A number of the form am where a is a real number, a is multiplied by

itself m times,
The number a is called the base and the super script m is called
the index (plural indices) or exponent.

1. a m x a n = am + n ——————–Multiplication law
Example: p3 x p2 = ( p x p x p) x (p x p) = p 5
Or p3 x p2 = p 3 + 2 = p5
2. am ÷ an = am – n ———————Division law
Example: p6 ÷ p4 = p 6 – 4 = p2
3. (a m )n = amn —————-Power law
Example: (p3)2 = p3 x p3 = p 3 + 3 = p6
Or p3 x 2 = p6
4. am ÷ am = am – m = a0 = 1
am ÷am = am/am = ao = 1
a0 = 1 ………………………Zero Index
Note : Any number raised to power of zero is 1
Example: 3o = 1, co = 1, yo = 1
5. (ab)m = ambm ————-Product power law
e.g. (2xy)2 = 4x2y2
6. a – m = 1/am ————- Negative Index
Example: 2 -1 = ½, and 3 -2 = 1/3 2 = 1/9

7. a1/n = n√a ————– Root power law

Example : 9 ½ = √9 = 3
27 1/3 =3√27 = 3 ie (3)3 = 3

8. a m/n = (a 1/n) m = (n√a)m ———–Fraction Index

or a m/n = (am) 1/n = (n√a)m
Example: 272/3 = 3√27 = 32 = 9.
Evaluation
1. 275/3 2. 10000000000 3. 2x-1 x 22x+2
Application of Laws of Indices

Examples
Solve the following

(i) 32 3/5 (ii) 343 2/3 (iii) 64 2/3 (iv) 0.001 (v) 14 0
Solution:
i) 32 3/5 = (32 1/5) 3 = (5√32) 3
=23=8
ii) 343 2/3 = (343 1/3 )2 = (3√343)2
= (7 3)1/3)2
= 72 = 49
iii) 64 2/3 = (64 1/3)2 = (4 3)1/3)2 = 4 2
iv) (0.001)3 = (1/100)3 = (1/10)3)3 = (10 -3)3
= 10 -9 = 1/10 9
v) 14 0 = 1
General Evaluation

Simplify the following (a) 216 4/3 (b) 25 1.5 (c) (0.00001)2 (d)
32 2/5 (e) 81 ¾ (f) 6253/8 x 25
Reading Assignment : Further Mathematics project book 1(New third
edition).Chapter 2 pg.4 – 6
Weekend Assignment

1) Evaluate 3 x = 1/81 (a) 4 (b) -4 (c) -2

(d) 2
2) Simplify 2r5 X 9r3 (a) p2 (b)
2p4 (c) P3 (d) 18r8
3) Solve 3-y = 243 (a) -5 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) -3
4) Solve 25-5n = 625 (a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 1 1/5
(d) – 2/5

Exponential Equation of Linear Form

Under exponential equation, if the base numbers of any equation are

equal, then the power will be equal & vice versa.
Examples

Solve the following exponential equations

a) (1/2) x = 8 b) (0.25) x+1 = 16 c) 3x = 1/81 d)

10 x = 1/0.001 e) 4/2x = 64 x
Solution

a) (1/2) X = 8 b) (0.25) x+1 = 16

(2 -1) x = 2 3 (25/100) x+1 =

42
2 –x = 2 3 (1/4) x+1 = 42
-x = 3 (4-1) x + 1 = 42
x=–3 4 – x – 1 = 42

–x–1=2

–x=2+1

–x=3

X=–3

c) 3x = 1/81 d) 10 x = 1/0.001
3x = 1/34 10 x = 1000
3x = 3 -4 10 x = 10 3
x = -4 10 x = 10 3
x=3

e) 4/2x = 64 x
4÷2x = 64 x
22 ÷2x = 64 x
 2 2-x = (2 6) x
2 2-x = 2 6x
2- x = 6x

2=6x+x

2 = 7x

Divide both sides by 7

2/7 = 7x/7

x = 2/7

Evaluation

Solve the following exponential equations

a) 2 x = 0.125 b) 25 (5x) = 625 c) 10 x = 1/100000

Exponential Equation of Quadratic Form

Some exponential equation can be reduced to quadratic form as can be

seen below.

