S.NO.

FUNCTION SYNTAX EXAMPLE

1 To create a database CREATE DATABASE <database name>; CREATE DATABASE mydb;

CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXIST] <database name>; CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXIST mydb;

2 To open the database USE <database name>; USE mydb;

3 To check the existing databases SHOW DATABASES; SHOW DATABASES;

4 To remove databases DROP DATABASE <database name>; DROP DATABASE mydb;

5 To create table CREATE TABLE <table name> CREATE TABLE employee

( [<column name><datatype><size>], ( ecode integer, ename char(20), sex char(1), grade char(2),

[( <column name><datatype><size>] …. ); gross decimal);

 APPLYING CONSTRAINTS TO TABLE COLUMNS

6 Unique Constraint Ensures that no two rows have the same value in the CREATE TABLE employee
specified columns
( ecode integer NOT NULL UNIQUE, ename (20), sex char(1),
grade char(2), gross decimal);

7 Primary Key constraint Is similar to unique constraint except that only one column CREATE TABLE employee
(or group of columns) can be applied in this constraint
( ecode integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, ename char(20), sex
char(1), grade char(2), gross decimal);

8 Default constraint A default value can be specified and when the user does not CREATE TABLE employee
enter a value for the column automatically the defined
default value is inserted in the field. ( ecode integer, ename char(20), sex char(1), grade char(2)
DEFAULT ‘E1’, gross decimal);

9 Check constraint limits values that can be inserted into a column of a table CREATE TABLE employee

( ecode integer, ename char(20), sex char(1), grade char(2),

gross decimal CHECK(gross > 20000) );

10 Foreign key constraint Referential integrity is ensured through foreign key CREATE TABLE items(itemno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY
constraint. Whenever two tables are related by a common KEY, itemname VARCHAR(6));
column, then the related columns in the parent table should
be either declared a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE KEY and CREATE TABLE orders(orderno integer NOT NULL PRIMARY
the related column in the child table should have FOREIGN KEY, itemno integer REFERENCES items(itemno));
KEY constraint.

11 To applying constraints to table – CREATE TABLE items (icodechar(5) NOT NULL, descp char(20)
[When a constraint is applied to NOT NULL, ROL integer, QQH integer, CHECK(ROL < QQL),
the group of columns of a table it UNIQUE (cicode, descp)
is called as table constraint]

12 To display the list of tables SHOW TABLES; SHOW TABLES;

created in the database

13 To view the table structure of a DESC[RIBE] <table-name> DESC items ;

particular table
(OR)

DESCRIBE items;

14 To insert values into a table INSERT INTO <table-name>[<column list>] INSERT INTO items VALUES(1,”RICE”);
VALUES(<value>,<value>...);
(OR)

INSERT INTO items(itemno,itemname) VALUES(1,”wheat”);

15 To insert Null values into table Field names not mentioned in column list or typing NULL INSERT INTO empl
for a particular field name inserts null value into the table. (Empo,Ename,Job,Mgr,Heridate,Sal,Comm,Deptno)
VALUES(8100,”YASH”,”ANALYST”,NULL,”10-MAY-
03”,6000,NULL,20);

16 To insert date into table For any field with DATE datatype must be entered in INSERT INTO DateholderVALUES(“2000-02-11”)
YYYY-MM-DD format

17 To insert data from another table Inserts values to a table from select values from another table INSERT INTO branch1 SELECT*FROM branch2 WHERE gross
for with or without a condition. > 7000.00;

18 To view particular columns from SELECT <column name [, <column name>, …] SELECT name, age, dob FROM student;
a table FROM <table-name>;

19 To view non redundant datas in a SELECT DISTINCT <column name [,<column name>,...] SELECT DISTINCT city FROM suppliers;
column FROM <table name>;

20 To view all datas in a table SELECT * FROM<table-name>; SELECT * FROM student;

21 To view a table for a condition SELECT<column name>[,<column name>,...] SELECT name,aggregate FROM student WHERE aggregate >
FROM<table-name> 350;
WHERE<condition>;
22 To perform simple calculations in SELECT 4*3;
mysql

