Arduino-Based Embedded

Systems
 Arduino-Based Embedded
Systems
Interfacing, Simulation, and LabVIEW GUI

Rajesh Singh
Anita Gehlot
Bhupendra Singh
Sushabhan Choudhury
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Singh, Rajesh (Electrical engineer), author. | Gehlot, Anita, author.

| Singh, Bhupendra, author. | Choudhury, Sushabhan, author.
Title: Arduino-based embedded systems : interfacing, simulation, and LabVIEW
GUI / Rajesh Singh, Anita Gehlot, Bhupendra Singh and Sushabhan Choudhury.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2018.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017029926 | ISBN 9781138060784 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315162881 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Embedded computer systems--Programming. | Arduino
(Programmable controller)--Programming. | LabVIEW.
Classification: LCC TK7895.E42 S548 2018 | DDC 006.2/2--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017029926

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

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and the CRC Press Web site at

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Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................... xiii

About the Authors ................................................................................................xv

Section I Introduction

1. Introduction to Arduino ................................................................................3

1.1 Arduino Uno .......................................................................................... 3
1.2 Arduino Mega ....................................................................................... 4
1.3 Arduino Nano .......................................................................................5

2. Steps to Write a Program with Arduino Integrated

Development Environment ..........................................................................7
2.1 Steps to Install Arduino Integrated Development Environment..... 7
2.2 Basic Commands for Arduino .......................................................... 11

3. Steps to Design a Proteus Simulation Model ......................................... 13

4. Introduction to LabVIEW GUI .................................................................. 19

4.1 Steps to Design LabVIEW GUI.......................................................... 19
4.2 Building the Front Panel ....................................................................22
4.3 Building the Block Diagram .............................................................. 23
4.4 Virtual Instrument Software Architecture ..................................... 24
4.4.1 Components Used to Design LabVIEW GUI ..................... 25

5. LabVIEW Interfacing with the Proteus Simulation Software ............ 29

5.1 Virtual Serial Port Emulator .............................................................. 29

Section II Arduino and I/O Devices

6. Arduino and Display Devices .................................................................... 37

6.1 Arduino and Light Emitting Diode.................................................. 37
6.1.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 38
6.1.2 Program ................................................................................... 40
6.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 40
6.2 Arduino and Liquid Crystal Display ............................................... 41
6.2.1 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................42
6.2.2 Program ...................................................................................43
6.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................44

v
vi Contents

7. Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices ........................................... 45

7.1 Push Button and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid
Crystal Display ................................................................................ 45
7.2 Push Button–Digital “LOW” ............................................................. 47
7.2.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 47
7.2.2 Program ................................................................................... 49
7.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 50
7.3 Push Button–Digital “HIGH” ............................................................ 51
7.3.1 Program ................................................................................... 53
7.3.2 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................54
7.4 Fire Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid Crystal Display ...... 55
7.4.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 57
7.4.2 Program ................................................................................... 59
7.4.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 60
7.5 Passive Infrared Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid
Crystal Display .................................................................................... 61
7.5.1 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................63
7.5.2 Program ...................................................................................63
7.5.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................65
7.6 Alcohol Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid
Crystal Display .................................................................................... 67
7.6.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 69
7.6.2 Program ................................................................................... 71
7.6.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 72

8. Arduino and Analog Devices..................................................................... 75

8.1 Ultrasonic Sensor and Liquid Crystal Display ............................... 75
8.2 Ultrasonic Sensor—Serial Out .......................................................... 76
8.2.1 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................77
8.2.2 Program ................................................................................... 79
8.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................80
8.3 Ultrasonic Sensor—PWM Out .......................................................... 81
8.3.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 81
8.3.2 Program ...................................................................................83
8.3.2.1 Ultrasonic Sensor—PWM OUT ...........................83
8.3.3 Proteus Simulation Model ....................................................84
8.4 Temperature Sensor and Liquid Crystal Display...........................85
8.5 Temperature Sensor-Analog Out ...................................................... 86
8.5.1 Circuit Diagram ..................................................................... 86
8.5.1.1 Temperature Sensor Analog Out ......................... 86
8.5.2 Program ................................................................................... 88
8.5.2.1 Program LM35—Analog Out ............................... 88
8.5.3 Proteus Simulation Model .................................................... 88
Contents vii

8.6 Humidity/Temperature Sensor—Serial Out ................................90

8.6.1 Circuit Diagram ................................................................. 91
8.6.1.1 Temperature Sensor (Serial Out) ................... 91
8.6.2 Program .............................................................................. 93
8.6.2.1 Temp/Humidity Sensor—Serial Out............ 93
8.7 Light-Dependent Resistor with Liquid Crystal Display ............. 94
8.8 Light-Dependent Resistor—Analog Out ....................................... 94
8.8.1 Circuit Diagram ................................................................. 96
8.8.2 Program .............................................................................. 98
8.8.2.1 Light-Dependent Resistor—Analog Out ...... 98
8.8.3 Proteus Simulation Model................................................ 99
8.9 Light Intensity Sensor—I2C Out .................................................. 100
8.9.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 101
8.9.2 Program ............................................................................ 103
8.9.2.1 LDR TWI (I2C) Out........................................ 103
8.10 Servo Motor and the Liquid Crystal Display.............................. 103
8.10.1 Circuit Diagram ...............................................................105
8.10.2 Program ............................................................................107
8.10.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 107

9. Arduino and Motors/Actuators................................................................ 109

9.1 DC Motor ......................................................................................... 109
9.1.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 111
9.1.2 Program ............................................................................ 113
9.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 114
9.2 Stepper Motor .................................................................................. 115
9.2.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 117
9.2.2 Program ............................................................................ 119
9.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 120
9.3 AC Motor with Relay ...................................................................... 121
9.3.1 Circuit Diagram ...............................................................122
9.3.2 Program ............................................................................124
9.3.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 124

Section III Arduino and Wireless Communication

10. Arduino and Wireless Communication ................................................. 129

10.1 RF Modem (2.4 GHz) ...................................................................... 129
10.1.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 131
10.1.1.1 Transmitter Section ....................................... 131
10.1.1.2 Receiver Section ............................................. 132
viii Contents

10.1.2 Program ............................................................................ 134

10.1.2.1 Transmitter Program ..................................... 134
10.1.2.2 Receiver Program .......................................... 134
10.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 135
10.2 Global System for Mobile Modem ................................................ 136
10.2.1 Circuit Diagram ............................................................... 138
10.2.2 Program ............................................................................ 140
10.2.2.1 Main Program ................................................ 140
10.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model.............................................. 142

Section IV Projects

11. 2.4 GHz RF Modem-Based Security System for Restricted Area ..... 145
11.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 145
11.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 146
11.3 Program ............................................................................................ 149
11.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 149
11.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 150
11.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 151
11.5 LabVIEW GUI ................................................................................. 152

12. Campus Fire Monitoring System with a 2.4 GHz RF Modem .......... 155
12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 155
12.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 156
12.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 156
12.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 157
12.3 Program ............................................................................................ 158
12.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 158
12.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 159
12.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 160
12.5 LabVIEW GUI ................................................................................. 161

13. Light-Dependent Resistor-Based Light Intensity Control System .......165

13.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 165
13.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 167
13.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 167
13.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 167
13.3 Program ............................................................................................ 168
13.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 168
13.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 169
13.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 170
13.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 171
Contents ix

14. DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI ................................... 173

14.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 173
14.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 175
14.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 175
14.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 175
14.3 Program ............................................................................................ 178
14.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 178
14.3.2 Receiver Program ............................................................ 180
14.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 181
14.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 183

15. Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI ........................... 185
15.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 185
15.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 187
15.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 187
15.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 187
15.3 Program ............................................................................................ 190
15.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 190
15.3.2 Receiver Program ............................................................ 191
15.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 193
15.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 195

16. Accelerometer-Based Laboratory Automation System ....................... 197

16.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 197
16.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 199
16.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 199
16.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 199
16.3 Program ............................................................................................ 202
16.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 202
16.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 203
16.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 205

17. Temperature Monitoring System Using RF Modem .......................... 207

17.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 207
17.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 208
17.2.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 208
17.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 209
17.3 Program ............................................................................................ 211
17.3.1 Transmitter Section ......................................................... 211
17.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 211
17.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 212
17.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 213
x Contents

18. Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster......................................... 215

18.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 215
18.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 217
18.2.1 Sensor Node ..................................................................... 217
18.2.2 Server................................................................................. 218
18.3 Program ............................................................................................ 220
18.3.1 Sensor Node .....................................................................220
18.3.2 Server ................................................................................. 221
18.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 224
18.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 226

19. LabVIEW GUI-Based Wireless Robot Control System....................... 229

19.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 229
19.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 231
19.2.1 Transmitter Section..........................................................231
19.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 231
19.3 Program ............................................................................................234
19.3.1 Transmitter Program ....................................................... 234
19.3.2 Receiver Program ............................................................ 235
19.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 237
19.5 LabVIEW GUI .................................................................................. 237

20. Home Automation System Using DTMF............................................... 239

20.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 239
20.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 240
20.3 Program ............................................................................................ 243
20.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 246

21. RFID Card-Based Attendance System ................................................... 247

21.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 247
21.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 248
21.2.1 Steps to Read RFID Reader ............................................ 248
21.2.1.1 Program to Extract the Code .......................... 250
21.2.2 Connections...................................................................... 250
21.3 Program ............................................................................................ 252

22. Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System ......................... 255

22.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 255
22.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 256
22.3 Program ............................................................................................ 259
22.3.1 Program to Write the Message.......................................259
22.3.2 Program to Read the Message ....................................... 260
22.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 272
Contents xi

23. Coordinate Display System Using GPS ................................................. 275

23.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 275
23.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 277
23.2.1 Transmitter Section..........................................................277
23.2.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 278
23.3 Program ............................................................................................ 280
23.3.1 Transmitter Section..........................................................280
23.3.2 Receiver Section ............................................................... 281
23.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 283

24. Fingerprint-Based Attendance System .................................................. 285

24.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 285
24.1.1 Types of Function ............................................................ 285
24.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 286
24.3 Program ............................................................................................ 288
24.3.1 Finger Print Circuit ‘Test Program’ ...............................288
24.3.2 Main Program ................................................................. 290

25. Wireless Irrigation System for Agricultural Field ............................... 293

25.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 293
25.2 Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 295
25.2.1 Remote Control ................................................................295
25.2.2 Sensor Node ..................................................................... 295
25.3 Program ............................................................................................ 298
25.3.1 Remote Control ................................................................298
25.3.2 Sensor Node ..................................................................... 299
25.4 Proteus Simulation Model ............................................................. 303

Index .....................................................................................................................305
Preface

The primary objective of writing this book is to provide a platform for

beginners to get started with the Arduino-based embedded system and who
need a basic knowledge of programming and interfacing of the devices.
The aim of this book is to explain the basic steps to get started with the
Arduino and to develop an understanding of the interfacing, programming,
and simulation of the designed systems.
This book comprises 25 chapters and is divided into 4 sections. Section I of
this book is about the introduction to the basic software that is required to
get started with the Arduino. Section II is about interfacing of display devices
and basic input/output devices such as sensors and motors. Section III is about
the interfacing of basic communication modules such as RF modem and
global system for mobile (GSM). Section IV includes examples of Arduino-
based projects. This book is intended to serve the students of B.Tech/B.E,
M.Tech/M.E, PhD scholars, and who need the basic knowledge to develop a
real-time system using the Arduino.
We acknowledge the support from Sunrom technologies, Robosoft
systems, and Robokits India for using their product images and data to
demonstrate and explain the working of the systems. We thank Taylor &
Francis/CRC Press for encouraging our idea about this book and the sup-
port to efficiently manage the project.
We are grateful to the honorable chancellor Dr. S.J Chopra, Utpal Ghosh
(President & CEO, UPES), Dr. Srihari (Vice-chancellor, University of Petroleum
and Energy Studies (UPES)), Dr. Kamal Bansal (Dean, CoES, UPES), Dr.
Suresh Kumar (Director, UPES), and Dr. Piyush Kuchhal (Associate Dean,
UPES) for their support and constant encouragement. In addition, we are
thankful to our families, friends, relatives, colleagues, and students for their
moral support and blessings.
Although the circuits and programs mentioned in the text are tested on
real hardware but in case of any mistake we extend our sincere apologies.
Any suggestions to improve in the contents of the book are always welcome
and will be appreciated and acknowledged.