Example:

Solve the following equations.

a) 22x – 6 (2x) + 8 = 0
b) 52x + 4 x 5 x+1 – 125 = 0
c) 32x – 9 = 0
Solution

a) 22x – 6 (2x) + 8 = 0 When y = 4 then, and

When y = 2 then,
(2x)2 – 6 (2x) + 8 = 0 2x=
4 2x=2
Let 2x = y 2x=
22 2x = 2 1
Then y2 – 6y + 8 = 0 x=
2 x=1
Then factorize x = 1 and 2

y 2 – 4y – 2y + 8 = 0
y (y – 4) -2 (y -4) = 0

(y -2) (y – 4) = 0

y – 2 = 0 or y – 4 = 0

y = 2 or y= 4

y = 2, 4

b) 52x + 4 x 5x+1 – 125 = 0

(5 x) 2 + 4 x (5 x x 51) – 125 = 0
Let 5 x = p
P 2 + 4 x (p x 5) – 125 = 0
P2 + 4 (5p) – 125 = 0
P2 + 20p – 125 = 0
Then, Factorize p2 + 25p – 5p – 125 = 0
p (p + 25) – 5 (p + 25) = 0

(p – 5) (p + 25) = 0

p – 5 = 0 p + 25 = 0

p = 5 or p = – 25

Since 5x = p, p=5
5x = 5 1
x=1

5x = -25
 c) 3 2x – 9 = 0
(3 x) 2 – 9 = 0
Let 3x = a
a2 – 9 = 0
a2 = 9
a = ±√9

a=±3

a = 3 or – 3

Since 3x = a, when a = 3
3 x = 31
x=1

Since 3x = a, when a = -3
3x= – 3
Evaluation:

Solve: (a) 3(22x + 3) – 5(2x+2) – 156 = 0 (b ) 92x+1 = (81 x-2/3x)

General Evaluation

Solve the following exponential equations.

a) 22x + 1 – 5 (2x) + 2 = 0
b) 32x – 4 (3x+1) + 27 = 0
Reading Assignment: Further Mathematics Project Book 1(New third
edition).Chapter 2 pg. 6- 10
Weekend Assignment

1. Solve for x : (0.25) X + 1 = 16 (a) -3 (b) 3

(c) 4 (d) -4
2. Solve for x : 3(3)X = 27 (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) 5
3. Solve the exponential equation : 22x + 2x+1 – 8 = 0 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
4. The second value of x in question 3 is (a) -1 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) No solution
5. Solve for x : 10 -X = 0.000001 (a) 4 (b) 6
(c) -6 (d) 5

Theory

Solve the following exponential equations

CONTENT

 Logarithm of numbers (Index & Logarithmic Form)

 Laws of Logarithm
 Logarithmic Equation
 Change of Base
 Standard forms
 Logarithm of numbers greater than one
 Multiplication and divisions of numbers greater than one using
logarithm
 Using logarithm to solve problems with roots and powers (no > 1)
 Logarithm of numbers less than one.
 Multiplication and division of numbers less than one using logarithm
 Roots and powers of numbers less than one using logarithm

Logarithm of numbers (Index & Logarithmic Form)

The logarithm to base a of a number P, is the index x to which a must be
raised to be equal to P.

