Introduction to

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATIONS Operations at Airport

AT AIRPORT
Structure

1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Significance of Airport
1.3 Physical Structure of an Airport
1.4 Operations in an airport
1.4.1 Ground Handling
1.4.2 Passenger Handling
1.5 Safety and Security
1.5.1 Safety Issues
1.5.2 Security concerns
1.6 Let Us Sum Up
1.7 Further Readings
1.8 Clues to Check Your Progress Exercises
1.9 Activity

1.0 OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, you would be able to:
 define airport and discuss its significance;
 describe the different types of airports;
 explain the structure of an airport;
 discuss the operations taking place in an airport;
 describe the passenger handling activities within an airport;
 identify the safety and security measures initiated in airports; and
 discuss the socio-economic as well as tourism significance of airports.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Airports are central to the travel and tourism industry. More than 4000 commercial
airports are there globally to handle billions of passengers annually. According to
International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO), the total number of passengers carried
on scheduled services was 4.5 billion in 2019.
Oxford dictionary defines Airport as a place where planes land and take off and that
has buildings for passengers to wait in. Webster dictionary defines airport as a place
from which aircraft operates that usually has paved runways and maintenance facilities,
and often serves as a terminal. While considering the facilities and services provided in
an airport, it can be defined as “a complex set of facilities, services and infrastructure 7
Airport Handling that enable air transport service providers to transport passengers and cargo from one
place to another” (Dileep, 2019). Basically, an airport provides all facilities and amenities
for the airlines to operate their services. Both passenger as well as cargo transportation
can be undertaken through an airport.
Other terms commonly used to refer to the place from which airlines operate are
aerodrome and airfields. According to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO),
aerodrome, is “a defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations
and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure,
and surface movement of aircraft”. An aerodrome or airdrome is a place on land or
water from where the flight operations involving air cargo, passenger or neither occur.
On the other hand, airfield is a place where airplanes can take off and land but unlike
an airport must not necessarily have terminals or paved runways. Finally, the term
airport suggest that the status was granted only after having satisfied certain certification
criteria and/ or regulatory requirements. These certifications and regulatory requirements
are not met by all the aerodromes. This means that all airports are aerodromes, but not
all aerodromes are airports. Aerodromes also include small or big airfields, commercial/
civil airports, and military air bases.
Now a days, more and more airports are being built across the world due to the
increasing significance of air transportation. Airport is an inevitable element of national
transport system and it provides the basic infrastructure for undertaking air transport
activities. In this unit we will go into the details of the concept, types, functions and
operations of airport in detail.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF AIRPORT

As mentioned in the previous section, airports have always been known as the point
for travel used by passengers as well as cargo. The first thing that comes to our mind
when we hear airport, is the terminal of commercial airports from where passengers
and cargo are transported. Lately Airports have transformed greatly, as it is no longer
just a field for landing and taking off, but now we have modern airports resembling
cities, encompassing a wide range of facilities and services.
Airports’ remarkable transformation into modern form of multi-utility intermodal
transport hub is interesting to look into. As per a recent projection of the Air Transport
Action Group (ATAG), airports are poised for further expansion at a large scale. In
case the expansion does not take place, with the projected demand growth, by 2030
congestion at the 100 largest airports in the world will result in as much as 1,200
million passengers lost or redirected to less attractive airports. According to a recent
estimate of International Civil Aviation (ICAO), the aviation industry consists of some
1,400 commercial airlines, 4,130 airports and 173 air navigation services providers
(ANSPs). In India while general aviation has a large number of airports, the number of
commercial airports is increasing and a number of Greenfield Airports are also being
constructed. The impact of Covid-19 on the air transport sector was very harsh and it
may take a few years to recover from the crisis and to regain the projected growth
rate. Yet, the importance of the sector is increasing and airports will remain a key
tourism infrastructure and center of attraction for tourists.
In modern times, air transportation plays an important role in the transportation segment
of a country. Airport is an inevitable element of national transport system as it provides
the basic infrastructure for undertaking air transport activities. We can understand the
significance of an Airport from the following:
8
 1. An airport acts as a hub for multi modal transportation, as it is the center for Introduction to
Operations at Airport
changing the mode of transport from air to land or vice versa.
2. Commercially, an airport is a very important infrastructure. Import and export
activities of a nation or regions is enhanced by the presence of airports.
Moreover, cargo transportation necessitates the presence of airports for
sending consignments at a faster rate.
3. Airport has much significance from a security perspective as well. The
international transportation happens through tight security measures. Both
inbound as well as outbound passengers and cargo/baggage are screened
properly to ensure the safety and security of not only the passengers, but even
the community in and around the airport.
4. Airport is a place where customs and immigration checks are undertaken.
This prevents the entry of unauthorized cargo and people into the country.
5. Moreover, illegal trade and carrying of goods and other items from other
countries can be restricted through the customs mechanism made available
within airports.
6. Furthermore, airport is an inevitable element for tourism. Tourist destinations
with good air connectivity and airports do have an advantage in getting tourists
from far and wide.
7. Airport directly and indirectly provides income and employment opportunities
for the local community.
8. Moreover, airports are extremely significant in connecting communities, people
and markets; and thus enhancing the mobility of the population.
Airport is usually an indication of economic progress of a region. In order to have
economic progress in a region every country, no matter how small, must have at least
an airport.