Rajesh Singh
Anita Gehlot
Bhupendra Singh
Sushabhan Choudhury

xiii
About the Authors

Dr. Rajesh Singh is currently associated with

the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Dehradun, India, as an associate professor and
with additional responsibility as Head, Institute
of Robotics Technology (R&D). He has been
awarded a gold medal in MTech and honors
in his BTech. His area of expertise includes
embedded systems, robotics, and wireless sen-
sor networks. He has organized and conducted
a number of workshops, summer internships,
and expert lectures for students as well as
faculty. He has 12 patents in his account. He has published approximately
100 research papers in refereed journals/conferences.
Under his mentorship, students have participated in national/international
competitions, including Texas Instruments Innovation Challenge in Delhi
and Laureate award of excellence in robotics engineering in Spain. Twice in
the last 4 years he has been awarded with a certificate of appreciation from
the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for his exemplary work. He
received a certificate of appreciation for mentoring the projects submitted to
the Texas Instruments India Innovation Challenge Design Contest 2015 from
Texas Instruments. He has been honored with a young investigator award
at the International Conference on Science and Information in 2012. He has
published a book titled Embedded System based on Atmega Microcontroller with
the NAROSA publishing house. He is an editor to a special issue published
by the Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing (AISC) book series,
Springer titled Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices 2016.

xv
xvi About the Authors

Anita Gehlot has more than 10 years of teaching

experience with an area of expertise in embed-
ded systems and wireless sensor networks. She
has 10 patents in her account. She has published
more than 50 research papers in both refereed
journals and conferences. She has organized a
number of workshops, summer internships,
and expert lectures for students. She has been
awarded with a certificate of appreciation from
the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Dehradun, India, for her exemplary work. She
has coauthored a book titled Embedded System
based on Atmega Microcontroller with the NAROSA
publication house.

Bhupendra Singh is the managing director of

Schematics Microelectronics and provides
product design and R&D support to industries
and universities. He has completed BCA,
PGDCA, MSc (CS), MTech, and has more than
11 years of experience in the field of computer
networking and embedded systems.
About the Authors xvii

Dr. S. Choudhury is the head of the Department

of Electronics, Instrumentation, and Control at
the University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, Dehradun, India. He has 26 years of
teaching experience and he earned his PhD
from the University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, MTech (Gold Medalist) from Tezpur
Central University, Tezpur, India, and earned
his BE degree from National Institute of
Technology Silchar, India. He has published
more than 70 papers in various national/
international conferences/journals and has filed 10 patents. His area of
interest is Zigbee-based wireless networks. Dr. Choudhury has been
selected as the outstanding scientist of the twenty-first century by the
Cambridge Biographical Centre, Cambridge, UK. He has also been selected
in the who’s who of the world in science by Marquis Who’s Who, New
Providence, New Jersey. He has coauthored a book titled Embedded System
based on Atmega Microcontroller with the NAROSA publishing house. He is
an editor to a special issue published by the AISC book series, Springer,
titled Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices 2016.
 Section I

Introduction
1
Introduction to Arduino

Arduino is a user-friendly open-source platform. Arduino has an onboard

microcontroller and an integrated development environment (IDE) is used
to program it. Arduino board can be programmed directly from the PC
using FTDI which is easy compared to other similar platforms.
The advantages are as follows:

Low cost: Arduino boards are of relatively low cost as compared to other
microcontroller platforms.
Cross-platform: The Arduino software (IDE) is compatible with the
Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems.
User friendly: The Arduino software (IDE) is user friendly and easy to
use for beginners and very flexible for skilled programmers.
Open source: The Arduino is an open-source software and can be pro-
grammed with C, C++, or AVR-C languages. So, a variety of mod-
ules can be designed by the users.

Arduino platform comprises a microcontroller. It can be connected to a PC

through a USB cable. It is freely accessible and can be easily downloaded.
It can also be modified by a programmer. Different versions of Arduino
boards are available in the market depending on the user requirement.

1.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino/Genuino Uno has an onboard ATmega328 microcontroller.
It has onboard six analog input ports (A0–A5). Each pin can operate at 0–5 V.
It has 14 digital input/output (I/O) pins out of which 6 are PWM output, 6 ana-
log inputs, 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB EEPROM, and operates at 16 MHz of frequency
(Figure 1.1 and Table 1.1).

3
4 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 1.1
Arduino Uno board.

TABLE 1.1
Pin Description of Arduino Uno
Pin Description

Vin The external voltage to the Arduino board

+5 V +5 V regulated output
3.3 V On board 3.3 V supply
GND Ground
IOREF Provides the voltage reference and select appropriate power source
Serial Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 0(Rx) 1(Tx)
External interrupts Trigger an interrupt on low value, Pins: 2 and 3
PWM Provides 8 bit PWM output, Pins: 3,5,6,9,10,11
SPI Supports SPI communication, Pins: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO),
and 13 (SCK)
LED LED driven by Pin 13
TWI Supports TWI communication, Pins: A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL)
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs
Reset It is used to reset the onboard microcontroller

1.2 Arduino Mega

The Arduino Uno has onboard ATmega2560 microcontroller. It has onboard
16 analog inputs, 54 digital I/O, USB connection, 4 UART, power jack, and
a reset button. It operates at 16 MHz frequency. The board can be operated
with 5–12 V of external power; if supplied more than this, it can damage the
board. It has onboard 256 KB flash memory, 8 KB SRAM, and 4 KB EEPROM
(Figure 1.2 and Table 1.2).
Introduction to Arduino 5

FIGURE 1.2
Arduino Mega board.

TABLE 1.2
Pin Description of Arduino Mega
Pin Description

Vin The external voltage to the Arduino board

+5 V +5 V regulated output
3.3 V Onboard 3.3 V supply
GND Ground
IOREF Provides the voltage reference and select an appropriate power
source
Serial0 Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 0(Rx) 1(Tx)
Serial1 Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 19(Rx) 18(Tx)
Serial2 Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 17(Rx) 16(Tx)
External interrupts Trigger an interrupt on low value, Pins: 2 (interrupt0), 3 (interrupt1),
18 (interrupt5), 19 (interrupt4), and 20 (interrupt2)
PWM Provides 8 bit PWM output, Pins: 2–13 and 44–46
SPI Supports SPI communication, Pins: 53 (SS), 51 (MOSI), 50 (MISO),
and 52 (SCK)
LED LED driven by Pin 13
TWI Supports TWI communication, Pins: 20 (SDA), 21 (SCL)
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs
Reset It is used to reset the onboard microcontroller

1.3 Arduino Nano

The Arduino/Genuino Nano has onboard ATmega328 microcontroller. It has
onboard 8 analog and 14 digital I/O ports and 6 PWM of 8 bit. Each pin
can operate at 0–5 V. It has onboard 32 KB flash memory, 2 KB SRAM, 1 KB
EEPROM, and operates at 16 MHz of frequency (Figure 1.3 and Table 1.3).
6 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 1.3
Arduino Nano board.

TABLE 1.3
Pin Description of Arduino Nano
Pin Description

Vin The external voltage to the Arduino board

+5 V +5 V regulated output
3.3 V Onboard 3.3 V supply
GND Ground
IOREF Provides the voltage reference and select an appropriate power
source
Serial Transmits and receives serial data, Pins: 0(Rx) 1(Tx)
External interrupts Trigger an interrupt on low value, Pins: 2 & 3
PWM Provides 8 bit PWM output, Pins: 3,5,6,9,10,11
SPI Supports SPI communication, Pins: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO),
and 13 (SCK)
LED LED driven by Pin 13
I2C Supports TWI communication, Pins: A4 (SDA), A5 (SCL)
AREF Reference voltage for the analog inputs
Reset It is used to reset the onboard microcontroller
2
Steps to Write a Program with Arduino
Integrated Development Environment

This chapter describes the steps to write and compile a program with
Arduino integrated development environment (IDE). The Arduino IDE is an
open-source software which makes it user friendly for writing the code and
then upload directly on Arduino board.

2.1 Steps to Install Arduino Integrated

Development Environment
Step 1: Install Arduino IDE and open the Window
To begin, install the Arduino Programmer, IDE. Figure 2.1 shows the
opened window Arduino IDE.
Step 2: Choose suitable version of Arduino
Arduino has many versions such as Uno, Mega, and Nano. The most
common is the Arduino Uno. Before starting the program find out
the suitable version of Arduino board for the project. Set the board type
and the USB serial port of board in the Arduino IDE. Figure 2.2 shows
the steps to select the type of Arduino. Click on “Tool,” and then click
on “board.” Figure 2.2 shows the selection of “Arduino Uno.”
Step 3: Write and compile the program
Write program as per requirement of the project. Then “RUN” the
program. Figure 2.3 shows the compilation of the program.

FIGURE 2.1
Window Arduino IDE.

7
8 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 2.2
Window to select type of Arduino.

FIGURE 2.3
Compile the program.
Steps to Write a Program with Arduino IDE 9

Step 4: Connect Arduino with the PC

Connect Arduino to the USB port of the PC with USB cable. Every
Arduino has a different serial-port address (e.g., COM2 and COM4),
so it is required to recognize the port for the different Arduino and
select it in the IDE.
To check the port where the Arduino is connected, make right
click on the “PC,” then go to manager; a window will open. Then
double click on the “Device Manager.” A window as shown in
Figure 2.4 will open. Click on the ports (COM&LPT) and the port at
which the device is connected can be found. Figure shows “COM6”
is port for the device.
Now click on the “Tool” heading of the Arduino IDE window.
Go to port and select the same port number, which was found at the
device manager (select COM1 or COM2 etc.). Figure 2.5 shows the
“COM6” as serial port of board.
Step 5: Upload program in Arduino
Uploaded the new program to Arduino. Figure 2.6 shows how to
upload the program.

FIGURE 2.4
Window to check port of Arduino.
10 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 2.5
The serial port of board.

FIGURE 2.6
Window to upload the program in Arduino.
Steps to Write a Program with Arduino IDE 11

2.2 Basic Commands for Arduino

1. pinMode(x, OUTPUT): // assigned pin number x as output pin in
which x is the number of digital pin
2. digitalWrite(x, HIGH): // turn ON the pin number x as HIGH or ON
in which x is the number of digital pin
3. pinMode(x, INPUT): // assigned pin number x as input pin in which
x is the number of digital pin
4. digitalRead(digital Pin): // read the digital pin as 13 or 12 or 11 etc.
5. analogRead(analog pin): // read the analog pin as A0 or A1 or A2 etc.

LCD Commands

1. lcd.begin(16, 2): // initialize LCD 16 * 2 or 20 * 4

2. lcd.print(“UPES”): // print a string “UPES” on LCD
3. lcd.setCursor(x, y): // set the cursor of LCD at the desired location in
which x is the number of COLUMN and y
4. lcd.print(UPES): // print a UPES as an integer on the LCD
5. lcd.Clear(): // clear the contents of the LCD

Serial Communication Commands

1. Serial.begin(baudrate): // initialize serial communication to set baud

rate to 600/1200/2400/4800/9600
2. Serial.print(“UPES”): // serial print fixed string with a defined baud
rate on the Tx line
3. Serial.println(“UPES”): // serial print fixed string with a defined
baud rate and enter command on the Tx line
4. Serial.print(UPES): // serial print int string with a defined baud rate
on the Tx line
5. Serial.print(UPES): // serial print int string with a defined baud rate
and then enter command on the Tx line
6. Serial.Write(BYTE): // serial transfer the 1 byte on the Tx line
7. Serial.read(): // read 1 byte serial from the Rx line
3
Steps to Design a Proteus
Simulation Model

This chapter describes the steps to design a Proteus simulation model for a
system and simulate it to check the feasibility of the designed system.

Step 1: Install ISIS software

Install the ISIS software and open the window.
Step 2: Create a New Design
Open the ISIS software. Select a new design from the File menu.
Figure 3.1 shows the ISIS window and create a New Design.

FIGURE 3.1
“New Design” window.

13
14 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Clicking on “New Design,” a dialog box appears to save the cur-

rent design file. Click on “Yes.” Then a pop-up message appears to
select the template. Select “Default” template and click on “Yes.”
Figure 3.2 shows the window for selecting a “default” template.

FIGURE 3.2
Select “Default” template.

Step 3: Open window for new model

An untitled design sheet will open; save it under any title. Figure 3.3
shows the new window.

