PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/01

Paper 1 History and Culture of Pakistan OCT/Nov 2021

Question Answer Marks
Q1 a According to Source A what were the personal characteristics of 3
Robert Clive?
3
Level 1: Relevant statement(s) identified from the source 1–3
(One mark for each relevant statement identified from the source, two
marks
for a developed statement from the source)
e.g.
A brave/courageous soldier;
A man of initiative [1], leadership [1], determined [1];
Reckless [1], unprincipled [1];
Badly behaved;
Gambled/took risks in battle;
Put his men's life in danger;
Devious [1], sly in battle [1];
Cruel;
Immoral;
Greedy.
Q1b What can we learn from Source B about the treatment of Indian 5
hostages during the Mysore Wars?
5
Level 3 Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or
contextual knowledge 4–5
(Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or
more
supported valid inferences)
e.g.
This looks like a ceremony with well-dressed people who are stood in
their places welcoming the hostages, indicating respect to them and
deference and care of them;
The painting shows Lord Cornwallis who is shaking/holding the hand
of
one of the hostages he is greeting;
This looks like a formal/public event of great importance or
significance;
The painting shows Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan’s sons as
hostages to ensure that Tipu Sultan pays according to the terms of the
Treaty;
This painting is intended to portray Cornwallis as gentle/humane/
benevolent by the way he is treating the hostages so it could be used
as propaganda. We do not know if all hostages were treated with such
respect, nor whether this scene shows exactly what took place.
Presumably the young princes would have been frightened.
Q1 c 7
Explain why the East India Company was interested in the
subcontinent in the years before 1750.
7
Level 3: Explains reason(s) 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven
marks for three explanations)
e.g.
The British wanted to establish their influence in the subcontinent and
to
oust the Dutch and Portuguese;
The British wanted to establish a strategic port in the subcontinent
that
would protect its trading interests there and in the Far East;
Reports of immense wealth in the subcontinent meant the British
wanted to establish a trading base there as they saw a profitable future

Q1 d To what extent were economic reforms the main cause of the War 10
of
Independence in 1857? Explain your answer.