Thus if P = ax, then x is the logarithm to the base a of P. We write this as

x = log a P. The relationship logaP = x and
ax =P are equivalent to each other.
ax =P is called the index form and logaP = x is called the logarithm form
Conversion from Index to Logarithmic Form

Write each of the following in index form in their logarithmic form

a) 26 = 64 b) 251/2 = 5 c) 44= 1/256

Solution

a) 26 = 64
Log2 64 = 6
b) 251/2 = 5
Log255=1/2
c) 4-4= 1/256
Log41/256 = -4
Conversion from Logarithmic to Index form

a) Log2128 = 7 b) log10 (0.01) = -2

c) Log1.5 2.25 = 2
Solution

a) Log2128 = 7
27 = 128
b) Log10 (0.01) = -2
10-2= 0.01
c) Log1.5 2.25 = 2

1.52 = 2.25
Laws of Logarithm

a) let P = bx, then logbP = x

 Q = by, then logbQ = y
PQ = bx X by = bx+y (laws of indices)
Logb PQ = x + y
:. Logb PQ = logbP + LogbQ
b) P÷Q = bx÷by = bx+y
LogbP/Q = x –y
:. LogbP/Q = logbP – logbQ
c) Pn= (bx)n = bxn
Logbpn = nbx
:. LogPn = logbP
d) b = b1
:. Logbb = 1
e) 1 = b0
Logb1 = 0

Example

Solve each of the following:

a) Log327 + 2log39 – log354

b) Log313.5 – log310.5
c) Log28 + log23
d) Given that log102 = 0.3010 log103 = 0.4771 and log105 = 0.699 find
the log1064 + log1027
Solution

a) Log327 + 2 log39 – log354

= log3 27 + log3 92 –log354
= log3 (27 x 92/54)
= log3 (271 x 81/54) = log3 (81/2)
= log3 34/log32
= 4log3 3 – log3 2
= 4 x (1) – log3 2 = 4 – log3 2
= 4 – log3 2
b) log3 13.5 – log3 10.5
 = log3 (13.5) – Log310.5 = log3 (135/105)
= log3 (27/21) = log3 27 – log3 21
= log3 33 – log3 (3 x 7)
= 3log3 3 – log3 3 -log37
= 2 – Log3 7
c) Log28 + Log33
= log223+ log33
= 3log22 + log33
= 3 +1 = 4

d) log10 64 + log10 27
log10 26 + log1033
6 log10 2 + 3 log10 3
6 (0.3010) + 3(0.4771)

1.806 + 1.4314 = 3.2373.

EVALUATION

1. Change the following index form into logarithmic form.

(a) 63= 216 (b) 33 = 1/27 (c) 92 = 81

2. Change the following logarithm form into index form.

(a) Log88 = 1 (b) log ½¼ = 2

3. Simplify the following

a) Log512.5 + log52 b) ½ log48 + log432 – log42

c) log381
4. Given that log 2 = 0.3010, log3 0.4770, log5 = 0.6990, find the
value of log6.25 + log1.44

Logarithmic Equation

Change of Base

Let logbP = x and this means P = bx

 LogcP = logcbx = x logcb
If x logcb = logcP
x = logcP
logc b
:. logcP = logcP
logcb
Example :

Shows that logab x logba = 1

Logab = logcb
logca
Logba = logca
logcb
:. logab x logba = logcb x logca
logca + logcb = 1
Evaluation

Solve (i) Log3 (x2 + 7x + 21) = 2 (ii) Log10 (x2 – 3x + 12) = 1

(iii) 52x+1 – 26(5x) + 5 = 0 find the value of x
Logarithm of numbers greater than one

Numbers such as 1000 can be converted to its power of ten in the form
10n where n can be term as the number of times the decimal point is
shifted to the front of the first significant figure i.e. 10000 = 104
Number Power of 10

1. 102
2. 101
3. 100
a. 10-3
b. 10-1

Note: One tenth; one hundredth, etc are expressed as negative powers of
10 because the decimal point is shifted to the right while that of whole
numbers are shifted to the left to be after the first significant figure.
 A number in the form A x 10n, where A is a number between 1 and 10
i.e. 1 < A < 10 and n is an integer is said to be in standard form e.g.
3.835 x 103 and 8.2 x 10-5 are numbers in standard form.