FIGURE 3.3
Window for New Design.
Steps to Design a Proteus Simulation Model 15

Step 4: Choose Components from the list

To choose the components, click on the component mode. Click on “P”
Pick from the libraries as shown in Figure 3.4. It shows the categories
of components that are accessible and also a search option to enter
the part name, as shown in Figure 3.5. The selected components will
appear in the devices list as shown in Figure 3.6. Select the compo-
nent and place it in the design sheet by a left click.

FIGURE 3.4
Window for “Pick from libraries.”
16 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 3.5
Select components from the list.

FIGURE 3.6
Window showing selected components.
Steps to Design a Proteus Simulation Model 17

Step 5: Connect the components

Connect all the components as per the circuit diagram of the system, by
clicking on the terminal, which has to be connected with the other
component. A wire will appear that will connect them. Figure 3.7
shows a circuit to glow LED by pressing a switch. After connecting
the circuit, click on the Play button to run the simulation. Figure 3.8
shows the output of the circuit by clicking on the “Play” button at
left most bottom of the window. Click on the switch in the circuit to
check the working of the model.

FIGURE 3.7
Proteus simulation model.
18 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 3.8
Proteus simulation working model.
4
Introduction to LabVIEW GUI

This chapter describes the design steps for LabVIEW graphical user interface
(GUI) with a brief introduction to the basic blocks that are used to design
the GUI. LabVIEW GUI has two components: (1) the front panel and (2) the
block diagram. Control can be customized for different work environment.
Front panel is a window in which the final GUI will appear and at its back
end the “block diagram” runs, which is basically a graphical programming
language. Block diagram is designed with some predefined blocks and GUI
is developed by connecting the blocks.

4.1 Steps to Design LabVIEW GUI

Step1: Install the LabVIEW software
The first step is to install the LabVIEW software. It is a licensed software
and the user need to purchase it from the National Instruments (NI).
Install the NI-Virtual Instrument Software Architecture (VISA) driver.
NI-VISA driver is required for serial communication, without it data
cannot communicate with the serial port of the computer.
Step 2: Create “New Project”
Open the LabVIEW window and click on the “Create Project” button,
as shown in Figure 4.1.

19
20 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 4.1
LabVIEW window to “Create project.”

Select Blank VI from the list of items and click on the Finish button
(Figure 4.2). A blank front panel window and block diagram win-
dow will appear (Figure 4.3).
Step 3: Running and Debugging VIs
To run a VI, connect all the sub VIs, functions, and structures as per the
data types for the terminals.
Introduction to LabVIEW GUI 21

FIGURE 4.2
Select “Blank VI” window.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 4.3
(a) Blank “block diagram” and (b) “front panel” window.
22 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

4.2 Building the Front Panel

The front panel is the user interface of a VI. Generally, the front panel is
designed first and then the block diagram is designed to perform tasks on
the inputs and outputs that are created on the front panel. To design front
panel make as right click anywhere on the window and select the controls
and indicators. The selection of controls and indicators can also be done by
clicking on Select View» select the “Controls Palette” and then select controls
and indicators and place them on the front panel. Controls are knobs, push
buttons, dials, and other input mechanisms. Indicators are graphs, LEDs,
and other output displays. Figure 4.4 shows the window for “front panel”
with the control panel and Figure 4.5 shows an example for the front panel.

FIGURE 4.4
Window to design “front panel.”
Introduction to LabVIEW GUI 23

FIGURE 4.5
Example of front panel.

4.3 Building the Block Diagram

Block diagram is basically a code that uses graphical representations of
functions to control the front panel objects. The block diagram contains the
graphical source code, which is also known as “G code.” The components can
be selected by a right click on the front panel or go to View and then select
“Function Palette,” as shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.7 shows an example of block diagram.
24 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 4.6
Select components for “front panel.”

FIGURE 4.7
Example of “block diagram.”

4.4 Virtual Instrument Software Architecture

The VISA is a standard, which is used to configure the programming and
troubleshooting of instrumentation systems. VISA provides the program-
ming interface between the hardware and LabVIEW. NI-VISA is an imple-
mentation of the National Instruments I/O standard. NI-VISA includes
software libraries.
Introduction to LabVIEW GUI 25

4.4.1 Components Used to Design LabVIEW GUI

VISA configure serial port: This port initializes the serial port specified
by the VISA resource name with the required settings. Figure 4.8
shows the visa serial port.

FIGURE 4.8
VISA serial port.

VISA resource name (COM number): Right click on it and select create,
then select control to choose an appropriate COM port.
Baud rate: Choose 9600
Data bits: Choose 8 bits
Parity: Choose none
Stop bit: Choose 1
Flow control: Choose none
VISA resource name out: Connect this pin to VISA resource name of the
VISA serial read block.
Error out: Connect this pin to error pin of the VISA serial read.
VISA serial read: It reads the identified number of bytes from the device
or an interface identified by the VISA resource name and sends the
data in the read buffer. It reads the data available at the serial port
from the device linked (Figure 4.9).

FIGURE 4.9
VISA serial read.
26 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Byte count: Right click on it and select create to the indicator to count the
byte at the serial port.
Read buffer: Right click on it and select create to the indicator to check the
string value at the serial port.
Visa resource name out: Connect this pin to VISA resource name of VISA
close block.
Error out: Connect this pin to the error pin of VISA close.
Error in: Connect this pin to error out the pin of VISA configure serial
port.
Match pattern: It searches for an expression in the string beginning at
offset, and when it gets the string it matches the string with the pre-
defined data (Figure 4.10).

FIGURE 4.10
Match pattern.

String: Connect this pin to read buffer pin of the VISA read.
Regular expression: Right click on it and select create to the constant.
After substring: Connect this pin to the string of Decimal String to Number
block and create to constant.
Decimal string to number: It converts the numeric characters in the
string, starting at offset, to a decimal integer and returns it in number
(Figure 4.11).

FIGURE 4.11
Decimal string to number converter.

Number: Connect this pin to the input of a waveform chart.

VISA close: Closes a device session or event object specified by the VISA
resource name (Figure 4.12).
Introduction to LabVIEW GUI 27

FIGURE 4.12
VISA close.

VISA serial write: Writes the data from write buffer to the device or
interface that is identified by the VISA resource name (Figure 4.13).

FIGURE 4.13
Defining VISA resource name.

VISA configure serial port: It sets the serial port identified by the VISA
resource name to the specified settings (Figure 4.14).

FIGURE 4.14
VISA configure serial port.
28 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

VISA resource name (COM number): Right click on it, select create, and
then select the control to choose an appropriate COM port.
Baud rate: Choose 9600
Data bits: Choose 8 bits
Parity: Choose none
Stop bit: Choose 1
Flow control: Choose none
VISA resource name out: Connect this pin to the VISA resource name of
VISA serial read block.
Error out: Connect this pin to error pin of the VISA serial read.
VISA serial write: It writes the data from the write buffer to the device or
interface as stated by the VISA resource name (Figure 4.15).

FIGURE 4.15
VISA serial write.

VISA resource name: Connect this pin to the VISA resource name out pin
of VISA configure serial port.
Write buffer: It comprises the data to be written to the device. Right click
on it and select create to the constant to send string at the serial port.
VISA resource name out: Connect this pin to the Visa resource name of the
VISA close block.
Error out: Connect this pin to the error pin of VISA close.
Error in: Connect this pin to the error out pin of VISA configure serial
port.
VISA close: Closes a device session or an event object that is specified by
the VISA resource name (Figure 4.16).

FIGURE 4.16
VISA close.
5
LabVIEW Interfacing with the
Proteus Simulation Software

Before implementing the designed system on the actual hardware and

interfacing it to the LabVIEW, it is preferred to check the Proteus model
with the LabVIEW. If there would be any error then it can be solved at the
software level only. To interface LabVIEW with the Proteus software, a vir-
tual serial port emulator (VSPE) needs to be installed. VSPE creates the vir-
tual bridge between the serial port of Proteus software with the LabVIEW
simulator.
The system is first designed on the Proteus simulation and then interfaced
with LabVIEW through VSPE to check its feasibility.

5.1 Virtual Serial Port Emulator

To set up the interfacing, install the VSPE software and open the window.
Click on device and create as shown in Figure 5.1. A pop will appear and
select “pair” as a device type and click next, as shown in Figure 5.2. Then
assign the COM of COMPIM of Proteus and COM in LABVIEW as shown in
Figure 5.3. Then click the add button on the software; it will pair and show
the status in the device manager. Figure 5.4 shows the COMPIM configu-
ration in the Proteus to interface with the LABVIEW. Figure 5.5 shows the
COMPIM and Arduino connection in the Proteus.
The COMPIM model is a physical interface model (PIM) of a serial port. It
receives serial data (9600-8-N-1) in buffer and transmits to the circuit as an
input signal. The data from the CPU or UART appears at the PC’s physical
COM port.

29
30 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Figure 5.1 shows the VSPE window that opens on clicking the software
icon.

FIGURE 5.1
VSPE window.

Figure 5.2 shows the VSPE window for pairing the two virtual ports.

FIGURE 5.2
VSPE window for pairing two virtual ports.
LabVIEW Interfacing with the Proteus Simulation Software 31

Figure 5.3 shows how to assign COM ports and then finish the pairing
process.

FIGURE 5.3
VSPE window for assigning COM port number.

Figure 5.4 shows the paired COM ports in VSPE. Let us assume that
COM1 is with the Proteus model and COM2 is with LabVIEW.

FIGURE 5.4
VSPE window showing paired COM ports.
32 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Figure 5.5 shows how to interface COMPIM with the controller in Proteus
model.

FIGURE 5.5
COMPIM and Arduino connection in Proteus.

Figure 5.6 shows how to configure the COMPIM in Proteus model.

The edit component POP-up appears on right clicking on the COM port in
the model.
LabVIEW Interfacing with the Proteus Simulation Software 33

FIGURE 5.6
Configure the COMPIM in Proteus to interface with LabVIEW.

Figure 5.7 shows the Proteus simulation model displaying the sensor value
on the virtual terminal after COM port pairing with VSPE. Figure 5.8 is picto-
rial representation of the complete process of interfacing Proteus Simulation
Software with LabVIEW.

FIGURE 5.7
Proteus simulation model showing sensor value at virtual terminal.
34 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 5.8
Arduino interfacing with the LabVIEW.
 Section II

Arduino and I/O Devices

6
Arduino and Display Devices

This chapter describes the Arduino interfacing with the display devices such
as the light emitting diode (LED) and the liquid crystal display (LCD). The
working of the devices is discussed with the help of an interfacing circuit,
program, and Proteus simulation models.

6.1 Arduino and Light Emitting Diode

A LED is a device, which can be used to indicate any condition or to display
normal or warning conditions. LED has two terminals: (1) anode and
(2) cathode. LED are available in the market in different colors. Figure 6.1
shows the snapshot of LED.
Different colors can be used to represent different conditions. The color
of LED is due to compounds that emit light in specific regions of the visible
light spectrum. Table 6.1 shows the characteristics of a typical LED.
To study the operation of LED, following components are required as
given in Table 6.2.

FIGURE 6.1
Light emitting diode.

37
38 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 6.1
LED Characteristics
Semiconductor
S.No. Material Wavelength Color V F@20 mA
1 GaAs 850–940 nm Infrared 1.2 V
2 GaAsP 630–660 nm Red 1.8 V
3 GaAsP 605–620 nm Amber 2.0 V
4 GaAsP:N 585–595 nm Yellow 2.2 V
5 AlGaP 550–570 nm Green 3.5 V
6 SiC 430–505 nm Blue 3.5 V
7 GaInN 450 nm White 4.0 V
Source: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/diode/diode_8.html

TABLE 6.2
Components List to Study the Working of LED
Component/Specification Quantity
Power supply/+5 V/500 mA 1
Arduino Uno 1
LED 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

6.1.1 Circuit Diagram

LED connection
• Arduino digital pin 7- LED

Figure 6.2 shows the circuit diagram of the Arduino interfacing with the
LED.
Arduino and Display Devices 39

FIGURE 6.2
Circuit diagram to read LED.
40 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

6.1.2 Program
int LED_PIN=7;
void setup()
{
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);// initialize pin 7 as output pin
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Make pin 7 HIGH
delay(1000); // 1000 mS delay
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Make pin 7 HIGH
delay(1000); // 1000 mS delay
}

6.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 6.3 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the LED with
the Arduino. Load the program in Arduino and check the working of the
circuit. When simulation occurs in “run” condition, then it holds the “on”
position and LED will glow.