Marking Scheme

Economic reforms
The British imposed high taxation to exploit India’s wealth. Peasants
and small landowners could not afford this, so many fell into poverty.
Resentment grew because of the resulting starvation and suffering;
The Sepoys were discontented because they did not get a fair deal.
Their salaries were very low in comparison with those of the British
soldiers and they had little chance of promotion. They were also angry
over the lack of payment of extra allowances for service in newly
conquered territories like Sindh;
The East India Company banned the export of cotton from India in
1800. This had a negative impact on many Indian communities who
relied on making and selling cotton increasing poverty and also
opposition towards the British.
Other causes
The replacement of Persian and Sanskrit by English as the official
language in the 1830s deeply upset both Muslim and Hindu groups as
it
was a threat to their culture;
English became the official language making it more difficult for some
of
the Muslim community to get higher paying jobs;
All women were forced to abandon purdah, which had been a custom
for centuries and was widespread amongst, and strictly observed by
Muslim women. This action by the British was unpopular amongst the
Muslim community and opposed;
In 1852 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced without consultation.
This policy caused great unrest because it meant that the British could
take over any local kingdom that did not have a direct male heir;
The British introduced a new rifle with a paper cartridge that was
coated
in both cow and pig fat. The sepoys had to bite the end of the cartridge
off before loading. The troops were angered and refused to use these
cartridges because the Muslim faith forbade pig fat and the cow was a
sacred animal in the Hindu religion.
Question Answer Marks
1(a) According to Source A, why was Queen Victoria made Empress of 3
India?
Target: AO4
to ‘link the monarchy more closely with India’
to ‘underline Britain’s position as a world power’
she ‘saw India as a jewel in the crown of her empire’
she saw India as ‘a place full of vibrant colours, gems, fruits and
spices’
(at least one item to be identified)
‘Queen Victoria viewed India as a land to be governed by British
order
and justice’
to protect ‘the Indian people against war, rebellion, famine and
illiteracy’
(at least one item to be identified)
One mark for each relevant statement correctly identified from the
source.
Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from
the bullet
point statements above.
1(b) What can we learn from Source B about Tipu Sultan, ruler of 5
Mysore?
Indicative content
Surface feature
Tipu Sultan is well dressed/groomed/he has a moustache
his face shows no expression of fear
he has a sword
he is fighting a tiger
there is blood
it is taking place outdoors/in the countryside
he is opening the tiger’s mouth
they are standing up to each other
Valid inference
Tipu Sultan looks brave/courageous
he looks like a warrior/ready for war
he looks strong/powerful
its looks like he was important
he looks confident
he looks wealthy
he looks a proud man
Contextual knowledge
Tipu Sultan was known as the ‘Tiger/Sultan/Lion of Mysore’
there were legends about Tipu Sultan killing a tiger with his bare
hands
he had a reputation of being able to dominate/control tigers
regarded as a fearless warrior/enemy
he may have kept tigers as pets
his palace was decorated with tiger accessories and skins were used
 as
soft furnishings
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
1(c) Explain the impact of railways on the lives of Indian people in the 7
nineteenth century.
Target: AO1, AO2
Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.
Indicative content
railways transformed India
railways extended trade in India
food could be transported around India
troops could be transported around India
people could travel by train
better communication between cities
railways made travel easier
more people could travel
goods could be carried
trains were noisy and smoky/accidents happened/people lost
farmland
railways consolidated British control in India
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
1d To what extent were the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 10
the main
reason why the War of Independence was short-lived? Explain
your
answer.
Target: AO1, AO2
Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/judgement
Explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/judgement
supported by
relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 4 (7–9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue
one explanation of each side of the issue [7]
two explanations or one developed explanation of one side of the
issue
and an explanation of the other side of the issue [8]
additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either
side
of the issue [9]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 3 (4–6 marks) Explanation of one side of the issue
one explanation [4]
two explanations or one developed explanation [5]
additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [6]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 2 (2–3 marks) Identification/description of the issue
Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate
contextual
knowledge (1 mark per identification/description)
Level 1 (1 mark) General answer
Valid general comment lacking specific subject knowledge
Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response
Indicative content
May agree that the different aims of Indian groups in 1857 was the
main
reason for the War of Independence being short lived:
different Indian groups found it difficult to put aside their differences
there was disunity/absence of a common aim amongst Indian
groups/the
aims of Indian groups were sometimes unclear
some Indian groups wanted to restore their old rulers and customs
some princes were fearful of losing British support
Counter-arguments might include:
some Indian groups did not have a battle plan or strategy
some Indian groups had limited leadership and experience in battle
the British army was experienced in battles
British troops were well trained and disciplined
British troops had modern weapons
the British army were experienced
strategists/administrators/negotiators/
leaders
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
Question Answer Marks
1(a) According to Source A, why did many people die at Fort William in 3
1756?
3
Level 1: One mark for each relevant statement identified from the
source, two marks for a developed statement from the source 1–3
e.g.
Several were already wounded
Conditions in the cell were dirty, would have infected soldiers’
wounds
Lack of fresh air / suffocation
Lack of water / dehydration
Trampled to death trying to reach water / fresh air
Crushed to death in overcrowded cell
 Guards showed no interest in prisoners’ welfare
No evidence submitted or response does not address the
question 0
1(b) What can we learn from Source B about famine in the 5
subcontinent
during British control?
5
Level 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and / or
contextual knowledge 4–5
(Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or
more
supported valid inferences)
e.g.
Food was being given to a man who looks very weak suggesting that
the famine has been going on for a long time.
The problem of hunger was widespread because many people of
different ages, men, women and children, were affected and were
waiting for relief.
Famine must have been a serious problem because relief has been
organised.
People are looking underfed / malnourished and are waiting for the
distribution of food which is being given out to these people in the
source.
The man in the bowler hat is an official observing / involved in or
supervising the process, which shows that the British were involved
with
the distribution of relief.
1(c) Explain why Robert Clive was successful in the Battle of Plassey 7
in
1757.
7
Level 3: Explains reasons 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven
marks for three explanations)
e.g.
Clive persuaded one of the Nawab’s key men, Mir Jafar, to side with
the
British. Jafar’s defection weakened the Nawab’s army, which Clive was
able to use to his advantage.
Clive ordered his men to cover their cannon when it rained. So, the
dry
cannons of Clive’s army outfired the Nawab’s cannons.
Clive was an experienced soldier as he had fought the French in
southern India. He was used to the tactics of warfare, this helped to
defeat the Nawab.
1d Was the India Act of 1784 the main reason why the British were 10
able to
expand beyond Bengal between 1784 and 1850? Explain your
answer.
10
Level 5: Explains and makes judgement / evaluation 10
(As top of Level 4 plus judgement / evaluation)
Level 4: Explains WHY the India Act AND other factors were
important
in the British expanding beyond Bengal between 1784 and 1850 6–
9
(Two explanations, one on the India Act and one on other factors, are
worth
six or seven marks. Additional explanations on the same two factors
cannot
be awarded more than eight marks. Explanation of all factors is worth
nine
marks)
e.g.
Level 3: Explains ONE event 5–7
(One explanation is worth five marks. Additional explanations on the
same
factor can be awarded up to seven marks)
Marking Points
India Act of 1784
This made the position of Governor General a royal appointment.
Lord
Cornwallis was appointed to this position in 1786.
A Board of Control replaced the East India Company’s Board of
Directors, changing it from a trading concern to a sovereign body in
which the Crown had direct control of Bengal.
A police system was developed to help in the administering of justice
and maintaining law and order.

