𝑍 𝑅
The transient component (it) of current can be obtained as:
𝑑𝑖𝑡
𝑅𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿 =0
𝑑𝑡
Solving above equation gives:
𝑖𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡
The total current can be:
𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑠𝑠 + 𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑠𝑠 + 𝑖𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 + 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡
𝑍
The constant A can be calculated by boundary condition (𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼)
at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼 𝑖𝑜 = 0
𝑉𝑚
Then 𝐴 = − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 𝑒 𝑅𝛼Τ𝜔𝐿
𝑍
 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 𝑒 𝑅𝛼Τ𝜔𝐿 𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡 for 𝛼 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝛽
𝑍 𝑍

At, 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽, the load current, 𝑖𝑜 = 0

𝑅
Thus, sin 𝛽 − 𝜙 = sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 ⋅ exp − 𝛽−𝛼
𝜔𝐿

The average load voltage for conduction angle from α to β

𝛽
1
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
𝛼

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = cos𝛼 − cos𝛽
2𝜋

𝑉𝑚
The average load current, 𝐼𝑜 = cos𝛼 − cos𝛽
2𝜋𝑅
The average load current,
𝛽 1 Τ2
1 𝑉𝑚 1
𝑉𝑜𝑟 = න 𝑉𝑚2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽 − 𝛼 − sin2𝛽 − sin2𝛼
2𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝛼
1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit with R-L load and freewheeling diode

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit with RL load and
freewheeling diode

Fig. Voltage and current waveforms

The load current in half-wave converter with RL load can be improved by connecting a
freewheeling diode across load.

Operation modes:
Mode 1: Conduction mode 𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝜋
In this mode, the current expression:
𝑑𝑖𝑜
𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑅 𝛼
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 + 𝐼𝑜 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 exp − 𝑡 −
𝑍 𝑍 𝐿 𝜔
Mode 2: Freewheeling mode 𝜋 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 + 𝛼
In this mode, SCR is reverse biased.

The voltage equation in this mode can be given as:

𝑑𝑖𝑜
0 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
In this mode, the current expression:
𝑅 𝜋
𝑖𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜1 ⋅ exp − 𝑡−
𝐿 𝜔
The average load voltage can be given as:
𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
𝛼

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos𝛼
2𝜋

The average load current can be given as:

𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑜 = 1 + cos𝛼
2𝜋𝑅

From the waveforms, it can be seen that load current waveform is improved with
freewheeling diode.

Advantages using freewheeling diode:

• Input pf is improved.
• Load current waveform is improved.
1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit (with RLE load)

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit with RLE load

(1) The counter emf E in the load may

be due to a battery or dc motor.
(2) In case thyristor T is fired at an angle
α < θ1 , then E > Vs , SCR is reverse
biased and therefore it will not turn on.

Fig. Voltage and current waveforms

The voltage expression can be given as:
𝑑𝑖𝑜
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿 +𝐸
𝑑𝑡
The output current can be found by using above equation and the current consist of
two components: steady-state current (is) and transient current (it).

The steady-state current can be thought of steady-current due (is1) to ac supply voltage
and steady-state current (is2) due to counter emf E acting alone.
𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑠1 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙
𝑍
𝐸
𝑖𝑠2 =−
𝑅

Transient current: 𝑖𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡

Total output current can be given as:

𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑠1 + 𝑖𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑡

𝑉𝑚 𝐸
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 − + 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡
𝑍 𝑅
At, 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼 𝑖𝑜 = 0

𝐸 𝑉𝑚
Thus, 𝐴= − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 𝑒 −𝑅𝛼Τ𝜔𝐿
𝑅 𝑍

Therefore,

𝑉𝑚 𝑅 𝐸 𝑅
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 exp − 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼 − 1 − exp − 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼
𝑍 𝜔𝐿 𝑅 𝜔𝐿
1-ø HALF-WAVE THYRISTOR RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit (with R load)

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit (with R load)

Fig. Voltage and current waveforms

Average voltage across load resistance

𝜋
1 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 1 + cos𝛼 (1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝛼
Where, α is firing angle of thyrsitor
Maximum value of output voltage occurs when firing angle (α) is zero.

Equation (1) now becomes:

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜,max = 2
2𝜋

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜,max =
𝜋

For resistive load, the average load current can be given as:

𝑉0 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑜 = = 1 + cos𝛼
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
Input power factor calculation
For 1-ø half wave rectifier, the input power factor can be calculated with the use of rms
values of voltage and current.