FIGURE 6.3
Proteus simulation model to read LED.
Arduino and Display Devices 41

6.2 Arduino and Liquid Crystal Display

LCD is a display module. A 16 × 2 LCD display is commonly used as a dis-
play device in various circuits. This module is preferred over seven segments
as they are economical, easily programmable, and have no limitation of dis-
playing special and even custom characters.
A 16 × 2 LCD means that it can display 16 characters per row and there
are two rows. In this LCD, each character is displayed in a 5 × 7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers: (1) command and (2) data.
The command register stores the instructions that are given to the LCD. An
instruction is given to the LCD to do a predefined task such as initializing
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, and controlling the display,
and so on. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD
(Figure 6.4).
A 20 × 4 LCD means that it can display 20 characters per row and there
are 4 rows. In this LCD, each character is displayed in a 5 × 7 pixel matrix.
The pin description is same as LCD (16 × 2). 20 × 4 LCD is considered
to demonstrate the interfacing of LCD with the Arduino (Figure 6.5 and
Table 6.3).

FIGURE 6.4
Liquid crystal display (16 × 2).

FIGURE 6.5
Liquid crystal display (20 × 4).
42 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 6.3
Pin Description of a LCD
Pin Description
1. (Ground) Ground (0 V)
2. (VCC) Power supply (5 V)
3. (VEE) Contrast adjustment with a variable resistor
4. (Register select) Selects command register when low and selects data register when high
5. (Read/write) Low to write to the register and high to read the register
6. (Enable) Send data to the data line when high to low pulse is given
7. (DB0) 8 bit data lines
8. (DB1)
9. (DB2)
10. (DB3)
11. (DB4)
12. (DB5)
13. (DB6)
14. (DB7)
15. (LED+) Backlight Vcc (5 V)
16. (LED−) Backlight ground (0 V)

6.2.1 Circuit Diagram

Connect the Vcc of Arduino with +5 V and GND pin to ground of power
supply.

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 6.6 shows the circuit diagram of the Arduino interfacing with the
LCD.
Arduino and Display Devices 43

FIGURE 6.6
Circuit diagram to read LCD.

6.2.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10,9,8);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20, 4);// Initialize LCD
lcd.print("WELCOME_UPES");// Print string on LCD
delay(2000);// Delay 2000mS
lcd.clear();
}
44 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);// set cursor of LCD
lcd.print("EIC Department");// Print string on LCD
delay(2000);// Delay 2000mS
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor of LCD
lcd.print("UPES Dehradun");// Print string on LCD
delay(2000);// Delay 2000mS
}

6.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 6.7 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the LCD with
the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check the working of the
circuit. When simulation is in “run” condition, then it holds the print string
“UPES Dehradun” on the LCD.

FIGURE 6.7
Proteus simulation model to read LCD.
7
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices

This chapter describes the Arduino interfacing with digital I/O devices such
as a push button, fire sensor, passive infrared (PIR) sensor, and an alcohol
sensor. The working of the devices is discussed with the help of interfacing
circuit, program and proteus simulation models.

7.1 Push Button and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid

Crystal Display
A push button is a switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine
or a process. Buttons are usually made of plastic or metal. The surface is flat
so that it can be easily pressed. Buttons require a spring to return to their
unpushed state. These are commonly used in calculators, telephones, and
other electronic devices. Figure 7.1 shows the snapshot of the two terminal
push buttons.

FIGURE 7.1
Push buttons.

Following components are required to study the operation of a push button

(Table 7.1).

45
46 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE.7.1
Components List to Study the Working of a Push Button
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
Push button 1
RED LED 1
BLUE LED 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

Figure 7.2 shows the block diagram to study the working of a push button
with Arduino, which comprises Arduino, power supply, liquid crystal display
(LCD), light emitting diode (LED), and a push button. LCD is connected to
display the required content that corresponds to the action taken. LEDs are
connected to show which action is taken, for example, if the button is not
pressed “blue” LED will glow and if it is pressed then “red” LED will glow.
The programmer can read a push button by two methods: (1) digital low
and (2) digital high.

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

LED
1
Power supply Arduino
LED
2

Push
button

FIGURE 7.2
Block diagram for Arduino interfacing with the push button.
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 47

7.2 Push Button–Digital “LOW”

When the push button is unpressed, there is no connection between the two
terminals of the push button, so the pin is connected to the ground and it is
read as LOW. The red LED will glow if the switch is pressed or else the blue
LED will glow.

7.2.1 Circuit Diagram

To read the push button as digital low, connect the components as follows:

Push button connection

• Arduino GND-push button one terminal
• Arduino digital pin 5-push button other terminal

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

LED connection
• Arduino digital pin 3-RED-LED
• Arduino digital pin 2-BLUE-LED

Figure 7.3 shows the circuit diagram interfacing the push button with the
Arduino.
 48

FIGURE 7.3
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram to read the push button as digital LOW.

Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 49

7.2.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);// initialize the LCD
Library w.r t. RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
int BUTTON_LOW=5;
int RED_LED=3;
int BLUE_LED=2;
void setup()
{
pinMode(BUTTON_LOW, INPUT_PULLUP);//configure pin5 as an input
and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(RED_LED,OUTPUT);//
configure pin4 as outputpinMode(BLUE_LED,OUTPUT);//
configure pin3 as output
lcd.begin(20, 4);// set the type of LCD by number of
columns and rows
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("DIGTAL LOW BUTTON ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("READ SYSTEM.......");// Print a message to the LCD.
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
int BUTTON_LOW_READ = digitalRead(BUTTON_LOW);//read the
pushbutton value into a variable
if (BUTTON_LOW_READ == LOW)// Read PIN 5 as LOW PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("BUTTON_PRESSED ");// Print a message to the LCD.
digitalWrite(RED_LED, HIGH);//High PIN3
digitalWrite(BLUE_LED, LOW);// Low PIN2
delay(20);
}
else //otherwise
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("BUTTON_NOT_PRESSED ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(BLUE_LED, HIGH);//High PIN2
digitalWrite(RED_LED,LOW);//Low PIN3
delay(20);
}
}
50 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

7.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 7.4 and 7.5 show the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the
push button with the Arduino. Load the program in Arduino and check for
the working of the circuit. When button is pressed then it holds the “on”
position and red LED will glow.

FIGURE 7.4
Proteus simulation model showing that the push button is not pressed.
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 51

FIGURE 7.5
Proteus simulation model showing that the push button is pressed.

7.3 Push Button–Digital “HIGH”

When the button is closed (pressed), it makes a connection between the two
terminals connecting the pin to 5 V, and it is read as HIGH. The circuit can be
connected in a opposite way when a pull-up resistor keeps the input HIGH
and goes LOW when the button is pressed; in this case, the behavior of LED
will be opposite, it will be normally ON and become OFF when the switch
is pressed. Figure 7.6 shows the circuit diagram to read the push button as
digital “HIGH.”
Components list is same as provided in Table 7.1.
 52

FIGURE 7.6
Circuit diagram to read the push button as digital “HIGH.”
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 53

7.3.1 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);// initialize the LCD
Library w.r t. RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
int BUTTON_HIGH=5;
int RED_LED=3;
int BLUE_LED=2;
void setup()
{
pinMode(BUTTON_HIGH, INPUT);//configure pin5 as an input and
enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(RED_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin4 as output
pinMode(BLUE_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin3 as output
lcd.begin(20, 4);// set up the LCD's number of columns
and rows
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("DIGTAL HIGH BUTTON ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("READ SYSTEM.......");// Print a message to the LCD.
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{

int BUTTON_HIGH_READ = digitalRead(BUTTON_HIGH);//read the

pushbutton value into a variable
if (BUTTON_HIGH_READ == HIGH)// Read PIN 5 as LOW PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("BUTTON_PRESSED ");// Print a message to the LCD.
digitalWrite(RED_LED, HIGH);//High PIN3
digitalWrite(BLUE_LED, LOW);// Low PIN2
delay(20);
}
else //otherwise
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("BUTTON_NOT_PRESSED ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(BLUE_LED, HIGH);//High PIN2
digitalWrite(RED_LED,LOW);//Low PIN3
delay(20);
}
}
54 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

7.3.2 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 7.7 and 7.8 show the Proteus simulation model for the push button
with Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check the working of
the circuit. When the button is pressed then it holds the “on” position and
Red LED will glow.

FIGURE 7.7
Proteus simulation model to read the push button as digital “HIGH” (button not pressed).
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 55

FIGURE 7.8
Proteus simulation model to read the push button as digital “HIGH” (button pressed).

7.4 Fire Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid

Crystal Display
The flame sensor is a digital sensor, which detects fire. To demonstrate its
working, fire sensor from “Robosoft systems” is considered. The module
comprises of an IR sensor, OP–Amp circuitry, potentiometer, and a LED as
an indicator (Table 7.2). RED LED glows when the sensor detects the fire.
56 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 7.2
Components List to Study the Working of a Fire Sensor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, +5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
Fire sensor 1
Push button 1
RED LED 1
BLUE LED 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

FIGURE 7.9
Fire detector sensor module (Robosoft systems).

The sensitivity of sensor can be adjusted with the help of a potentiometer.

The detecting range of this module is 1–2 m. It is easy to mount on any sys-
tem due to its light weight of about 5 g. It gives a high output on fire detection.
Figure 7.9 shows the snapshot for the fire detection sensor.
Figure 7.10 shows the block diagram of the system to study the working of
fire sensor. It comprises of the Arduino, power supply, LEDs, and fire sensor.
LEDs are connected to indicate the action taken; for example, if the fire sen-
sor senses the fire then “red” LED will glow else the “blue” LED will glow.
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 57

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

LED
Power Arduino 1
supply Uno
LED
2

Fire
sensor

FIGURE 7.10
Block diagram to study the fire sensor.

7.4.1 Circuit Diagram

FLAME sensor connection

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino digital pin 2-Module digital out pin

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

LED connection
• Arduino digital pin 7-RED-LED
• Arduino digital pin 6-BLUE-LED

Figure 7.11 shows the circuit diagram to study the working of the fire sensor.
Connect all the components as described in Section 7.4.1. Red LED will glow,
when it will detect fire or else Blue LED will glow.
 58

FIGURE 7.11
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram to study the working of the fire sensor.

Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 59

7.4.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);// initialize the
LCD Library w.r t. RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
int FIRE_SENSOR_LOW=2;
int RED_LED=7;
int GREEN_LED=6;
void setup()
{
pinMode(FIRE_SENSOR_LOW, INPUT_PULLUP);//configure pin5 as
an input and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(RED_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin4 as output
pinMode(GREEN_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin3 as output
lcd.begin(20, 4);// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("FIRE SENSOR BASED ");// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print(" FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM...");// Print a message to
the LCD.
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{

int FIRE_SENSOR_LOW_READ = digitalRead(FIRE_SENSOR_LOW);//

read the pushbutton value into a variable
if (FIRE_SENSOR_LOW_READ == LOW)// Read PIN 5 as LOW PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("FIRE DETECTED ");// Print a message to the LCD.
digitalWrite(RED_LED, HIGH);//High PIN3
digitalWrite(GREEN_LED, LOW);// Low PIN2
delay(20);
}
else //otherwise
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("FIRE NOT DETECTED ");// Print a message to the LCD.
digitalWrite(GREEN_LED, HIGH);//High PIN2
digitalWrite(RED_LED,LOW);//Low PIN3
delay(20);
}
}
60 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 7.12
Proteus simulation model to study the fire sensor (fire not detected).

7.4.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 7.12 and 7.13 show the Proteus simulation model for the system.
Connect all the components as described in Section 7.3.2. In addition to
it, a “logic” needs to be connected with the sensor. As this is a virtual
environment, so to make its input as LOW or HIGH, a logic is con-
nected to it, which can be changed manually to check the working of
the sensor.
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 61

FIGURE 7.13
Proteus simulation model to study the fire sensor (fire detected).