Multiplication and Division of number greater than one

using logarithm
To multiply and divide numbers using logarithms, first express the number as logarithm and then
apply the addition and subtraction laws of indices to the logarithms. Add the logarithm when
multiplying and subtract when dividing.

TOPIC: SETS

 Idea of a set, set notations and applications.

 Disjoint sets , Venn diagram

A. IDEA OF SET, NOTATIONS, APPLICATIONS.

Definitions:

A set can be defined as a group or a collection of well defined

objects or numbers e.g collection of books, cooking utensils.

A set is denoted by capital letters such as P, Q, and R e.t.c while

small letters are used to denote the elements e.g. a, b, c

Elements of a set: These are the elements or members of a given set.

The elements are separated by commas and enclosed by a curly bracket
{}

e.g M ={ 1, 3 ,5, 7, 11}, 1 is an element of M.

Example: Write down the elements in each of the following sets.

A = {Odd numbers from 1 to 21}

F = {factors of 30}

M = {Multiples of 4 up to 40}

Solution:

A = { 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21}

F = {1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30}

M = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40}

Set Theory
Weekend Assignment

1. Given that µ= {-10≤ x ≤ 10}, p= { -10 < x< 10}, Q= { -5 < x ≤ 3}.
Which of the following is correct? I PI n Q II P U Q =µ III PI C QI
A. I and II only B. I and III only C II and III only

2. P and Q are subsets of the µ={x is an integer and 1< x < 15}, P= { x is
odd} and Q= { x is prime}, find n(PI n QI) A. 3 B. 4 C. 5
Use the information below to answer question 3 and 4, µ= {1, 2, 3…
10}, A= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} B= {1, 3, 9} and C = {2, 5, 7}

3. AI n C is A.{5, 7} B. { 1, 3, 4} C. { 6,7,8,9}
4. BI U C A.{2,4,5,7,8,10} B.{2,4,5,6,7,8,10} C.{ 1, 2,3,4,5, 9}
5. A set contains 7 members; find the number of subsets that can be
obtained from it. A. 32 B. 64 C. 128

Theory
 1. During one year in a school, 5/8 of the students had measles, ½ had
chickenpox and 1/8 had neither. What fraction of the school had both
measles and chickenpox?

2. In a class of 50 pupils, 24 like oranges, 23 like apple and 7 like the

two fruits.

1. How many do not like oranges and apples (b) What percentage of the
class like apples only

Three Venn diagram:

 Example:
A school has 37 vacancies for teachers, out of which 22 are for English,
20 for History and 17 for Fine Art. Of these vacancies 11 are for
both English and History, 8 for both History and Fine Art and 7
for English and Fine Art. Using a Venn diagram, find the number of
teachers who must be able to teach:

(a.) all the three subjects

(b.) Fine Art only

(c.) English and History but not Fine Art.

Solution:

Let µ = {All vacancies for teachers}

E = {English vacancies}

H = {History vacancies}

F = {Fine Art vacancies}

µ = 37, n(E)= 22, n(H)= 20, n(F)= 17, n{EnH}= 11, n(HnF)= 8, n(EnF)=
7

 Let n(EnFnH) = y

n (EnHInF)= n(E)- (7-y+y+11-y)

= 22- (18-y) = 4+y

n(EInHnF) = n(H) – (11-y+y+8-y)

= 20- (19-y) = 1+y

n(EInH1nF)= n(F) – ( 7-y +y+8-y)

= 17 – (15- y) = 2 +y
 µ= 4+y+11-y+1+y+y+8-y+7-y+2+y

37= 33 + y

y = 37- 33

y = 4.

n(EnHnF) = 4 teachers

(2.) Fine Art only, n(EInHInF) = 2+ y

= 2+4 = 6 teachers

(3.) English and History but not Fine Art

i.e English and History only

n(EnHnFI) = 11-y
= 11- 4 = 7 teachers.