Other reasons
Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793
making
zamindars of Bengal landowners, subject to their payment of a fixed
sum to the British. In 1793 this amounted to some 10% of the total sum
collected by the zamindars. The Permanent Settlement secured the
financial interest of the East India Company and helped Bengal to
become the wealthiest province in India, allowing the British to extend
their control.
Local rulers were persuaded to sign subsidiary alliances by Lord
Wellesley who became Governor General in 1798. The local ruler
continued to run their affairs while British soldiers offered protection. In
return for this protection the ruler paid towards the cost of the soldiers
and accepted a British resident adviser. This consolidated Britain’s
power in India at little cost and extended British control.
The annexation of land. Hyderabad and Oudh accepted British
 protection with a subsidiary alliance. Mysore, Oudh, Delhi and the
Marathas came under British control by the early nineteenth century,
followed shortly afterwards by Sindh and the Punjab.

Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge Ordinary Level

PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/01

Paper 1 History and Culture of Pakistan May/June 2017
INSERT

1 Study the sources (Insert) carefully and then answer the questions which follow.

(a) According to Source A, what difficulties did the Indian cotton industry face during the
nineteenth century? [3]

The Indian cotton industry

At first the East India Company and the British Parliament discouraged Indian production of
cotton goods in order to encourage the growing cotton industry in Great Britain. British
policy developed during the nineteenth century to allow Indian people to grow raw cotton in
order to supply material for the cotton factories of Great Britain. Orders were sent out to
force Indian skilled workers to work in the East India Company’s factories. The East India
Company was given legal powers to control production in the villages and communities of
Indian weavers. Very high tariffs excluded Indian silks and cotton goods from Great Britain
but British goods were admitted into India free of duty.

From The Economic History of India under Early British Rule by R.C. Dutt
(b) How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the building of railways in
India during the nineteenth century? [5
SOURCE B

A railway accident in India in the nineteenth century

Question Answer Marks

1(a) According to Source A, what difficulties did the Indian cotton industry 3
face during the nineteenth century?
 e.g. 1–3
Indian production of cotton goods was discouraged – in favour of British industry.
Only allowed to grow raw cotton to supply British looms.
Skilled workers had to work in East India Company (EIC) factories.
EIC controlled Indian weaving production.
Very high tariffs prevented Indian silk and cotton from entering Britain. No
duty on British goods reaching India.

Note: Allow a second mark for a developed statement from the source.

No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

1(b) How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the 5
building of railways in India during the nineteenth century?

Level 3: Valid inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or 4–5
contextual knowledge

e.g.
It looks dangerous / unsafe to travel by rail due to the risk of derailment or
accident, which might cause injury and death.
Since railways were not built safely at first, accidents like these were frequent in
India.
Accidents like the one shown in the source made some people fear that railways
were dangerous.
Some people also worried that the British were trying to change their way of life.

Level 2: Unsupported valid inference(s) 2–3

e.g.
People thought it was unsafe / dangerous.
People did not have confidence in travelling by train.
Level 1: Identifies surface feature(s) from the source 1

e.g.
A train has been derailed.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

PAKISTAN STUDIES 2059/01

Paper 1 History and Culture of Pakistan May/June 2015
(a) According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the British victory at the battle of
Plassey in 1757?

SOURCE A
Nawab Siraj-ud-Duala opposed the growing British power in Bengal in 1757. Robert Clive,
commander of the British East India Company’s troops that had just retaken Calcutta from
the Nawab, began to re-establish control of Bengal. Clive was heavily outnumbered by the
Nawab’s forces, but persuaded Mir Jafar, the Nawab’s commander, to switch sides and not
fight when the two armies met. The Nawab opened the battle with heavy gunfire which went
on until it started to rain heavily. Clive’s troops covered their cannon and muskets to protect
them from the rain, whilst the Nawab’s troops did not. When the rain cleared, Clive
attacked. The Nawab’s troops retreated. 22 of Clive’s soldiers were killed and 500 of the
Nawab’s soldiers were killed.