23 To give column alias name for a SELECT <column name> AS [columnalias][,<columnname> SELECT date,type AS “Event type” FROM event
particular column name AS [column alias].....]
FROM <table name>

24 To display a query for a null IFNULL(<column name>, value-to-be-substituted) SELECT name,birth,IFNULL(death,”Alive”) FROM Pet;
value

25 To display a text on query output SELECT salesman_name,com*100,”%” FROM salesman;

26 Condition based on pattern LIKE keyword is used to compare the string in table with
matches condition and display them according to it

(i)To check if a particular data The position of % in character indicates whether the first or SELECT firstname,lastname,city FROM members WHERE pin
starts with a certain character(s) terminal characters. “one%” matches with strings beginning LIKE “13%”;
across a column and display row with “one” and “%one” matches with strings ending with
datas for a particular field “one”,
name(s)

(ii) To check if a particular data

ends with a certain character(s) SELECT name FROM emp WHERE name LIKE “y%”;
across a column and display row
datas for a particular field
name(s)

(ii) NOT keyword is used along SELECT firstname,lastname,city FROM members WHERE pin
with LIKE to display the given NOT LIKE “13%”;
 field elements for non similar
starting/ending character(s)

27 To display a table by sorting it in SELECT <column name>[<column name>...] SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY ename;
any particular order FROM <table name>
[WHERE <predicate>]
[ORDER BY <column name>[[ASC]/DESC]];

(i) To arrange the table in Either ASC or nothing is mentioned to sort the table into SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY enameASC;
ascending order ascending order

(ii) To arrange the table in DESC keyword is mentioned to sort the table in descending SELECT*FROM employee ORDER BY ename DESC;
descending order order
28 To update datas present in the UPDATE <table name> UPDATE items
relation. SET <column name> = <new value> SET ROL = 400
WHERE <predicate> WHERE ROL = 300

(i)To update datas in multiple UPDATE items

columns SET ROL = 400, QOH = 700
WHERE icode< “I040”;

(ii) To update by using UPDATE employee

expressions as predicates SET gross = gross+900;

(OR)

UPDATE employee
SET gross = gross*2
WHERE(grade= “E3” OR grade= “E4”);

(iii)To update datas to null values UPDATE employee

SET grade = NULL
WHERE grade = “E4”;

29 Deleting or removing all values, DELETE FROM <table name> DELETE FROM items;
or some values from a table using [WHERE <predicate>];
WHERE clause DELETE FROM employee
WHERE gross < 2200.00;
 30 To add columns to a database ALTER TABLE <table name> ADD <column ALTER TABLE EmplADD(tel_num integer);
name><datatype > [size] [<constraint name>];

31 To modify column definitions ALTER TABLE <table name> ALTER TABLE emplMODIFY(thriftplan number(9,2));
MODIFY(<column name><newdatatype>[(new
size)][FIRST|AFTER column];

32 To change a column name ALTER TABLE <table name> ALTER TABLE customers CHANGE
CHANGE[COLUMN] <old column name><new column first_namefirstnameVARCHAR(20);
name><column definition>;

33 To remove table components

(i) To drop a primary key ALTER TABLE <table name> ALTER TABLE Empl DROP PRIMARY KEY;
constraint from a table DROP PRIMARY KEY;

(ii) To drop a column from a table ALTER TABLE <table name> ALTER TABLE Empl DROP COLUMN deptno;
DROP COLUMN <column name>;

(iii) To drop a Foreign key from a ALTER TABLE <table name> ALTER TABLE Empl DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_1;
table DROP FOREIGN KEY <column name>;

They can be used together to ALTER TABLE EMPL DROP PRIMARY KEY, DROP
remove a wide range of FOREIGN KEY fk_1, DROP COLUMN deptno;
components

34 To drop a table from a database DROP TABLE[IF EXISTS] <table name> DROP TABLE items;

IF EXISTS clause checks whether

the particular database is present
in the database or not DROP TABLE IF EXISTS players;