General Evaluation
1. n(P) =4 means that these are 4 element in set P. given that n(XƲY)= 50,
n(X)=20 and n(Y)= 40. Find n(X∩Y)
2. find the sum of the first five terms of GP 2,6,18……..
3. the twelfth term of a linear sequence is 47 and the sum of the first three
term is 12. Find the sum of the first 15 terms of the sequence
4. At a meeting of 35 teachers, the analysis of how Fanta, Coke and Pepsi
were served as refreshments is as

follows. 15 drank Fanta, 6 drank both Fanta and coke, 18 drank Coke, 8
drank both Coke and Pepsi, 20 drank Pepsi, and 2 drank all the three
types of drink. How many of the teachers drank I Coke only II Fanta and
Pepsi but not Coke.

 Given n(XUY) = 50, n(X) = 20 and n(Y) = 40, determine n(XnY)

 Reading Assignment: Read Sets, Further Mathematics Project II, page
1- 13.

Weekend Assignment

Theory

1. In a school of 300 students, 110 offered French, 110 Hausa language,

180 History, 40 French and Hausa, 50 Hausa and History,
60 French and History while 30 did not offer any of the three subjects.

1. Draw a Venn diagram to represent the data

2. Find the number of students who offered I all the three subjects
II History alone.

 In a certain class 22, pupils take one or more of chemistry, economic

and government. 12 take economics (e), 8 take government (G) and 7
take chemistry (c). nobody takes economics and chemistry and 4 pupils
takes economic and government
 Using set notation and the letters to indicate above, write down the two
statements in the last sentence
 Draw the venn diagram to illustrate the information

CONTENT

 Concept of binary operations,

 Closure property
 Commutative property
 Associative property and
 Distributive property.

Definition:
 Binary operation is any rule of combination of any two elements of a
given non empty set. The rule of combination of two elements of a set
may give rise to another element which may or not belong to the set
under consideration.

It is usually denoted by symbols such as, *, Ө e.t.c.

Properties:

A. Closure property: A non- empty set z is closed under a binary

operation * if for all a, b € Z.

Example; A binary operation * is defined on the set S= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} by

X*Y = x + y –xy. Find (a) 2 * 4 (b) 3* 1 (c) 0* 3. Is the set S closed

under the operation *?

Solution

 2 * 4, i.e, x= 2,y=4

2+ 4 – (2×4) = 6-8 = -2.

 3* 1 = 3+1-( 3x 1) = 4 – 3= 1
 0*3 = 0 + 3 –( 0 x3) = 3

Since -2€ S, therefore the operation * is not closed in S.

B. Commutative Property: If set S, a non empty set is closed under the

binary operation *, for all a,b€ S. Then the operation * is commutative if
a*b= b*a

Therefore, a binary operation is commutative if the order of combination

does not affect the
result.

Example; The operation * on the set R of real numbers is defined by:

p*q= p3 + q3-3pq. Is the operation commutative?
Solution

p*q= p3 + q3 -3pq
Commutative condition p*q= q*p

To obtain q*p, use the same operation q*p, use the same operation p*q
but replace p by q and q by p.

Hence, q*p= p3+ q3 -3qp

In conclusion p*q= q*p, the operation is commutative.

C. Associative Property: If a non – empty set S is closed under a binary

operation *, that is a*b €S. Then a binary operation is associative if
(a*b) * c= a*(b*c)

Such that C also belongs to S.

Example: The operation Ө on the set Z of integers is defined by; a Ө b =

2a +3b -1. Determine whether or not the operation is associative in Z.

Solution

Introduce another element C

Associative condition: (aӨb) Өc = a Ө (b Өc)

(aӨb)Өc = (2a+ 3b- 1) Ө C

= 2(2a +3b -1) + 3c -1

= 4a + 6b- 2+ 3c- 1

= 4a +6b+3c- 3.

Also, the RHS, a Ө (b Ө c) = a Ө (2b+3c- 1)

 = 2a+ 3(2b +3c- 1) – 1

= 2a + 6b +9c -3 -
1

a Ө (b Ө c) = 2a+ 6b+ 9c -4

Since, (a Ө b) Ө c ≠ a Ө (b Ө c), the operation is not associative in Z.