7.5 Passive Infrared Sensor and Light Emitting

Diode/Liquid Crystal Display
PIR sensor detects the motion. PIR sensor from sunrom-1133 is considered
for demonstration. It has a Fresnel lens and a motion detection circuit,
which is suitable for a wide range of supply voltages with low current
drain. It gives output as standard TTL active low signal indicated by an
onboard LED. It has a range of 6 m and can be used to access control
systems and burglar alarms. It has three terminals—(1) power, (2) GND,
and (3) an output.
Figure 7.14 shows the snapshot of the PIR sensor.
Figure 7.15 shows the block diagram of the system to study the working of
the PIR sensor. It comprises the Arduino, power supply, LEDs, and the PIR
sensor (Table 7.3). LEDs are connected to show, which input is given by the
sensor, for example, if the sensor detects any motion then “red” LED will
glow or else “blue” LED will glow.
62 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 7.14
PIR sensor (sunrom-1133).

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

LED
Power 1
Arduino
supply Uno LED
2

PIR
sensor

FIGURE 7.15
Block diagram to study the working of a PIR sensor.

TABLE 7.3
Components List to Study the Working of a PIR Sensor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, +5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
PIR sensor 1
Push button 1
RED LED 1
BLUE LED 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 63

7.5.1 Circuit Diagram

PIR sensor connection
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino digital pin 2-Module digital out pin

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

LED connection
• Arduino digital pin 7-RED-LED
• Arduino digital pin 6-BLUE-LED

Figure 7.16 shows the circuit diagram of the system to study the working fire
sensor, comprising Arduino, power supply, LEDs, and the fire sensor.

7.5.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);// initialize
the LCD Library w.r t. RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
int PIR_SENSOR_LOW=5;
int RED_LED=7;
int BLUE_LED=6;
void setup()
{
pinMode(PIR_SENSOR_LOW, INPUT_PULLUP);//configure pin5 as
an input and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(RED_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin4 as output
pinMode(BLUE_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin3 as output
 64

FIGURE 7.16
Circuit diagram to study the working of a PIR sensor.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 65

lcd.begin(20, 4);// set up the LCD's number of columns

and rows
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("MOTION SENSOR BASED");// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("MOTION DETECTION ");// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("SYSTEM AT UPES");// Print a message to the LCD.
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{

int PIR_SENSOR_LOW_READ = digitalRead(PIR_SENSOR_LOW);//

read the pushbutton value into a variable
if (PIR_SENSOR_LOW_READ == LOW)// Read PIN 5 as LOW PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("MOTION DETECTED ");// Print a message to the LCD.
digitalWrite(RED_LED, HIGH);//High PIN3
digitalWrite(BLUE_LED, LOW);// Low PIN2
delay(20);
}
else //oterwise
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);// set cursor to column0 and row3
lcd.print("MOTION NOT DETECTED ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(BLUE_LED, HIGH);//High PIN2
digitalWrite(RED_LED,LOW);//Low PIN3
delay(20);
}
}

7.5.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 7.17 and 7.18 show the Proteus simulation model for the PIR sensor.
Connect all the components as described in Section 7.3.2. In addition to it,
a “logic” needs to be connected with the sensor. As this is virtual environ-
ment, so to make its input as LOW or HIGH, a “logic” is connected to it,
which can be changed manually to check the working of the sensor.
66 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 7.17
Proteus simulation model for a PIR sensor (motion detected).

FIGURE 7.18
Proteus simulation model for a PIR sensor (motion not detected).
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 67

7.6 Alcohol Sensor and Light Emitting Diode/Liquid

Crystal Display
Alcohol sensor is a semiconductor device, which detects the presence of
alcohol. To demonstrate the working of an alcohol sensor, MQ3 sensor from
sunrom is considered, which can detect alcohol with concentration ranging
from 0.05 to 10 mg/L. It is made of a sensitive material SnO2; it shows lower
conductivity in clean air, and conductivity increase with an increase in the
alcohol–gases concentration. This module gives output in both: (1) the ana-
log forms and (2) the digital forms.
This alcohol sensor can be used to detect alcohol consumption by a person
from his or her breath. Figure 7.19 shows the snapshot of an alcohol sensor.
Table 7.4 describes the components required to study the alcohol sensor.

FIGURE 7.19
Alcohol sensor from sunrom.
68 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 7.4
Components List to Study the Working of an Alcohol Sensor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, +5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
Alcohol sensor 1
Push button 1
RED LED 1
BLUE LED 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Sensor patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

Figure 7.20 shows the block diagram of the system to study the working of
an alcohol sensor. It comprises Arduino, power supply, LEDs, and an alcohol
sensor.

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

LED
Power 1
Arduino
supply Uno LED
2

Alcohol
detector
sensor

FIGURE 7.20
Block diagram to study the working of an alcohol sensor.
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 69

7.6.1 Circuit Diagram

Alcohol sensor connection with Arduino

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino digital pin 2-Module digital out pin

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

LED connection
• Arduino digital pin 5-RED-LED
• Arduino digital pin 4-BLUE-LED

Figure 7.21 shows the circuit diagram to study the alcohol sensor.
 70

FIGURE 7.21
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram to study an alcohol sensor.

Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 71

7.6.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);// initialize the
LCD Library w.r t. RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
int ALCOHOL_SENSOR_LOW=3;
int RED_LED=5;
int GREEN_LED=4;
void setup()
{
pinMode(ALCOHOL_SENSOR_LOW, INPUT_PULLUP);//configure pin5 as
an input and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(RED_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin4 as output
pinMode(GREEN_LED,OUTPUT);//configure pin3 as output
lcd.begin(20, 4);// set the type of LCD as per number of
columns and rows
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("ALCOHOL SENSOR BASED");// Print a message to the
LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("ALCOHOL DETECTION ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("SYSTEM AT UPES.....");// Print a message to the LCD.
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{

int ALCOHOL_SENSOR_LOW_READ = digitalRead(ALCOHOL_SENSOR_

LOW);//read the pushbutton value into a variable
if (ALCOHOL_SENSOR_LOW_READ == LOW)// Read PIN 5 as LOW PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("ALCOHOL DETECTED ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(RED_LED, HIGH);//High PIN3
digitalWrite(GREEN_LED, LOW);// Low PIN2
delay(20);
}
72 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

else //oterwise
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);// set cursor to column0 and row3
lcd.print("ALCOHOL NOT DETECTED ");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(GREEN_LED, HIGH);//High PIN2
digitalWrite(RED_LED,LOW);//Low PIN3
delay(20);
}
}

7.6.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 7.22 and 7.23 show the Proteus simulation model for the system.
Connect all the components as described in Section 7.4.2. In addition to it, a
“logic” needs to be connected with the sensor. As this is a virtual environ-
ment, so to make its input as LOW or HIGH, a logic is connected to it, which
can be changed manually to check the working of the sensor.

FIGURE 7.22
Proteus simulation model for an alcohol sensor (alcohol not detected).
Arduino and Digital Input/Output Devices 73

FIGURE 7.23
Proteus simulation model for an ultrasonic sensor (alcohol detected).
8
Arduino and Analog Devices

This chapter describes the Arduino interfacing with the analog devices such
as ultrasonic sensor, passive infrared (PIR) sensor, and an alcohol sensor.
The working of the devices is discussed with the help of the interfacing cir-
cuit, program, and proteus simulation models.

8.1 Ultrasonic Sensor and Liquid Crystal Display

Ultrasonic sensor measures the distance of an object from the sensor. It has a
small size and is easy to use. It measures the distance with the help of sound
waves. It sends out a sound wave at a specific frequency, which when strike
through the object reflects back to its origin. By recording the elapsed time
between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back,
it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object.
Figure 8.1 shows the block diagram to study the working of ultrasonic sen-
sor, comprising Arduino, ultrasonic sensor, and liquid crystal display (LCD)
(Table 8.1).

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino

12 V/1 A Uno

Ultrasonic
sensor

FIGURE 8.1
Block diagram to study an ultrasonic sensor.

75
76 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 8.1
Component List to Study the Working of an Ultrasonic Sensor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, +5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
Ultrasonic sensor 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Sensor patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

Ultrasonic sensor can be connected to the controller in two modes-serial

out and PMW out.

8.2 Ultrasonic Sensor—Serial Out

Model no. 1166 for ultrasonic sensor from Sunrom technologies gives serial
output. Its operating range is 10–400 cm with accuracy of ±1 cm. It gives
serial output at a baud rate of 9600 bps. It gives data in a packet format of
9 bytes as xxx.xxxcm <CR>.

Packet Format

ASCII ASCII ASCII Fixed ASCII ASCII ASCII Fixed ASCII Fixed
(0–9) (0–9) (0–9) decimal (0–9) (0–9) (0–9) character ASCII
(.) (c) character
(m)

Figure 8.2 shows the snapshot of an ultrasonic sensor from Sunrom with the
Model no. 1166.
Arduino and Analog Devices 77

FIGURE 8.2
An ultrasonic sensor (Sunrom-1166).

8.2.1 Circuit Diagram

To read the ultrasonic sensor serial out, connect the components as
follows:

Ultrasonic sensor connection in serial out mode

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino RX pin(0)-data out pin of sensor

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 8.3 shows the circuit diagram interfacing the ultrasonic sensor with
Arduino.
 78

FIGURE 8.3
Circuit diagram to study the working of an ultrasonic sensor.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
Arduino and Analog Devices 79

8.2.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
String inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout = ""; // a string
to hold incoming data
boolean stringComplete_Ultrasonic_serialout = false;
// whether the string is complete

void setup( ) {
// initialize serial:
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20, 4);
inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout.reserve(200);
}

void loop()
{
if (stringComplete_Ultrasonic_serialout)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout);
Serial.println(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout);
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[0]);
lcd.print(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[1]);
lcd.print(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[2]);
lcd.print(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[3]);
lcd.print(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[4]);
lcd.print(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[5]);

if((inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[1]>='3')&&
(inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout[2]>='5'))
{
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("WATER LEVEL OVER");

}
else
{
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("WATER LEVEL OK");
}
inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout = "";
stringComplete_Ultrasonic_serialout = false;
}
}
80 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
inputString_Ultrasonic_serialout += inChar;
if (inChar == 0x0D)
{
stringComplete_Ultrasonic_serialout = true;
}
}
}

8.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 8.4 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the ultrasonic
sensor with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check the
working of the circuit. To change the distance in the virtual environment, a
potentiometer is connected.

FIGURE 8.4
Proteus simulation model showing the working of an ultrasonic sensor.
Arduino and Analog Devices 81

8.3 Ultrasonic Sensor—PWM Out

Ultrasonic sensor with Sunrom model no. 3719 gives PWM output with two
I/O pins. It can measure the distance ranging from 2 cm to 5 m. The sensor
transmits an ultrasonic wave and produces output by measuring the echo
pulse width. It operates on a +5 V DC. Figure 8.5 shows the ultrasonic sensor
with PWM out.

FIGURE 8.5
An ultrasonic sensor (Sunrom-3719).

8.3.1 Circuit Diagram

PWM OUT
To read the ultrasonic PWM out, connect the components as follows:

Ultrasonic sensor PWM OUT connection

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino digital pin 5-Module digital trigger pin
• Arduino digital pin 4-Module digital echo pin

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 8.6 shows the circuit diagram of an ultrasonic sensor in the PWM mode.
 82

FIGURE 8.6
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram to study the working of an ultrasonic sensor (PWM mode).

Arduino and Analog Devices 83

8.3.2 Program
8.3.2.1 Ultrasonic Sensor—PWM OUT
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8); // initialize the LCD
pin RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
const int pingPin = 5; // Trigger Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor
const int echoPin = 4; // Echo Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20, 4);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Ultrasonic distance");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("System at UPES");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
long duration, inches, cm;
pinMode(pingPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(pingPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(pingPin, LOW);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
inches = microsecondsToInches(duration);
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print(inches);
lcd.setCursor(4, 2);
lcd.print("in, ");
lcd.setCursor(8, 2);
lcd.print(cm);
lcd.setCursor(12, 2);
lcd.print("cm");
Serial.print("in, ");
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.print("cm");
Serial.println();*/
delay(200);
}
84 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds)

{
return microseconds / 74 / 2;
}
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}

8.3.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 8.7 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the ultrasonic
sensor with the Arduino. Load the program in Arduino and check the work-
ing of the circuit. To change the distance in the virtual environment, a poten-
tiometer is connected.