From Seven Years’ War: Battle of Plassey by Kennedy Hickman

(b) What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825? [5]

SOURCE B
The British East India Company

A painting of a British official of the British East India Company riding in an Indian
procession in 1825.

Question Answer Marks

1(a) (a) According to Source A, what reasons are suggested for the British victory at 3
the battle of Plassey in 1757?

Reward each correct statement identified from source with 1 mark, up to a

maximum of 3.

e.g. 1–3
 Clive persuaded Mir Jafar to switch sides
 Nawab’s opening gunfire was ineffective
 The Nawab didn’t cover their cannon and muskets when
it rained
 English soldiers knew how to prepare for battle in the
rain better
 Nawab’s muskets were useless due to the wet powder
 Mir Jafar’s men unwilling to fight against the British
 Jafar had turned traitor/been corrupted by the British
 Nawab had 500 casualties to Clive’s 22
 It was raining The Nawab’s troops retreated.
 Note: Allow a second mark for a developed statement from the source.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
1(b) (b) What does Source B tell us about the British East India Company in 1825? 5

Level 3: Valid inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or 4–5
contextual knowledge

e.g.
 The painter has made the British officer the largest figure to
demonstrate the importance that they held in India. Similarly the
Indians are shown as small people to reflect their lowly status.
 Local rulers are on horseback behind the British official. They are
shown as smaller, reflecting their lower status to the British.
 The horses are shown as large animals, graceful in appearance
and movement, again showing superiority and power. This is
reinforced by soldiers on horses who were carrying weapons.
 The East India Company is shown as being a wealthy organisation
as seen in the uniforms and the decorations on the horses. The
Company were able to achieve this wealth through trading as can
be seen by the boat shown in the picture and through the gaining
of lands through conquest and agreements with local rulers. This
is shown by the weapons displayed and the wealthy appearance
of the Indians that the British were also able to exploit.

Level 2: Unsupported valid inference(s) 2–3

e.g.
The British officer looks important, the British look powerful
Level 1: Identifies surface feature(s) from the source 1

e.g.
A British officer is riding a horse surrounded by Indians
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
Question Answer Marks

1(a) According to Source A, what were Jinnah’s aims in his Delhi Proposals of 3
1927?
3
Level 1: One mark for each correct statement identified from the source,
 allow a second mark for a developed statement from the source
1–3
e.g.
Hindu-Muslim unity
More Muslim-majority provinces to balance the number of Hindu-majority
ones represented in the central assembly
Sindh to be separated from the Bombay Presidency and made a full province
The protection of Muslim minorities as well as for other minorities in Punjab
and Bengal
1/3 of seats in the central legislature to be set aside for Muslims
To explore the possibility of reserved seats rather than separate electorates
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
1–3

1(b) How does Source B help us to understand Indian concerns about the 5
Simon
Commission of 1927?
5
Level 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or
contextual
knowledge 4–5
(Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or more
supported valid inferences)
e.g.
 Simon was not welcome in India / Indians felt strongly about his
presence in India; we know this because the banner tells him that he
was an uninvited guest and should go back to Britain
 He was very unpopular, and he and his fellow commission members
were not welcome and should go back to Britain
 Simon was not welcome because there were no Indian representatives
on the committee

Level 2: Unsupported valid inferences 2–3

(Two marks for one unsupported inference, three marks for two or more
unsupported inferences)
e.g.
 Simon was not welcome in India
 Indians felt strongly about his presence in India
Q1 c  He was unpopular
Why was Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal asked to chair the Muslim League at
Allahabad in 1930?