Output voltage rms value can be given as:

𝜋 1 Τ2
1
𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න𝑉𝑚2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
The rms value of current can be given as:
𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑅
Power delivered to the load (R-load)
𝑃𝑜 = 𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠
Input power factor
𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑝. 𝑓 = = =
𝑃𝑖𝑛,𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑠

1Τ2
1 1
𝑝. 𝑓 = 𝜋 − 𝛼 + sin2𝛼
2𝜋 2
 1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit (with RL load)

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit (with RL load)

at ωt = α, load voltage (𝑣𝑜 ) =source voltage (𝑣𝑠 )

𝛽 − 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
Fig. Voltage and current waveforms
The voltage equation of the half-bridge rectifier with R-L load can be given as:
𝑑𝑖𝑜
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Due to presence of inductance in the load, the load current will have the steady-state
component (iss) and the transient component (it).
𝑉𝑚 𝜔𝐿
𝑖𝑠𝑠 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 𝑍= 𝑅2 + 𝑋2 𝜙 = tan−1
𝑍 𝑅
The transient component (it) of current can be obtained as:
𝑑𝑖𝑡
𝑅𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿 =0
𝑑𝑡
Solving above equation gives:
𝑖𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡
The total current can be:
𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑠𝑠 + 𝑖𝑡
𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑠𝑠 + 𝑖𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 + 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡
𝑍
The constant A can be calculated by boundary condition (𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼)
at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼 𝑖𝑜 = 0
𝑉𝑚
Then 𝐴 = − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 𝑒 𝑅𝛼Τ𝜔𝐿
𝑍
 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 𝑒 𝑅𝛼Τ𝜔𝐿 𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡 for 𝛼 < 𝜔𝑡 < 𝛽
𝑍 𝑍

At, 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽, the load current, 𝑖𝑜 = 0

𝑅
Thus, sin 𝛽 − 𝜙 = sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 ⋅ exp − 𝛽−𝛼
𝜔𝐿

The average load voltage for conduction angle from α to β

𝛽
1
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
𝛼

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = cos𝛼 − cos𝛽
2𝜋

𝑉𝑚
The average load current, 𝐼𝑜 = cos𝛼 − cos𝛽
2𝜋𝑅
The average load current,
𝛽 1 Τ2
1 𝑉𝑚 1
𝑉𝑜𝑟 = න 𝑉𝑚2 sin2 𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽 − 𝛼 − sin2𝛽 − sin2𝛼
2𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝛼
1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit with R-L load and freewheeling diode

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit with RL load and
freewheeling diode

Fig. Voltage and current waveforms

The load current in half-wave converter with RL load can be improved by connecting a
freewheeling diode across load.

Operation modes:
Mode 1: Conduction mode 𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝜋
In this mode, the current expression:
𝑑𝑖𝑜
𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚 𝑅 𝛼
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 + 𝐼𝑜 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 exp − 𝑡 −
𝑍 𝑍 𝐿 𝜔
Mode 2: Freewheeling mode 𝜋 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋 + 𝛼
In this mode, SCR is reverse biased.

The voltage equation in this mode can be given as:

𝑑𝑖𝑜
0 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
In this mode, the current expression:
𝑅 𝜋
𝑖𝑜 = 𝐼𝑜1 ⋅ exp − 𝑡−
𝐿 𝜔
The average load voltage can be given as:
𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜 = න 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑 𝜔𝑡
2𝜋
𝛼

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 1 + cos𝛼
2𝜋

The average load current can be given as:

𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑜 = 1 + cos𝛼
2𝜋𝑅

From the waveforms, it can be seen that load current waveform is improved with
freewheeling diode.

Advantages using freewheeling diode:

• Input pf is improved.
• Load current waveform is improved.
CamScanner
1-ø half-wave thyristor rectifier circuit (with RLE load)

Fig. Circuit diagram of 1-ø half-wave

thyristor rectifier circuit with RLE load

(1) The counter emf E in the load may

be due to a battery or dc motor.
(2) In case thyristor T is fired at an angle
α < θ1 , then E > Vs , SCR is reverse
biased and therefore it will not turn on.

Fig. Voltage and current waveforms

The voltage expression can be given as:
𝑑𝑖𝑜
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑜 + 𝐿 +𝐸
𝑑𝑡
The output current can be found by using above equation and the current consist of
two components: steady-state current (is) and transient current (it).

The steady-state current can be thought of steady-current due (is1) to ac supply voltage
and steady-state current (is2) due to counter emf E acting alone.
𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝑠1 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙
𝑍
𝐸
𝑖𝑠2 =−
𝑅

Transient current: 𝑖𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡

Total output current can be given as:

𝑖𝑜 = 𝑖𝑠1 + 𝑖𝑠2 + 𝑖𝑡

𝑉𝑚 𝐸
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 − + 𝐴𝑒 −(𝑅Τ𝐿)𝑡
𝑍 𝑅
At, 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼 𝑖𝑜 = 0

𝐸 𝑉𝑚
Thus, 𝐴= − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 𝑒 −𝑅𝛼Τ𝜔𝐿
𝑅 𝑍

Therefore,

𝑉𝑚 𝑅 𝐸 𝑅
𝑖𝑜 = sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 exp − 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼 − 1 − exp − 𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼
𝑍 𝜔𝐿 𝑅 𝜔𝐿

Avg. voltage across inductance is zero

Avg. value of output current can be given as:

1  
Io    Vm sin t  E  d (t ) 
2 R  
1
Io  Vm  cos   cos    E      
2 R
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner
CamScanner