FIGURE 8.7
Proteus simulation model to study the working of an ultrasonic sensor (PWM mode).
Arduino and Analog Devices 85

8.4 Temperature Sensor and Liquid Crystal Display

A temperature sensor measures the temperature of surroundings accord-
ing to the level of an electrical signal. The working of the sensor is based
on the voltage difference. Whenever the temperature rises, the voltage also
increases. The sensor records any change that occurs in the voltage between
the transistor base and the emitter.
Figure 8.8 shows the block diagram of the system to measure the tempera-
ture and display it on the LCD. It comprises the controller that is Arduino
Uno, power supply, LCD, and temperature sensor, which give an analog out-
put (Table 8.2).

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino

12 V/1 A Uno

Temperature
analog out

FIGURE 8.8
Block diagram to study the temperature sensor.

TABLE 8.2
Component List to Study the Working of Temperature Sensor
Component/Specification Quantity
Power supply/+12 V/1 A, + 5 V/500 mA 1
Arduino Uno 1
Temperature sensor 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Sensor patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
86 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

8.5 Temperature Sensor-Analog Out

The LM35 series is an integrated circuit for temperature sensor. Corresponding
to each degree Celsius (°C) it gives 10 mV as output. It can sense temperature
in the range of −55°C–+150°C.

FIGURE 8.9
LM35.

8.5.1 Circuit Diagram

8.5.1.1 Temperature Sensor Analog Out
To read the temperature sensor analog out, connect the components as follows:

LM35 sensor connection

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 8.10 shows the circuit diagram for the temperature sensor interfacing
with the Arduino.
 Arduino and Analog Devices

FIGURE 8.10
Circuit diagram to interface temperature sensor and Arduino.
87
88 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

8.5.2 Program
8.5.2.1 Program LM35—Analog Out
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10,9, 8);// attach LCD pin
RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7 to the given pins
int TEMP_sensor_Pin = A0; // select the input pin for the
potentiometer
int TEMP_sensor_ADC_Value = 0; // variable to store the
value coming from the sensor

void setup()
{

lcd.begin(20, 4);// Initialise 20*4 LCD

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor of LCD at column0 and Row0
lcd.print("Temperature monitoring");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("System at UPES.....");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}
void loop()
{
TEMP_sensor_ADC_Value = analogRead(TEMP_sensor_Pin);
// read the value from the sensor
float TEMP_sensor_Value_ACTUAL=TEMP_sensor_ADC_Value/2;
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("ADC LEVEL:");
lcd.setCursor(11,2);
lcd.print(TEMP_sensor_ADC_Value);
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("TEMP VALUE:");
lcd.setCursor(12,3);
lcd.print(TEMP_sensor_Value_ACTUAL);
}

8.5.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 8.11 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the
temperature sensor with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and
check the working of the circuit. The LCD displays the ADC level of sensor
and the corresponding temperature value.
 Arduino and Analog Devices

FIGURE 8.11
Proteus simulation model for working of the temperature sensor.
89
90 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

8.6 Humidity/Temperature Sensor—Serial Out

Humidity or temperature sensor from Sunrom with model no. 1211 is used
to measure the relative humidity and temperature with the serial interface.
The serial data can be checked on PC terminal software at 9600 bps. It can
sense temperature from +2°C to +60°C and relative humidity from 1% to
100%. It can be used for environment monitoring at weather stations, green-
houses, and medicine storage.
Figure 8.12 shows the temperature/humidity sensor from (Sunrom model
no. 1211).

FIGURE 8.12
Temperature/humidity sensor (Sunrom-1211).

Table 8.3 shows the pin description and Table 8.4 shows the packet format
for the sensor model no. 1211.

TABLE 8.3
Pin Description of Humidity/Temperature Sensor-Serial Out (Sunrom-1211)
Pin1 Pin2 Pin3
GND +5 V Transmit out-serial data at 9600 bps, 8 bit data, no parity, 1 stop bit.

TABLE 8.4
Packet Format
Byte Count Details
1 New line character: “\n”
2 Fixed character, “H”
3 Fixed character, “:”
4 Humidity character: “Hundreds”
5 Humidity character: “Tens”
6 Humidity character: “Ones”
(Continued)
Arduino and Analog Devices 91

TABLE 8.4 (Continued)

Packet Format
Byte Count Details

7 Space
8 Fixed character: “T”
9 Fixed character: “:”
10 Temperature character: “Hundreds”
11 Temperature character: “Tens”
12 Temperature character: “Ones”
13 New line character: “\r”

Example Output of Serial in terminal software: H:058 T:024.

It means relative humidity is 58% and temperature is 24°C.
Figure 8.13 shows the block diagram for the study of temperature/humidity
sensor with serial out. It comprises Arduino Uno, LCD (to display the values),
power supply, and sensor.

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino

12 V/1 A Uno

Temp + Humidity
sensor
serial-out

FIGURE 8.13
Block diagram to study temperature/humidity sensor.

8.6.1 Circuit Diagram

8.6.1.1 Temperature Sensor (Serial Out)
To read the temperature sensor serial out, connect the components as follows:
Temperature and humidity sensor connection
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino RX pin-data out pin of sensor
92 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 8.14 shows the circuit diagram for the temperature/humidity sensor
interfacing with the Arduino.

FIGURE 8.14
Circuit diagram to interface the temperature/humidity sensor.
Arduino and Analog Devices 93

8.6.2 Program
8.6.2.1 Temp/Humidity Sensor—Serial Out
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

String inputString_TEMP_HUMI = "";// a string to hold incoming

data
boolean stringComplete_TEMP_HUMI = false; // whether the
string is complete

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20, 4);
inputString_TEMP_HUMI.reserve(200); // 200 bytes for the
inputString
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("TEMP_HUMIDITY");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("RADIATION_sensor");
delay(2000);
}

void loop()
{

if (stringComplete_TEMP_HUMI)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.println(inputString_TEMP_HUMI);
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HUM:");
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[3]);
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[4]);
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[5]);
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("TEMP:");
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[9]);
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[10]);
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[11]);

if(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[0]==0x0A)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HUM:");
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[4]);
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[5]);
94 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[6]);
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("TEMP:");
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[10]);
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[11]);
lcd.print(inputString_TEMP_HUMI[12]);
}

inputString_TEMP_HUMI = "";
stringComplete_TEMP_HUMI = false;
}
}

void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
inputString_TEMP_HUMI += inChar;
if (inChar == 0x0D)
{
stringComplete_TEMP_HUMI = true;
}
}
}

8.7 Light-Dependent Resistor with Liquid Crystal Display

A light-dependent resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device, which
measures the intensity of light of the surroundings with resistivity as a func-
tion of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light-sensitive
devices. They are also known as photoconductive cells, photoconductors, or
simply photocells. The resistance of LDR decreases with an increase in the
light intensity. It is suitable for using in projects, which require a device or
circuit to be automatically switched “on” or “off” in “darkness” or “light.”

8.8 Light-Dependent Resistor—Analog Out

The analog output from LDR is connected to the controller to check the light
intensity of room and take the corresponding action. Figure 8.15 shows the
block diagram of the system and comprises Arduino Uno, LCD, power sup-
ply, and LDR.
Arduino and Analog Devices 95

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino

12 V/1 A Uno

LDR
analog out

FIGURE 8.15
Block diagram to study the LDR.

Figure 8.16 shows the snapshot for the LDR. To study the behavior of
LDR, a small system can be developed. Table 8.5 shows the components list
required to implement it.

FIGURE 8.16
LDR (Sunrom-3190).
96 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 8.5
Component List to Study the Working of LDR
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, + 5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
LDR 1
Push button 1
RED LED 1
BLUE LED 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Sensor patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

8.8.1 Circuit Diagram

To read the LDR analog out, connect the components as follows:

LDR sensor connection

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 8.17 shows the circuit diagram for LDR interfacing with Arduino.
 Arduino and Analog Devices

FIGURE 8.17
Circuit diagram for LDR interfacing with the Arduino.
97
98 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

8.8.2 Program
8.8.2.1 Light-Dependent Resistor—Analog Out
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10,9, 8);// attach LCD pin
RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7 to the given pins
int LDR_sensor_Pin = A0; // select the input pin for the
potentiometer
int LDR_sensor_ADC_Value = 0; // variable to store the value
coming from the sensor
int RED_LED=7;
void setup()
{

lcd.begin(20, 4);// Initialise 20*4 LCD

pinMode(RED_LED,OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor of LCD at column0 and Row0
lcd.print("LDR based light");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("intensity monitoring");
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("system at UPES");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop()
{
LDR_sensor_ADC_Value = analogRead(LDR_sensor_Pin);
// read the value from the sensor
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("ADC LEVEL+LDR:");
lcd.setCursor(17,2);
lcd.print(LDR_sensor_ADC_Value);
if(LDR_sensor_ADC_Value>=100)
{
digitalWrite(RED_LED,HIGH);
delay(20);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(RED_LED,LOW);
delay(20);
}
}
Arduino and Analog Devices 99

8.8.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 8.18 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the LDR with
Arduino. Load the program in Arduino and check the working of the circuit.
The LCD displays the ADC level of the sensor. Figure 8.18 shows the Proteus
simulation model for LDR interfacing with the Arduino.

FIGURE 8.18
Proteus simulation model for LDR interfacing.
100 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

8.9 Light Intensity Sensor—I2C Out

Digital light sensor BH1750FVI is to be interfaced with the controller in I2C
(TWI) mode of communication. This sensor is suitable for obtaining the
ambient light intensity value. It is possible to detect a wide range of 0–65535
(Lux) light intensity with high resolution. It operates at 3.3–5 V. Figure 8.19
shows the block diagram to study the light sensor, which comprises of
Arduino Uno, LCD, power supply, and the light sensor. Figure 8.20 shows
the snapshot of a light sensor.

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino

12 V/1 A Uno

Light
sensor
12C-out

FIGURE 8.19
Block diagram to study the light sensor.

FIGURE 8.20
Light sensor (BH1750FVI).
Arduino and Analog Devices 101

Table 8.6 shows the component list to study the working of a light sensor.

TABLE 8.6
Component List to Study the Working of a Light Sensor
Component/Specification Quantity
Power supply/+12 V/1 A, + 5 V/500 mA 1
Arduino Uno 1
Light sensor (BM1750) I2C out 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Sensor patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

8.9.1 Circuit Diagram

To read the light sensor, connect the components as follows:

Light sensor connection

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino pin5-SCL pin of sensor
• Arduino pin4-SDA pin of sensor

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 8.21 shows the circuit diagram of the light sensor interfacing with the
Arduino.
 102

FIGURE 8.21
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram for the interfacing of light sensor with Arduino.

Arduino and Analog Devices 103

8.9.2 Program
8.9.2.1 LDR TWI (I2C) Out
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
#include <Wire.h>
#include <BH1750.h>

BH1750 lightMeter;

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
lightMeter.begin();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("LIGHT SENSOR");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("MBM1750 at UPES");

void loop()
{
uint16_t lux = lightMeter.readLightLevel();

lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("LIGHT LEVEL:");
lcd.print(lux);
lcd.print("lux");
Serial.print("Light level: ");
Serial.print(lux);
Serial.println(" lx");
delay(1000);
}

8.10 Servo Motor and the Liquid Crystal Display

A servo motor is a rotary actuator, which allows an angular position control.
It comprises a sensor for a position feedback. It has a high torque with metal
gears and 360° rotation. It provides 11 kg/cm torque at 4.8 V, 13.5 kg/cm at
6 V, and 16 kg/cm at 7.2 V. Figure 8.22 shows the block diagram to study the
behavior of a servo motor. Figure 8.23 shows the snapshot for the servo motor
from Robokits. Table 8.7 shows the component list to study the working of a
servo motor.
104 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino Servo

12 V/1 A Uno motor

POT
analog out

FIGURE 8.22
Block diagram to study a servo motor.

FIGURE 8.23
Servo motor from Robokits.