Level 3: Explains reasons 5–7

(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven marks
for
three explanations)
e.g.
 He was a well-respected, authoritative figure and had the confidence of
Muslims and the first important Muslim leader to advocate the partition of
India and the creation of a separate Muslim state
 He was opposed to British control of India – as the concept of conquest
went against Muslim beliefs. This strengthened his view of the creation
of a separate homeland, independent of the British
 He persuaded many Muslims that the Muslim League had to build an
effective mass political party to challenge the domination of the Congress. He
had inspired and spoke for many in the Muslim League
 He was suitable / educated and was the best leader as Jinnah was not
yet ready to accept the Two Nation Theory His poetry awakened a
Q1 d sense of nationhood among Muslims and he urged
them to be active in making progress, so he was respected

Which of the following was the most important in the development of the
Pakistan Movement?
(i) the Nehru Report, 1928
(ii) Jinnah’s 14 Points, 1929
(iii) the Government of India Act, 1935
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
10
Level 5: Explains and makes judgement / evaluation 10
As top of Level 4 plus judgement / evaluation
Level 4: Explains at least two factors 6–9
(Two explanations are worth 6 or 7 marks. Additional explanations on the same
two factors cannot be awarded more than 8 marks. Explanation of the
contribution of all three factors is worth 9 marks)
e.g.

Nehru Report
 There were perceived to be anti-Muslim sentiments in it and even
though all parties present produced it, the views of Muslims appeared to
have been ignored.
 The outlook for Hindu-Muslim relations was uncertain since there were
no separate electorate proposals and Hindi the official language
Jinnah’s 14 Points
 Formed the basis of future negotiations with Congress or th British
Government.
 It also furthered the awareness that Hindus and Muslims should form
separate nations and shaped the basis of a desire for a homeland.
The Government of India Act
 Introduced a federal system of government, which was disappointing for
the Muslim League which had expected more concessions from the
British.
 Muslims felt their views were ignored and dependent on Congress, so
ideas about the Pakistan Movement began to develop.
Level 3: Explains one factor 5–7
(One explanation is worth 5 marks. Additional explanations on the same factor
cannot be awarded more than 7 marks)
See exemplars on Level 4
Question Answer Marks

1(a) (a) According to Source A, why was there opposition to the Simon 3
Commission of 1927?
Reward each correct statement identified from the source with 1 mark, up to a
maximum of
3.

No Indian representation on the Commission

Value friendship with Congress more than British concession
Not on equal terms with British in framing new constitution
Not satisfied with being only petitioners

1(b) 5

What does Source B tell us about the negotiations during the Round
Table
Conferences between 1930 and 1932?
LEVEL 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or contextual
knowledge
[4–5]
 The driver of the car is John Bull who represents British interests at the
negotiations.
 The car is travelling over bumpy ground which represents the way that
negotiations went during these years – difficult negotiations.
 The Indian in the car who represents their negotiators wants to take
Q1 c control from the British who are reluctant to give up control.
 It suggests that the British feared that progress towards change might
happen too quickly, hence the reference to the brake on the car.
 The source explains why the political leaders in India were reluctant to
attend the Round Table Conferences because it shows that the
decisions had already been made by the British, in the way that John
 Bull wants to keep control of the car.
LEVEL 2: Unsupported inferences [2–3]
The driver looks under pressure to give up control of the car

Explain the importance of the Government of India Act of 1935 to the 7

future of the subcontinent

LEVEL 3: Explains importance [5–7]

 Some provincial autonomy was granted which meant that every
provincial government was allowed to devise and carry out their own
programmes and be responsible to their own legislature.This was the first time
that this had been allowed and was seen as an
important step forward.

 Ministers in the provinces could have control over all departments

except when governors chose to intervene in cases of public order or to
veto a bill
 It provided additional rights for the local population to vote – some 5
times the previous numbers at 35 million in total.
 Provisions for a federal government were established for the first time,
which meant that princely states could decide to participate politically in
affairs concerning the sub-continent.
 However, key decisions relating to external relations and defence were
retained by the British, and opposed by the Indians.
Q1 d Q;How successful were the provincial elections held in India in 1937? Explain your
answer. 10
LEVEL 4: Explains the success AND less success of the elections [6–9]
Successful
For Hindus/Congress:
Congress won majorities in 5 provinces and largest single party in 4
others
Saw themselves as the sole party representing Indians
Led to formation of cabinets in 8 provinces.
For Muslims/Muslim League:
First major election fought and helped to unify the Muslim League
Led to improvements in organisation and planning
Learnt that their support lay in areas where Muslims in minority rather
than in majority
Recognition of an ‘image problem’ as its leaders were seen as not in
touch with ordinary Muslims.
Less successful
For Hindus/Congress:
Congress alienated the Muslim League after the elections which led to
difficulties in future negotiations
Attitude of Congress and Nehru hardened Muslim views towards a
separate nation.
For Muslims/Muslim League:
Relative poor performance in the elections; out of 489 Muslim seats, the
Muslim League won 109.
In the Punjab; out of 86 Muslim seats, Muslim League won 1 and others
taken by Punjab Unionist Party
Muslims felt betrayed by the British who were seen as too concerned
with getting the new provincial governments running rather than being
concerned with Muslim rights
Congress used its new powers to further upset Muslims during
Congress Rule.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation 10
Question Answer Marks

1(a) According to Source A, what were the problems facing India in 1940? [3] 3
Reward each correct statement identified from source with 1 mark, up to a maximum
of 3.