1.3 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF AN AIRPORT

Airports spanning over a large area, provide a wide range of facilities and services
which facilitates air transport. Airports are equipped with various handling facilities so
that passengers, baggage, and freight can be transferred successfully from terminals to
aircraft and vice versa. Therefore, every part of the airport has a specific purpose and
function. Two distinct areas that can be identified separately in an airport are discussed
below:
1. Airside:
Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways
and ramps. An airport has a minimum of one runway (or helipad), hangars and
Terminal buildings. Airside is the area where movements like parking, maintenance,
landing and take-off of the aircrafts take place. It is highly a restricted area and
only the authorized people are allowed to enter. Borders of the airside are protected
with layers of security that includes fences, cameras and patrols. This area primarily
consists of – aircraft parking areas, navigational aids/air traffic control (ATC),
lighting systems, signage and markings, air rescue and firefighting facilities, snow
plowing and de-icing facilities, and fuel service centers.
9
Airport Handling i. APRON or RAMP (Region for Aircraft Maintenance and Parking) -
This is the area where the aircrafts are parked and handled. There are marked
bays for aircraft parking known as hangers, where aircrafts are taken for
parking and undertaking maintenance activities. It represents the area other
than the maneuvering area, meant for parking of aircrafts and to undertake
turn-around activities, before the next flight. It is in this space, that the offloading,
loading, boarding of luggage and cargo as wellas passengers take place.
ii. Taxiway - Taxiway is the route through which the aircraft move from the
runway after landing to park, for deplaning and boarding purposes. While
departing, the aircraft uses the taxiways to reach the runway for the take- off.
In short, Taxiway connects APRON to the main runway for landing and take-
off.
iii. Runway - Runway is the most important part of the airside, since the aircraft
landing and take off takes place on the runway. The width, depth and length
of the runaway are important; as larger aircrafts need wider and longer runways.
Minimum one runway is essential for an airport, while bigger airports will
have more than one runways.
iv. Air Traffic Control (ATC) - The safety of an aircraft requires the support of
navigational services. Inside the airport, Air Traffic Control Tower provides
the necessary information to the pilot for landing, flying and taking off. Air
traffic control is responsible for providing safe, orderly and expeditious flow
of air traffic at airports as ATC directs aircrafts both on ground and in the air.
ATC provides both information and navigational requirements. Radar is also
placed within the airside of an airport.
v. Fire station - Fire safety and rescue are serious concerns in an airport.
Fire station is on the airside of the airport to handle any emergency.
vi. Refueling facility- with well laid fuel dispersal system, are also inevitably
located in the airside of airports.