TABLE 8.7
Component List to Study the Working of a Servo Motor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, + 5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
Servo motor 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
POT 1
LCD patch 1
Sensor patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Arduino and Analog Devices 105

8.10.1 Circuit Diagram

To read the servo motor, connect the components as follows:

Servo connection
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino pin(3)-servo PWM pin

POT connection
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of POT

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 8.24 shows the circuit diagram to interface servo motor with the
Arduino.
 106

FIGURE 8.24
Circuit diagram to interface servo motor.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
Arduino and Analog Devices 107

8.10.2 Program
#include <Servo.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
Servo myservo;
int POT_PIN = A0; // analog pin used to connect the
potentiometer
int POT_PIN_ADC_LEVEL; // variable to read the value from
the analog pin

void setup()
{ myservo.attach(3); // connect the servo on pin 9 to the
servo object
lcd.begin(20,4);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Servo ANALOG write ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("system at UPES....");
}

void loop()
{
POT_PIN_ADC_LEVEL = analogRead(POT_PIN); // reads
the value of the potentiometer (value between 0 and 1023)

POT_PIN_ADC_LEVEL = map(POT_PIN_ADC_LEVEL, 0, 1023, 0, 179);

// scale it to use it with the servo (value between 0 and 180)

myservo.write(POT_PIN_ADC_LEVEL); // sets the servo

position according to the scaled value
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("ANGLE:");
lcd.print(POT_PIN_ADC_LEVEL);
delay(15);
}

8.10.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 8.25 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the servo
motor with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check the
working of the circuit. The LCD displays the angle of servo.
108 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 8.25
Proteus simulation model for servo motor interfacing with Arduino.
9
Arduino and Motors/Actuators

This chapter describes the Arduino interfacing with the motors or actuators
such as DC motor, stepper motor, and the AC motor. The working of the
devices is discussed with the help of an interfacing circuit, program, and
Proteus simulation models.

9.1 DC Motor
DC motor with 100 rpm is used to demonstrate the working. It is very easy
to use and is available in standard size. It has 1.2 kg/cm torque, No-load
current = 60 mA (Max), and Load current = 300 mA (Max). Figure 9.1 shows
the DC motor from Robokits India.
Figure 9.2 shows the block diagram to study the working of a DC motor.
Block diagram comprises the Arduino Uno, liquid crystal display (LCD),
power supply, DC motor, and motor driver. As DC motor is 12 V/1 A, so
L293D motor driver is used.

FIGURE 9.1
DC motor from Robokits India.

109
110 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino Motor

12 V/1 A Uno DC motor
driver (L293 D)

LEDs

FIGURE 9.2
Block diagram to study a DC motor.

Table 9.1 shows the component list for interfacing the DC motor with the
Arduino.

TABLE 9.1
Component List to Study the Working of a DC Motor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, +5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
DC motor 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
L293D 1
L293D patch 1
LED (different color) 4
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero size PCB or bread board or designed PCB 1
Arduino and Motors/Actuators 111

9.1.1 Circuit Diagram

To control the DC motor, connect the components as follows:

L293D and DC motor connection

• L293D pin 3-to +ve pin of DC motor1
• L293D pin 6-to −ve pin of DC motor1
• L293D pin 11-to +ve pin of DC motor2
• L293D pin 14-to +ve pin of DC motor2

L293D connection
• Arduino GND-4,5,12,13 pins of IC
• Arduino +5 V-1,9,16 pins of IC
• Arduino pin 7-pin 2 of IC
• Arduino pin 6-pin 7 of IC
• Arduino pin 5-pin 10 of IC
• Arduino pin 4-pin 15 of IC
• L293D pin8-+ve of 12 V battery

LED connection
• Arduino pin 7-LED1
• Arduino pin 6-LED2
• Arduino pin 5-LED3
• Arduino pin 4-LED4

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 9.3 shows the circuit diagram to interface the DC motor with the
Arduino.
 112

FIGURE 9.3
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram to interface DC motor.

Arduino and Motors/Actuators 113

9.1.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
int MPIN1= 7;
int MPIN2= 6;
int MPIN3= 5;
int MPIN4= 4;

void setup()
{
pinMode(MPIN1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(MPIN2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(MPIN3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(MPIN4, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(20,4);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("DC Motor direction");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("control system...");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(MPIN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(MPIN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(MPIN3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(MPIN4, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("CLOCKWISE");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();// wait for a second
digitalWrite(MPIN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(MPIN2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(MPIN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(MPIN4, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("ANTI-CLOCKWISE");
delay(2000); // wait for a second
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(MPIN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(MPIN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(MPIN3, HIGH);
digitalWrite(MPIN4, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("LEFT");
114 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(MPIN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(MPIN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(MPIN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(MPIN4, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("RIGHT");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}

9.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 9.4 and 9.5 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing
the DC motor with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and
check the working of the circuit. The LCD displays the direction of the
DC motor.

FIGURE 9.4
Proteus simulation model to control DC motor (anticlockwise).
Arduino and Motors/Actuators 115

FIGURE 9.5
Proteus simulation model to control a DC motor (clockwise).

9.2 Stepper Motor

To demonstrate the working of stepper motor, stepper motor from Robokits
INDIA is considered. A four-wire bipolar stepper motor can take a step
angle of 3.75° and operates on 3.3 V. It has a holding torque of 0.65 Kg/cm at
0.6A per winding with a weight of 180 g. Figure 9.6 shows the snapshot of a
stepper motor from Robokits India.

FIGURE 9.6
Stepper motor from Robokits India.
116 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Figure 9.7 shows the block diagram to study the working of a stepper
motor. It comprises Arduino Uno, power supply, LCD, stepper motor, and a
motor driver (L293D).

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino Motor Stepper

12 V/1 A Uno driver (L293 D) motor

LEDs

FIGURE 9.7
Block diagram to study the working of a stepper motor.

Table 9.2 shows the component list for interfacing stepper motor with the
Arduino.

TABLE 9.2
Component List to Study the Working of a Stepper Motor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, +5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
Stepper motor 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
L293D 1
L293D patch 1
LED (different color) 4
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Arduino and Motors/Actuators 117

9.2.1 Circuit Diagram

To control the stepper motor, connect the components as follows:

L293D and stepper motor connection

• L293D pin 3-to +ve pin of DC motor1
• L293D pin 6-to −ve pin of DC motor1
• L293D pin 11-to +ve pin of DC motor2
• L293D pin 14-to +ve pin of DC motor2

L293D connection
• Arduino GND-4,5,12,13 pins of IC
• Arduino +5 V-1,9,16 pins of IC
• Arduino pin 7-pin 2 of IC
• Arduino pin 6-pin 7 of IC
• Arduino pin 5-pin 10 of IC
• Arduino pin 4-pin 15 of IC
• L293D pin8-+ve of 12 V battery

LED connection
• Arduino pin 7-LED1
• Arduino pin 6-LED2
• Arduino pin 5-LED3
• Arduino pin 4-LED4

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 9.8 shows the circuit diagram to interface the stepper motor with the
Arduino.
 118

FIGURE 9.8
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram to interface stepper motor.

Arduino and Motors/Actuators 119

9.2.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the

interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

int A_Phase_MPIN1= 7;
int B_Phase_MPIN2= 6;
int C_Phase_MPIN3= 5;
int D_Phase_MPIN4= 4;

void setup()
{
pinMode(A_Phase_MPIN1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(B_Phase_MPIN2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(C_Phase_MPIN3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(D_Phase_MPIN4, OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(20,4);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("DC Motor direction");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("control system...");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(A_Phase_MPIN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(B_Phase_MPIN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(C_Phase_MPIN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(D_Phase_MPIN4, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("90 Degree");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();// wait for a second
digitalWrite(A_Phase_MPIN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(B_Phase_MPIN2, HIGH);
digitalWrite(C_Phase_MPIN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(D_Phase_MPIN4, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("180 Degree");
delay(2000); // wait for a second
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(A_Phase_MPIN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(B_Phase_MPIN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(C_Phase_MPIN3, HIGH);
120 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

digitalWrite(D_Phase_MPIN4, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("270 Degree");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
digitalWrite(A_Phase_MPIN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(B_Phase_MPIN2, LOW);
digitalWrite(C_Phase_MPIN3, LOW);
digitalWrite(D_Phase_MPIN4, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("360 Degree");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
}

9.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 9.9 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the stepper
motor with the Arduino. Load the program in Arduino and check the work-
ing of the circuit. The LCD displays the angle of a stepper motor.

FIGURE 9.9
Proteus simulation model to control a stepper motor.
Arduino and Motors/Actuators 121

9.3 AC Motor with Relay

An AC motor is an induction motor in which the electric current in the rotor
is required to produce torque. Torque is obtained by an electromagnetic
induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. Figure 9.10 shows
the block diagram to study the AC motor. It comprises the Arduino, AC
motor, LCD, and the power supply.

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino

12 V/1 A Uno Relay AC motor

FIGURE 9.10
Block diagram to study an AC motor.

Table 9.3 shows the component list for interfacing AC motor with the
Arduino.

TABLE 9.3
Component List to Study the Working of a AC Motor
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A, + 5 V/500 mA 1

Arduino Uno 1
AC motor 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Relay 1
Relay patch 1
2N2222 1
LED (different color) 4
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
122 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

9.3.1 Circuit Diagram

To control the AC motor, connect the components as follows:

2N2222, Relay, and Arduino connection

• Arduino pin 7-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-L2 end relay
• L1 end of relay to +12 V of battery or power supply
• COM pin of relay-one end of AC motor
• NO pin of relay-other end of AC motor

LCD connection
• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 9.11 shows the circuit diagram to interface the AC motor with the
Arduino through the relay and the transistor.
 Arduino and Motors/Actuators

FIGURE 9.11
123

Circuit diagram to interface AC motor.

124 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

9.3.2 Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
int RELAY_2N2222= 7;

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
pinMode(RELAY_2N2222, OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("AC MOTOR ON/OFF");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("System at UPES");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("AC MOTOR ONN");
digitalWrite(RELAY_2N2222, HIGH); // turn the LED on
(HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(2000); // wait for a second

lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("AC MOTOR OFF");
digitalWrite(RELAY_2N2222, LOW); // turn the LED off by
making the voltage LOW
delay(2000); // wait for a second
}

9.3.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 9.12 and 9.13 show the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the
AC motor with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check the
working of the circuit. The LCD displays the status of a stepper motor.
Arduino and Motors/Actuators 125

FIGURE 9.12
Proteus simulation model to control AC motor (ON condition).

FIGURE 9.13
Proteus simulation model to control AC motor (OFF condition).
 Section III

Arduino and Wireless

Communication
10
Arduino and Wireless Communication

This chapter describes the Arduino interfacing with the wireless

communication modules such as 2.4 GHz RF modem and global system for
mobile (GSM). The working of the devices is discussed with the help of an
interfacing circuit, program, and Proteus simulation models.

10.1 RF Modem (2.4 GHz)

2.4 GHz RF modem from Sunrom1418 operates at 3.3 or 5 V. RF modem can
be used for a two-way wireless communication. It has a bidirectional UART
serial data transfer with a half-duplex capability. It operates on 2.4 GHz,
which is a license-free band. It can be used for applications such as sen-
sor networks, smart houses, and so on. It has an adjustable baud rate of
9600/4800/2400/19200 bps. To set the baud rate the unit should be in “OFF”
condition. To adjust baud rate the two jumpers called B1 and B2 are given
onboard, which are generally open to be at a baud rate of 9600 bps. To make
any jumper on, short that jumper by soldering its pads. Baud rate can be
configured as follows:

B1 = OFF, B2 = OFF, 9600 bps (Default)

B1 = ON, B2 = OFF, 4800 bps
B1 = OFF, B2 = ON, 2400 bps
B1 = ON, B2 = ON, 19200 bps

Frequency channel setting can be used to have multiple sets operating at the
same time but without interfering with each other. The pair with the same
channel setting can communicate with each other. Frequency channel has to
be set when the unit is OFF. Frequency channel can be configured as follows:

F1 = OFF, F2 = OFF, Channel #1 (Default)

F1 = ON, F2 = OFF, Channel #2
F1 = OFF, F2 = ON, Channel #3
F1 = ON, F2 = ON, Channel #4

Figure 10.1 shows the snapshot of the 2.4 GHz RF modem (Table 10.1).

129
130 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 10.1
2.4 GHz RF modem (Sunrom model-1418).

TABLE 10.1
Pin Description of RF Modem
RXD Receive input (Connected to TXD pin of the microcontroller)
TXD Transmit output (Connected to RXD pin of the microcontroller)
+3/5 V Regulated 3.3–5 V supply input
GND Ground (Must be connected with the ground of microcontroller)

To study the working of RF modem a basic system can be designed to

check the feasibility of the modem. Figure 10.2 shows the block diagram to
design the system with two sections, that is, the transmitter and the receiver
with a wireless link between them.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)

Power supply Arduino RF RF Arduino

12 V/1 A Uno modem modem Uno

Temperature
sensor Power supply
12 V/1 A

FIGURE 10.2
Block diagram to study the RF modem.
Arduino and Wireless Communication 131

Transmitter section: It comprises Arduino, power supply, liquid crystal

display (LCD) (to display readings from the sensor), temperature
sensor (to sense the surrounding temperature), and RF modem to
transmit the data to the receiver.
Receiver section: It comprises Arduino, LCD, power supply, and RF
modem to receive data from the transmitter.