Problem of India an international one and should be treated as such

Differences between Hindus and Muslims so great and sharp (1) that union under one
central government was risky
People belonged to 2 separate and distinct nations(1) only chance to allow them to have
separate states
They belonged to 2 different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature
Concepts on and of life different

1(b) What does source B suggest about the attempts to solve the problems of the 5
sub-continent in 1945?

LEVEL 2: Unsupported inferences [2–3]

Negotiations aren’t going well. It was a slow process. They look confused
LEVEL 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or contextual knowledge
[4–5]
This source is representing the negotiations at Simla in 1945.
The negotiators don’t appear to be cooperating with each other. One (Jinnah) is
looking bored and the other (Gandhi) appears to be floating above the ground
suggesting that he is in another place rather than sat round the table. The
observer (Lord Wavell the Viceroy from Britain) is watching. His face suggests
that he is impatient and he is looking at his watch. They are perhaps thoughtful.
Their faces show they are thinking about their next move/waiting to see what
move the other makes. Using a game of chess in the source suggests the
negotiations were complex and took time which clearly the British didn’t want to
Q1 c waste.
 c) Why did Congress and the Muslim League oppose the Cripps Mission in 1942 7

LEVEL 3: Explains reasons [5–7]

 The Muslims rejected the plan because the British would not agree to Partition
and the Congress Party wanted immediate and full control over the central
government.

 The British were also negotiating from a weak position which the
Congress Party exploited by demanding Britain leave the sub-continent
immediately.

 The ML insisted on a firm promise of an independent state of

Pakistan. Anything else would lead to an Hindu majority which they thought
would deny Muslim rights.

Q1 d Was the success of the Labour Party in winning the British General Election in 1945 10
the most important reason why the subcontinent of India was partitioned in 1947?
Explain your answer.
LEVEL 3: Explains the success of the Labour Party victory OR other reasons [5–7]

LEVEL 4: Explains the success of the Labour Party victory AND other reasons [6–9]

The Labour Party won a massive and unexpected victory in the 1945 General
Election. The party was opposed to imperialism and eager to promote
independence for India following the election. Thus the signs for an independent
state of some kind looked very positive. However there was a problem, since
the new government were pro-Congress and Gandhi, so Partition was most
unlikely and instead the favored route was for a federal India rather than two
separate states.

However there were other reasons partition took place in 1947. Following the
Simla Conference in 1945, Lord Wavell announced new elections. The results
demonstrated that the Congress had control of the non-Muslim votes but that
the League had equally gained control of the Muslim vote. It was clear that the
League was an equal player to the Congress and that the demand for Partition
could no longer be ignored by the Congress or the British Government.

However in March 1946, members of the British Cabinet Mission arrived in India
to work out a plan for achieving independence for India as a federation. The
Mission met with some 470 Indian leaders but Jinnah stuck firm to his stance
that partition was the only way forward as far as the Muslims were concerned.
Once the plans for grouping the provinces together were known, the ML
accepted the plan as long as the groupings were to be compulsory. Congress
however refused to accept the groupings and that they would not be bound by
any British plan. The British government decided to form an Interim Government
headed by Nehru of Congress. Eventually members of the ML joined it too.
The ML grew more concerned that the British would leave India without
organizing a settlement and didn’t want Congress to be left in charge of
organizing a new country.

Thus the ML organized a Direct Action Day in the

summer of 1946 in an attempt to stop the British government giving in to
Congress. Rioting on a massive scale took place and 000s died. The British
grew increasingly worried that civil war would ensue and gradually a change of
mind grew over Partition.

In February 1947 came the announcement by Attlee

that the British would leave the sub-continent by 1948 and the subsequent
violence in the Punjab in March 1947 that convinced Nehru that Partition should
take place quickly. This was formalized in the 3 June Plan. of 1947 in which
Mountbatten, the new Viceroy brought about Partition in August 1947.
LEVEL 5: As Level 4 – also produces a judgement or evaluation. [10]