Evaluation

1. An operation* defined on the set R of real numbers is

x* y = 3x+ 2y- 1, x,y €R. Determine (a) 2*3 (b) -4* 5 (c) 1 * 1

3 2

is the operation closed.

D. Distributive Property: If a set is closed under two or more binary

operations

(* Ө) for all a, b and c € S, such that:

a*(bӨ c) = (a*b )Ө( a*c – Left distributive

(BӨc) *a = (b*a) Ө(c*a) – Right distributive over the operation

Ө

Example: Given the set R of real numbers under the operations * and Ө
defined by:

a*b = a+ b- 3, aӨb= 5ab for all a, b € R. Does * distribute over Ө.

Solution Let a, b,c € R

a* ( bӨc) = (a*b) Ө (a*c)

 a* (bӨc) = a* (5ab)

= a+ 5ab -3.

(a*b) Ө (a*c) = (a+ b -3) Ө ( a+ c-3)

= 5(a +b-3)(a +c -3)

From the expansion, it’s obvious that, a* ( bӨc) ≠ (a*b) Ө (a*c)

therefore * does not distribute over Ө.

Evaluation:

1. A binary operation * is defined on the set R of real numbers by x*y=

x +y + 3xy for all x, yɛR.

determine whether or not * is:

 Commutative?
 Associative?

General Evaluation

1. The operation * on the set R of real numbers is defined by: x * y = 3x

+ 2y – 1, x, yϵR.

Determine (i) 2 * 3 (ii) 1/3 * ½ (iii) -4*5

2. The operation * on the set R, of real numbers is defined by; p*q = p3 +

q3 – 3pq; p,q ϵR. Is the operation * commutative in R?
Weekend Assignment

1. Two binary operation * and Ө are defined as m * n = mn – n -1 and m Ө

n = mn + n -2 for al real

number m n find the value of 3 Ө (4 * 5) (a) 60 (b) 57 (c) 54 (d) 42

 If x * y = x + y –xy, find x, when (x*2) + (x*3) = 63 (a) 24 (b) 22 (c) -12
(d) -21
o A binary operation * is defined by a * b = ab. If a * 2 = 2 – a, find
the possible values of a (a) 1, -1

(b) 1, 2 (c) 2, -2 (d) 1, -2

 The binary operation * is defined on the set of integers p and q by p*q =

pq + p + q. Find 2*(3*4)

Identity element and Inverse element

CONTENT:

Identity Element:

Given a non- empty set S which is closed under a binary operation *

and if there exists an element e € S such that a*e = e*a = a for all a € S,
then e is called the IDENTITY or NEUTRAL element. The element is
unique.

Evaluation

Find the identity element of the binary operation a*b = a +b+ab

Inverse Element;

If x € S and an element x-1 € S such that x*x-1 = x-1*x= e where e is the

identity element and x-1 is the inverse element.
Example: An operation * is defined on the set of real numbers by x*y =
x + y -2xy. If the identity element is 0, find the inverse of the element.

Solution;

X *y = x+ y- 2xy

x*x-1 = x-1*x= e, e = 0
 x + x-1– 2xx-1 = 0
x-1 -2xx-1= -x
x-1(1-2x) = -x
x-1 = -x/ (1-2x)
The inverse element x-1 = -x/ (1-2x)
Evaluation:

The operation ∆ on the set Q of rational numbers is defined by: x∆ y =

9xy for x,y € Q

Find under the operation ∆ (I) the identity element (II) the inverse of the
element a € Q

General Evaluation

1. An operation on the set of integers defined by a*b = a2 + b2 – 2a,find

2*3*4
2. Solve the pair of equations simultaneously
3. 2x + y = 3, 4x2 – y2 + 2x + 3y= 16
4. 22x – 3y = 4, 33x + 5y – 18 = 0