SAN LORENZO RUIZ DE MANILA SCHOOL

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

LESSON 2

GERALD L. SORIANO
OBJECTIVES:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:
• ILLUSTRATE A PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION FOR A DISCRETE
RANDOM VARIABLE AND ITS
PROPERTIES;
OBJECTIVES:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:

• COMPUTE PROBABILITIES
CORRESPONDING TO A GIVEN
RANDOM VARIABLE; AND
OBJECTIVES:
AT THE END OF THE LESSON, YOU ARE
EXPECTED TO:

• CONSTRUCT THE PROBABILITY MASS

FUNCTION OF A DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLE AND ITS CORRESPONDING
HISTOGRAM.
MATH – DALI!

FIND THE PROBABILITY

MATH-DALI!
PROBABILITY FORMULA
𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒂𝒗𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆
𝑷 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 =
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆
FIND THE PROBABILITY

GETTING AN EVEN NUMBER

IN A SINGLE ROLL OF A DIE

𝟑 𝟏
𝑷 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 = 𝒐𝒓
𝟔 𝟐
FIND THE PROBABILITY

GETTING A SUM OF 6 WHEN

TWO DICE ARE ROLLED

𝟓
𝑷 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝟔 =
𝟑𝟔
FIND THE PROBABILITY
GETTING AN ACE WHEN A
CARD IS DRAWN FROM A DECK
OF CARDS
𝟒 𝟏
𝑷 𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝒐𝒓
𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
FIND THE PROBABILITY

ALL CHILDREN ARE BOYS IF A

COUPLE HAS THREE CHILDREN

𝟏
𝑷 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒃𝒐𝒚𝒔 =
𝟖
FIND THE PROBABILITY
GETTING AN ODD NUMBER AND A
TAIL WHEN A DIE IS ROLLED AND A
COIN IS TOSSED SIMULTANEOUSLY

𝟑 𝟏
𝑷 𝒐𝒅𝒅&𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒍 = 𝒐𝒓
𝟏𝟐 𝟒
EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
4𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥=0
𝑥+5

𝟎
EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
4𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥=3
𝑥+5
𝟑
𝟐
EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
4𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥=1
𝑥+5
𝟐
𝟑
EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
2𝑥 − 3
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥=0
𝑥+5
𝟑
−
𝟓
EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING
2𝑥 − 3
𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥=6
𝑥+5
𝟗
𝟏𝟏
SAN LORENZO RUIZ DE MANILA SCHOOL

CONSTRUCTING
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION

GERALD L. SORIANO
 What is
DECISION
MAKING
 DECISIONMAKING
Decision Making is an
important aspect in
business, education,
insurance, and other
real-life situations.
 DECISIONMAKING
Many decisions are made by
assigning probabilities to all
possible outcomes pertaining
to the situation and then
evaluating the results.
 DECISION
MAKING
For instance, an insurance
company might be able to assign
probabilities to the number of
vehicles a family owns.
 DECISION
MAKING
This information will help the
company in making decisions
regarding future financial
situations.
 DECISION
MAKING
This situation requires the use
of random variables and
probability distribution.
 DECISION
MAKING
Decisions are needed for both
addressing issues and
maximizing the benefits of
available opportunities.
 DECISION
MAKING TO STUDENTS
LEARNING DECISION MAKING SKILLS
TO MAKE THEIR OWN CHOICES HELP
CHILDREN BE MORE INDEPENDENT,
RESPONSIBLE, AND CONFIDENT.
 DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
OR PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION
CONSISTS OF THE VALUES A RANDOM
VARIABLE CAN ASSUME AND THE
CORRESPONDING PROBABILITIES OF THE
VALUES.
EXAMPLE 1:
Number of Tails
Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y
be the random variable representing
the number of tails that turn up. Find
the probability of each of the values
of the random variable Y.
SOLUTION:
DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SPACE.
LET H REPRESENT THE HEAD AND
T REPRESENT TAIL.
The sample space for this experiment is:
𝑺 = 𝑻𝑻𝑻, 𝑻𝑻𝑯, 𝑻𝑯𝑻, 𝑯𝑻𝑻, 𝑯𝑯𝑻, 𝑯𝑻𝑯, 𝑻𝑯𝑯, 𝑯𝑯𝑯
SOLUTION:
STEP 2

COUNT THE NUMBER OF TAILS IN

EACH OUTCOME IN THE SAMPLE
SPACE AND ASSIGN THIS NUMBER
TO THE OUTCOME.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF THE RANDOM
VARIABLE Y
(NUMBER OF TAILS)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
SOLUTION:
STEP 3

THERE ARE FOUR POSSIBLE

VALUES OF THE RANDOM VARIABLE
Y REPRESENTING THE NUMBER OF
TAILS.
SOLUTION:
STEP 3

THESE ARE 0,1,2, AND 3.