Figure 1: Flowchart of Passenger Handling Procedure

Source: Kovynyov, Ivan & Mikut, Ralf. (2018). Digital Transformation in Airport Ground
10 Operations (researchgate.net)
2. Land Side (Ground side): Introduction to
Operations at Airport
Landside areas of an airport cover the arrival and departure of the passengers in the
airport terminal building, and the movements through the terminal building to board the
airplanes. Landside areas include parking lots, fuel tank and access roads. This is the
side of the airport where the land transportation takes place, that ensures connectivity
of the airport with nearby city and the rest of the places in the region. Road/rail access
system, parking area, security mechanism, etc. area also seen in the landside of the
airport. Commercial services like taxi services, bus/rails services, refreshment centers,
etc. are also there in this area.
Physical structure of an airport is designed to get maximum use of the area. Every part
of the airport has a specific purpose and function. Airport area can also be identified
based on the degree of passenger access as given below:
1. Tarmac
Tarmac is also known as APRON or RAMP (Region for Aircraft Maintenance
and Parking) - This is the area where the aircrafts are parked and handled. The
following must be on the Tarmac side
 runways for takeoff and landing
 taxiway
 parking areas for aircrafts
 facilities for maintenance
 facilities for safety & security
 loading and unloading facilities for cargo
 fueling facility
2. Terminal
Whenever we think of an airport, airport terminal is what comes to our mind first.
It is the most visible part of an airport, when we look at an airport from outside as
a traveler. It is the building used for making the transition between surface and air
transportation.
A terminal building is an area at an airport where the formalities for the departing
and arriving passengers take place. Therefore, a terminal is usually divided into
two parts, such as departure area and arrival area. In most of the airports, domestic
and international services have separate terminals. Airports will also have a separate
cargo terminal with a booking area and delivery area. These days, larger airports
have more than one terminal.
Departing passengers pass through luggage screening mechanism, check-in
counters, security check (body and hand baggage check), and emigration clearance
area (for international passengers only). The waiting area and gate area for boarding
airplane are within the departure area of the terminal. Commercial establishments
like restaurants, coffee shops, Insurance counters, post offices, foreign exchange
counters, handicraft shops, duty-free shops, conference areas, lounges, conference
areas, lounges, ATMs and other facilities for passengers are also there within this
area. 11
Airport Handling
Check Your Progress–1

1. Explain the significance of an airport.

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2. List the facilities of terminal in an airport.
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3. What is the difference between Landside and Airside in an airport?
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1.4 OPERATIONS IN AN AIRPORT

A wide range of operations are taking place within an airport. Most of them take place
in a sequential order and can be identified as :

1.4.1 Ground handling

Ground handling is the most crucial activity taking place in an airport. A range of
activities are undertaken with the primary aim of making the aircraft ready for the
next flight. Ground handling encompasses varied services like preparation for a
flight to take off and upon completion of a flight provide both customer service and
ramp service functions. Passenger deplaning, cargo and baggage offloading, passenger
boarding for the next flight, cargo and baggage loading are some of the primary
tasks involved. These services are to be quickly undertaken between the landing
and take-off to ensure on-time services.
Ground Handling activities in the airside includes services like aircraft marshaling, toilet
and water services, refueling, aircraft check and routine maintenance, ground power
supply, cleaning of windows, ensuring in-flight entertainment, minor servicing of cabin
fittings, unloading and loading of cargo, safety measures, air conditioning support, loading
catering services, deplaning and boarding of passengers, pushback of aircraft with the
help of tractors, and so on.
Turnaround time is the term used for indicating the time period between the landing
and takeoff of a flight. Airlines wish to have less turnaround time to utilize the aircraft to
its maximum. Lesser the turnaround time, greater the benefit for the airline as it can
utilize the aircraft more.
Refueling is another task undertaken while the flight is there within the turnaround time.
Aviation Turbine Fuel(ATF) is used as the fuel and stationary fueling platform or a
12 mobile refueling mechanism is used to refuel the aircraft.
Passenger Baggage and cargo loading is crucial activity. Cargo is loaded first into Unit Introduction to
Operations at Airport
Load Devices (ULDs) and then, they are reloaded according to priority as well as
weight. Containerization is another term used for this activity. It is all about the packing
of Cargo/ Consignments by using containers which can be loaded in aircrafts according
to convenience and shape of aircrafts. Small consignments are usually stacked on
pallet.
Rescue and fire fighting constitute another important activity within an airport. Chances
of fire related incidents are more is the airside and quick actions are needed. Usually,
fire and safety vehicles will be ready for action at every point of time inside an airport,
particularly at the time of landing of an aircraft.
Deplaning, also known as deboarding is the process of passengers coming down
from the plane and going to the terminal building, while boarding is the process of
letting the passengers enter into the aircraft and take their respective seats. Proper
verification of travel documents will be done to ensure that the right passengers has
boarded the right flight. While the aircraft is parked for boarding, additional power
supply is also given, to meet the power requirements, when the inbuilt power generating
mechanism is not working. Push back is done when the boarding is complete and
aircraft is ready to move to the runway for the next flight. Push back denotes the
action of moving an airplane from a passenger terminal to a runway or taxiway, into a
position where it can use its own engines.