ASSIGN PROBABILITY VALUES P(Y)
TO EACH VALUE OF THE RANDOM
VARIABLE.
NUMBER OF TAILS PROBABILITY
Y P(Y)

3
THERE ARE 8 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND
NO TAIL OCCURS ONCE, SO THE
PROBABILITY THAT WE SHALL ASSIGN
𝟏
TO THE RANDOM VARIABLE 0 IS
𝟖

NUMBER OF TAILS PROBABILITY

Y P(Y)
𝟏
0
𝟖
THERE ARE 8 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND
1 TAIL OCCURS THREE TIMES, SO THE
PROBABILITY THAT WE SHALL ASSIGN
𝟑
TO THE RANDOM VARIABLE 1 IS
𝟖

NUMBER OF TAILS PROBABILITY

Y P(Y)
𝟑
1
𝟖
THERE ARE 8 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND
2 TAIL OCCURS THREE TIMES, SO THE
PROBABILITY THAT WE SHALL ASSIGN
𝟑
TO THE RANDOM VARIABLE 2 IS
𝟖

NUMBER OF TAILS PROBABILITY

Y P(Y)
𝟑
2
𝟖
THERE ARE 8 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND
3 TAIL OCCURS ONCE, SO THE
PROBABILITY THAT WE SHALL ASSIGN
𝟏
TO THE RANDOM VARIABLE 3 IS
𝟖

NUMBER OF TAILS PROBABILITY

Y P(Y)
𝟏
3
𝟖
NUMBER OF TAILS PROBABILITY
Y P(Y)
𝟏
0
𝟖
𝟑
1
𝟖
𝟑
2
𝟖
𝟏
3
𝟖
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OR PROBABILITY
NUMBER OF
TAILS 0 1 2 3
Y
PROBABILITY
𝟏 𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
P(Y)
𝟖 𝟖 𝟖 𝟖
 CAN YOU MAKE A HISTOGRAM FOR THIS
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION? REMEMBER
THAT HISTOGRAM IS A BAR GRAPH.
TO CONSTRUCT A HISTOGRAM FOR A
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION, FOLLOW
THESE STEPS:
 1. PLOT THE VALUES OF THE
RANDOM VARIABLE ALONG THE
HORIZONTAL AXIS.

2. PLOT THE PROBABILITIES

ALONG THE VERTICAL AXIS.
EXAMPLE 2:
Number of Blue Balls
Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue
balls. Construct the probability
distribution of the random variable
Z.
EXAMPLE 2:
Number of Blue Balls
Two balls are drawn in succession
without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue
balls.
SOLUTION:
DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SPACE.
LET B REPRESENT THE BLUE BALL
AND R REPRESENT THE RED BALL.
The sample space for this experiment is:
𝑺 = 𝑹𝑹, 𝑹𝑩, 𝑩𝑹, 𝑩𝑩
SOLUTION:
STEP 2

COUNT THE NUMBER OF BLUE

BALLS IN EACH OUTCOME IN THE
SAMPLE SPACE AND ASSIGN THIS
NUMBER TO THE OUTCOME.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF THE RANDOM
VARIABLE Z
(NUMBER OF BLUE BALLS)

RR 0

RB 1
BR 1
BB 2

POSSIBLE VALUES OF RANDOM VARIABLE

ARE 0,1 AND 2
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OR PROBABILITY
NUMBER OF BLUE BALLS PROBABILITY
Z P(Z)

2
THERE ARE 4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND
NO BLUE BALL OCCURS ONCE, SO THE
PROBABILITY THAT WE SHALL ASSIGN
𝟏
TO THE RANDOM VARIABLE 0 IS
𝟒

NUMBER OF BLUE BALLS PROBABILITY

Z P(Z)
𝟏
0
𝟒
THERE ARE 4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND
NO BLUE BALL OCCURS TO TIMES, SO
THE PROBABILITY THAT WE SHALL
𝟏
ASSIGN TO THE RANDOM VARIABLE 1 IS
𝟐

NUMBER OF BLUE BALLS PROBABILITY

Z P(Z)
𝟏
1
𝟐
THERE ARE 4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES AND
2 BLUE BALLS OCCURS ONCE, SO THE
PROBABILITY THAT WE SHALL ASSIGN
𝟏
TO THE RANDOM VARIABLE 2 IS
𝟒

NUMBER OF BLUE BALLS PROBABILITY

Z P(Z)
𝟏
2
𝟒
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OR PROBABILITY
NUMBER OF BLUE
BALLS 0 1 2
Z
PROBABILITY
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
P(Z)
𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

CONSTRUCT A HISTOGRAM
MATH-TINIK:
SUPPOSE THREE CELL PHONES
ARE TESTED AT RANDOM. LET D
REPRESENT THE DEFECTIVE
CELLPHONE AND LET N
REPRESENT THE NON–
DEFECTIVE CELL PHONE.
MATH-TINIK:
IF WE LET X BE THE RANDOM
VARIABLE FOR THE NUMBER OF
DEFECTIVE CELL PHONES,
CONSTRUCT THE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OF THE RANDOM
VARIABLE X
MATH-MADALI:
In the preceding probability
distributions, what do you
notice about the probability of
each value of the random
variable?
MATH-MADALI:
In the preceding probability
distributions, get the sum of
the probabilities of all values
of the random variable. What
sum did you get?
 PROPERTIES
OF A PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
• THE PROBABILITY OF EACH VALUE OF THE RANDOM
VARIABLE MUST BE BETWEEN OR EQUAL TO 0 AND 1. IN
SYMBOL, WE WRITE IT AS 𝟎 ≤ 𝑷 𝑿 ≤ 𝟏
• THE SUM OF THE PROBABILITIES OF ALL VALUES OF THE
RANDOM VARIABLE MUST BE EQUAL TO 1. IN SYMBOL, WE
WRITE IT AS 𝜮𝑷 𝑿 = 𝟏