1.4.2 Passenger handling

Passenger is the most important person in an airport and major activities regarding
passenger handling take place within the terminal building. In fact, a passenger passes
through a range of services ever before boarding a flight and few services are offered
after deboarding. It is also referred to as Embarkation and Disembarkation. The detailed
passenger handling process will be discussed in Unit 10. In this unit, lets briefly go through
the various stages in passenger handling–in the departure and the arrival area.
(1) Departure Area
Departure area refers to the area a passenger enters and stays in prior to boarding
the flight. Services available and offered to a passenger prior to boarding an
aircraft for departure are:
(i) Entry: The passenger, upon arrival at the airport gets travel documents verified
to enter into the terminal building. There would be security personnel to verify
and permit passengers’ entry. Thus ensure the safety and security of the airport
and all therein.
(ii) Baggage Screening: In some airports, there will be a mechanism to screen
check the baggage, especially check-in baggage by security agencies. Security
of the passengers and the aircraft are of prime concern in air transportation.
(iii) Passenger Check-in: A passenger can enter the airport with a valid ticket
and id verification documents. The hand baggage and check-in baggage of
passengers are weighed by airline staff separately and a counterfoil given for
checked in baggage. A passenger travelling internationally need to show
passport, and VISA along with the ticket/PNR.
(iv) Security check: Detailed personal body and hand baggage check is 13
Airport Handling undertaken by authorized personnel. Security check in almost all the airports
of India is undertaken by CISF personnel.
(v) Emigration/Passport Control Centre: This is an important area as far as
the entry and exit from a country is concerned. Once the documents are
verified, international travel is recorded in the official system of the country
and exit stamp is entered in the passport. Nowadays, everything is electronic
and hence placing stamp may not be there in all the airports.
(vi) Boarding: Usually there is time gap between check in and boarding of a
flight. Security check is taken up and Travel documents are verified again
before transfer for boarding airplane. Some of the airports are silent and there
won’t be announcements while in others passengers can move to the gate
area after hearing the announcement of the boarding.
In the departure area, the passenger has to enter into the concourse of the airport after
the security check. Restaurants, food courts, gift shops, duty free shops, etc. are seen
within the concourse for the passenger to purchase the needed items. Once boarding
is completed by the passenger, services in the terminal building is complete and
the in-flight service providers take over. The in-flight staff will verify whether the right
passenger has boarded the flight and help the passengers to occupy the right seat and
help them to keep hand baggage properly.
(2) Arrival Area
Arrival area refers to the area a passenger enters on arriving at the destination.
The services available and offered to a passenger on arrival are:
(i) Deplaning: Once the flight is landed, it will be moved to the ramp and come
to a complete stop. Passengers are permitted to deplane and enter into the
terminal area.
(ii) Transit passengers: Passengers with connecting flight for an ongoing journey
are permitted to move to the transit area. Passengers in the transit area may
or may not have to undergo security check again, and then move to the waiting
area. Once the next flight is ready for boarding, the transit passengers move
to the gate area for boarding for the next flight.
(iii) Immigration/Passport Control Area: In case of international passengers,
they have to move to the immigration area for getting thepermission to enter
the destination country. If a foreigner is arriving, their documents and visa
need to be verified and thereafter entry permit is given. The date and time of
arrival are recorded properly. For the citizens of the country, they are permitted
to enter and the date is entered into therespectivesystem. In some airports,
entry stamp in the passports is used for marking the entry date, both for
returning residents as well as foreign visitors.
(iv) Baggage claim: The incoming passengers with check-in baggage collect
their baggage from the baggage conveyer belt. The counterfoil of the baggage
tag collected at the time of check-in can be used for collecting baggage as
well as claiming lost baggage.
(v) Customs: Customs department is vested with the authority to control the
flow of goods, transports, foods, personal effects, illegal items, and hazardous
14 items, into and out of a country
Once the customs checks and activities are over, passengers exit the terminal building. Introduction to
Operations at Airport
Usually, there will be a large hall in which certain commercial establishments like -
outlets of travel agencies, tour operators, hotels, taxi services, currency exchange, car
rental companies, etc. are seen. Duty free shops are also there in international airports.
In some cities, people receiving guests can enter this area and welcome the incoming
passengers.

1.5 SAFETY AND SECURITY

Safety and security constitute a prime concern in air transportation, and airport is the
hub of all safety and security activities. In fact, the safety and security standards are
updated frequently as the sector is faces challenges often. The safety and security
standards are suggested at international level and all the countries involved in air
transportation are bound to follow them. International civil aviation organisation (ICAO)
the apex body functioning in association with the UN, has been vested with the authority
to enforce and update the safety and security standards. There are national authorities
in every country to regulate the air transportation activities and to impose the safety
and security guidelines and recommendations.
In India, under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
has the responsibility to regulate air transport activities within the country. Among those
activities, majority are directly or indirectly associated with the safety and security
aspects. It also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO), and is responsible for regulation of air transport services to/
from/ within India and for the enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety, and
airworthiness standards. According to Ministry of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India, DGCA
has the following safety and security related responsibilities:-
 Registration of civil aircraft.
 Formulation of standards of airworthiness for civil aircraft and provide
certificates of air worthiness.
 Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers, air traffic controllers and
flight engineers
 Granting of certificates to India’s airlines and regulation of air transport services
by both Indian and foreign operators
 Conducting investigation into the accidents and incidents; and taking accident
prevention measures
 Approving training programmes of operators for carriage of dangerous goods,
issuing authorizations for carriage of dangerous goods, etc.
Also, Bureau of Civil Aviation Security is there which ensures that the aviation security
standards is in accordance with Annex 17 to Chicago Convention of ICAO for airport
operators, airlines operators, and their security agencies; monitoring the implementation
of security rules and regulations and undertaking survey of security needs; ensuring
that the training requirements are met by the personnel implementing security controls;
and planning and coordination of Aviation security matters. The Airports Authority of
India (AAI) is responsible for development and maintenance of airports and the related
facilities and services. It controls and manages the Indian airspace extending beyond
15
Airport Handling the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO. You will read more about the
activities of ICAO and AAI in subsequent units.

1.5.1 Safety Issues

Though air transport is one of the safest modes of transport, different kinds of accidents
and incidents occur which are detrimental to the safe and secure air transport operations.
The most common types of accidents seen in air transport are following:
 Runway related accidents: Runway incursion and excursion are the most common
causes of runway related accidents. Runway excursion happens when an aircraft
takes off or land. According to International Air Transport Association (IATA),
the “runway excursion” category, by which the aircraft departs the runway during
takeoff or landing, is the most common type of accident reported annually. It can
lead to loss of life, injury to persons either on board the aircraft or on the ground,
damage aircraft, and airfield equipment including other aircraft, or buildings struck
by the aircraft.
 Loss of control: Loss of Control-In Flight is a situation in which the flight crew
becomes unable to maintain control of the aircraft in flight, resulting in an
unrecoverable deviation from the intended flight path. This is also a common cause
in aircraft related emergency situations.
 Bird strike: Aircraft can be hit by the flying birds, particularly near the airports.
Airports take maximum precautionary measures to avoid the birds flying in near
vicinity.
 Poor weather conditions: Sudden changes in the climatic conditions can adversely
affect the aircrafts and flight schedule. Even large-scale incidents, like aircraft crash
can happen due to severe adverse climate conditions. Many examples of poor
weather conditions leading to accidents are there in the history of aviation.
 Ice and snow: Ice and snow can cause trouble for aircrafts as the runways can
turn dangerous due to the ice/snow, and that can lead to accidents. Aircrafts can
also be affected negatively by the ice that is being deposited while flying, during
the winter seasons.
 Sand and dust: During sand storm as well as in adverse weather conditions,
sand and dust can cause trouble for the engines. Volcanic dust is a similar one that
can damage the flights.
 Mechanical errors: This is also a common category. Mechanical errors can be
possible at any point of time. As the aircrafts are subject to strict periodical
maintenance, the chances of mechanical errors are less, comparatively.
 Human factors: The aircraft while in flight are controlled by human beings and
there can be safety issues due to the human error. In fact, human error is the prime
reason in air transport related safety issues reported. Confusion, negligence, poor
decision, carelessness, fatigue, etc. are the major human related factors that lead
to safety issues.
Safety related factors are not limited to the above. There can be a range of other
factors too that can cause safety issues of varied kinds.
16
1.5.2 Security concerns: Introduction to
Operations at Airport
Air transport is prone to security threat of varied kinds. There can be terrorist attacks,
radiological incidents, sabotage, hijacking, and other unlawful acts. Air transport sector
keeps on upgrading security measures and urges every stakeholder to follow the
regulations strictly. Airport ensures security measures at different layers. Following are
the common security measures seen in Indian airports.
 Entry restrictions: Airport won’t permit everyone to go inside the terminal or
airside. Only the passengers who have a flight to catch, officials and other designated
people are allowed to go into airports. Security personnels at the entry points give
permission for entry only after verifying the documents.
 Baggage and Cargo screening: Baggage screening is mandatory in airports.
The primary purpose is to check the unauthorized carriage of weapons, explosives
and dangerous goods. Both hand baggage as well as checked in baggage are
subject to routine screening through X-ray scanning machines. In addition, physical
verification is also done, wherever required. Check- in baggage is usually screened
before handing over the baggage for check-in. In some airports, the baggage
screening is done after the collection of baggage at the check-in point. Hand
baggage is checked at the time of security check. Cargo consignments are screened
appropriately, using the advisable tools and measures.
 Security check: Passengers, crew and staff who move into the gated area are
subject to personal security check. Metal detectors are used for it. Physical
verification is also done, if needed.
 Detection of explosives: Explosive material detention is also undertaken. Devices
and canine teams with trained dogs are used for it. Latest technologies are used
now a days in security check in airports. Artificial intelligence-based (AI) object
recognition is the latest trend in this regard.

Air India’s Security Alerts for Passengers

 Every passenger is subjected to a security screening prior to boarding the aircraft.

 Ticket / identity is checked at the time of entry into the airport
 Screening using X-ray machine is there for all baggage.
 Random physical checks are also carried out for Checked Baggage.
 Passengers have to undergo personal frisking and their Hand Baggage will be
screened using X-ray system before entering into the gate area.
 Secondary Ladder Point security check(screening of passengers/baggage during
normal times and during high alert) may also be carried out near the step ladder/
boarding gate before boarding into the flight.
 In any case if a passenger is brought out of Security Hold Area for emergencies/
exigencies after the completion of security check, a fresh boarding card shall
be issued and he/she will have to undergo security check again.

Table 1.1
Source: Security Regulations, Air India.
www.airindia.in
17
Airport Handling
Check Your Progress –2

1. Summarize the procedures in passenger handling of a departing passenger in an

international airport.

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2. What are the measures taken in ensuring the security in air transportation?

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3. Distinguish between Green Channel and Red Channel in association with customs
formalities in airports
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4. Explain the arrival procedures in international airports.

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1.6 LET US SUM UP

Air travel has played a significant role in the growth of tourism. The first Trans–Atlantic
flight was the beginning of the change in the travel industry which led to major growth
and development in the travel and tourism industry. Decrease in travel time, specially
while travelling to earlier inaccessible destination has played an important role in the
increase of number of travelers across the world. Airlines providing air travel facilities
are one of the primary facilitators of travel and tourism while Airports are fundamental
infrastructure in the air transportation system and can be considered as the hub of air
transport activities.

Airports’ physical structure can be identified into sections like airside and landside as
well as tarmac and terminal. Airport offers services to the passengers keeping in mind
the safety and security of the passengers as well as the airport. Airports are can be
classified by different basis such as location, licensing, type of development, ownership
and so on. So, we have civil, military, regional, domestic, international and so on.
Classification of Airports is given in the annexure.
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 Introduction to
1.7 FURTHER READINGS Operations at Airport

 Dileep M.R. (2019) Tourism, Transport and Travel Management, London:

Routledge.
Websites
 www.icao.int
 www.iata.org
 www.dgca.gov.in
 www.aai.aero

1.8 CLUES TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

EXERCISES
Check Your Progress –1

1. Refer to section 1.2

2. Refer to section 1.3
3. Refer to section 1.3.

Check Your Progress–2

1. Read Section 1.5.2

2. Refer to section 1.6.
3. Refer to section 1.5.2.2.
4. Refer to section 1.5.2.2.

1.9 ACTIVITY
Identify an international airport near to your place and conduct a survey to understand
satisfaction of the passengers on the facilities and services provided by that airport.

19