Table 10.2 shows the components that are required to study the operation of
a RF modem.

TABLE 10.2
Components List to Study the Working of a RF Modem
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 2

Arduino Uno 2
Temperature sensor 1
RF modem (2.4 GHz) 1 pair
RF modem patch 2
LCD (20 * 4) 2
LCD patch 2
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 30 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 2

10.1.1 Circuit Diagram

10.1.1.1 Transmitter Section
Arduino and LM35
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
132 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD

• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

10.1.1.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 10.3 shows the circuit diagram for the transmitter and the receiver
sections.
 Arduino and Wireless Communication

FIGURE 10.3
133

Circuit diagram for transmitter and receiver sections.

134 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

10.1.2 Program
10.1.2.1 Transmitter Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
int TEMP_SENSOR=A0;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);// initialize serial communication at
9600 bits per second
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("wireless Serial ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("communication via 2.4 GHz");
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("modem at SME.....");
}

void loop()
{
int TEMP_SENSOR_ADC_VALUE = analogRead(TEMP_SENSOR);
int TEMP_VAL=TEMP_SENSOR_ADC_VALUE/2;//10mV/0C is resolution
of sensor
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Temp. in 0C:");
lcd.setCursor(13,3);
lcd.print(TEMP_VAL);// print temperature value on LCD
Serial.write(TEMP_VAL);
delay(100);
}

10.1.2.2 Receiver Program

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);// initialize serial communication at 9600
bits per second
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("wireless Serial ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("communication via 2.4 GHz");
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("modem at SME.....");
}
Arduino and Wireless Communication 135

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop()
{
int TEMP_VALUE=Serial.read();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Temp. in 0C:");
lcd.setCursor(13,3);
lcd.print(TEMP_VALUE);// print temperature value on LCD
delay(100);

Serial.print("TEMP_VAL:");
Serial.println(TEMP_VALUE);
delay(100); // delay in between reads for stability
}

10.1.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Connect the components in virtual environment as in the circuit diagram.
Figures 10.4 and 10.5 shows the Proteus simulation model for the transmitter
and the receiver sections. Load the program in Arduino and check the work-
ing of the circuit. The serial data can be checked on the virtual terminal. For
this, connect the RX pin of the virtual terminal to the TX pin of the Arduino
as shown in Figure 10.5.

FIGURE 10.4
Proteus simulation model for the transmitter and receiver.
136 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 10.5
Proteus simulation model with virtual terminal.

10.2 Global System for Mobile Modem

A GSM is to communicate with the mobile phone. It can be connected in
two modes with controller—TTL (to interface with the microcontrollers) and
RS232 (to interface directly to the PC). It is preferable to take TTL logic GSM
modem. GSM need 12 V/1 A DC power supply.
Figure 10.6 shows the snapshot of a GSM modem.
Figure 10.7 shows the block diagram to study the working of a GSM
modem. It comprises two parts: (1) transmitter and the (2) mobile phone.
Transmitter section comprises Arduino Uno, power supply, LCD, tem-
perature sensor, and GSM mode. The system is designed to capture the
surrounding temperature reading and send it to a predefined mobile
number.
Arduino and Wireless Communication 137

FIGURE 10.6
GSM modem.

Liquid crystal
display Wireless
(LCD)

Power supply Arduino GSM Mobile

12 V/1 A Uno modem phone

Temperature
sensor

FIGURE 10.7
Block diagram to study the GSM modem.

Table 10.3 describes the component list of a GSM system.

138 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 10.3
Components List to Study the Working of a GSM Modem
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
Push button 1
GSM modem 1
GSM modem patch 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

10.2.1 Circuit Diagram

To read the GSM modem with the Arduino, connect the components as follows:
A push button is used to generate signal, which when pressed a message
will be delivered.

Arduino and push button

• Arduino pin7-connect message button
• Arduino pin6-connect CALL button
• Arduino pin5-connect END button

Arduino and GSM modem

• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of GSM modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of GSM modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 10.8 shows the circuit diagram for the system.

Arduino and Wireless Communication 139

Circuit diagram.
FIGURE 10.8
140 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

10.2.2 Program
To program GSM modem, make pin9 and pin10 as transmitter and receiver
and include SoftwareSerial library. The format is SoftwareSerial mySerial (Rx, Tx).
In this code, pin9 of Arduino is the Rx and pin10 of Arduino is the Tx.
The first step is to set baud rate of SoftwareSerial library to communicate
with the GSM module. This is achieved by the command mySerial.begin func-
tion. The second step is to set the baud rate of Arduino IDE’s serial moni-
tor. This is done by the command Serial.begin function. The baud rate is
9600 bits/s is set.
The details of some of the important instructions are as follows:

Serial.available(): It checks for any data that are received to the

serial port of Arduino. The function returns the number of bytes
that are available to read from the serial buffer.
Serial.read(): It reads the data available at the serial buffer.
mySerial.available(): It checks for the data received from the
GSM module through the SoftwareSerial.
mySerial.read(): It reads the incoming data at the software serial
port.
Serial.write(): It prints the data to the serial monitor of the Arduino.
SendMessage(): It sends an SMS. This is achieved by sending an AT
Command “AT+CMGF=1.” To achieve this, the mySerial.println()
function is used. The mobile number is to be added to send the SMS.
This is achieved with an AT command “AT+CMGS=\”+91xxxxxxxx
xx\”\r”—where x is to be replaced with the mobile number. The end
of the SMS content is identified with CTRL+Z. The ASCII value of
this CTRL+Z is 26. So, char(26) is sent to the GSM module using the
line mySerial.println((char)26).
RecieveMessage(): It is used to receive a SMS. The AT command to
receive a SMS is “AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0.” AT Command to read the
SMS stored in SIM card is “AT+CMGL=\”ALL\”\r” which is to be
sent to the GSM module.

10.2.2.1 Main Program

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial(3, 4);
#define MESSAGE_button 7
#define CALL_button 6
#define END_button 5
String number ="9837043685"; // Add the 10-Digit Mobile Number
Arduino and Wireless Communication 141

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20, 4);
Serial.begin(9600);
mySerial.begin(9600);
pinMode(MESSAGE_button,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(CALL_button,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(END_button,INPUT_PULLUP);
//digitalWrite(msg_key,HIGH);
//digitalWrite(call_key,HIGH);
//digitalWrite(end_key,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("GSM MESSAGE ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("sending system.... ");
delay(1000);
}
void loop()
{
//Sends an sms everytime msg_key is pressed
if (digitalRead(MESSAGE_button)==LOW) // Check if the
sms key is being pressed
{
lcd.clear();
mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // Set the Mode as Text Mode
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(150);
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+919837043685\"\r");
// Specify the Destination number in
international format by replacing the 0's
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("AT+CMGS=\"+919837043685\"\r");
delay(150);
mySerial.print("message Send"); // Enter the message
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("message Send");
delay(150);
mySerial.write((byte)0x1A); // End of message character
0x1A : Equivalent to Ctrl+z
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("cntrl+Z");
delay(50);
mySerial.println();
}
//Makes a call when call_key is pressed
else if (digitalRead(CALL_button)==LOW) // Check if the call
key is being pressed
{
lcd.clear();
142 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("ATD+91"+number+";");
mySerial.println("ATD+91"+number+";"); //Specify the
number to call
while(digitalRead(CALL_button)==LOW);
delay(50);
}
//Hang the call
else if (digitalRead(END_button)==LOW) // Check if the hang
up key is being pressed
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("ATH");
mySerial.println("ATH");
while(digitalRead(END_button)==LOW);
delay(50);
}
}

10.2.3 Proteus Simulation Model

Connect the components in the virtual environment as in the circuit diagram.
Figure 10.9 shows the Proteus simulation model for the transmitter section.
Load the program in the Arduino and check the working of the circuit. The
serial data can be checked on the virtual terminal. For this, connect RX pin
of virtual terminal to TX pin of Arduino as shown in Figure 10.9.

FIGURE 10.9
Proteus simulation model.
Section IV

Projects
11
2.4 GHz RF Modem-Based Security
System for Restricted Area

11.1 Introduction
This project is designed for monitoring the security of the restricted areas.
The system is designed in two sections: (1) sensor node and (2) server. It is
designed in such a way that it will sense any intrusion with the help of a
passive infrared (PIR) sensor at the sensor node and communicated to the
server wirelessly with a 2.4 GHz RF modem. At the server, a LabVIEW GUI
is created to observe the system. Figure 11.1 shows the block diagram of the
system.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)

Power supply Arduino RF RF Arduino To

12 V/1 A Uno modem modem Uno LabVIEW

Power supply
PIR 12 V/1 A
sensor

FIGURE 11.1
Block diagram for the system.

145
146 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Tables 11.1

and 11.2).

TABLE 11.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
PIR sensor 1
PIR sensor patch 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero size PCB or bread board or designed PCB 1

TABLE 11.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
LabVIEW software in PC/laptop 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

11.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

TRANSMITTER SECTION
Arduino and PIR sensor
• Arduino GND-Sensor GND
• Arduino +5 V-sensor +Vcc
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor
2.4 GHz RF Modem-Based Security System for Restricted Area 147

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(Tx)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

RECEIVER SECTION
Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(Tx)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 11.2 shows the circuit diagram of the system.

148 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Circuit diagram.
FIGURE 11.2
2.4 GHz RF Modem-Based Security System for Restricted Area 149

11.3 Program
11.3.1 Transmitter Section
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
const int PIR_sensor_PIN = 10;

int PIR_sensor_PIN_state=0;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(PIR_sensor_PIN, INPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SECURITY SYSTEM");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("OF RESTRICTED AREA");
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop()
{
PIR_sensor_PIN_state = digitalRead(PIR_sensor_PIN);

if(PIR_sensor_PIN_state == HIGH)
{
lcd.clear();
int PIR_SERIAL_BYTE=10;
Serial.write(PIR_SERIAL_BYTE);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SECURITY BREAK");
delay(50);
}

else
{
lcd.clear();
int PIR_SERIAL_BYTE=20;
Serial.write(PIR_SERIAL_BYTE);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SYSTEM SECURED");
delay(50);
}

}
150 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

11.3.2 Receiver Section

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("SECURITY SYSTEM");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("OF RESTRICTED AREA");
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop()
{
int PIR_sensor_SERIAL_BYTE = Serial.read();;

if(PIR_sensor_SERIAL_BYTE == 10)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print("PIRSENSOR:");
Serial.println(PIR_sensor_SERIAL_BYTE);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SECURITY BREAK");
delay(50);
}
else if(PIR_sensor_SERIAL_BYTE == 20)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print("PIRSENSOR:");
Serial.println(PIR_sensor_SERIAL_BYTE);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SYSTEM SECURED");
delay(50);
}

}
2.4 GHz RF Modem-Based Security System for Restricted Area 151

11.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Connect all the components as described in Section 11.2. In addition to it,
a logic needs to be connected with the sensor. As this is a virtual environ-
ment, so to make its input as LOW or HIGH, logic is connected to it, which
can be changed manually to check the working of the sensor. Figure 11.3
shows a simulation model showing “SYSTEM SECURED” when logic is “0.”
Figure 11.4 shows a simulation model showing “SECURITY BREAK.”

FIGURE 11.3
Proteus simulation model showing “system secured.”
152 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 11.4
Proteus simulation model showing “security break.”

11.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed for monitoring the security of the restricted
areas. GUI is designed in two parts: (1) block diagram and (2) front panel. In
front panel two LEDs are placed as an indicator when the system security is
broken or the system is secured. When security is broken red LED glow and
when the system is secured then the green LED glow. It has a serial COM
port to access the data from the PC port, baud rate is set as “9600,”which is
same as the wireless modem “Zigbee” to receive the data with the same rate,
data bits “8,” parity “none” stop bits “1,” serial count is set as “100,” and then
Read_PIR_Serial to read the received data from the PIR sensor. Waveform
chart is optional; it can be used to check the data received in the form of a
waveform. To make front panel and block diagram, a graphical program-
ming is done (Figures 11.5 through 11.7) with the help of the blocks and steps
discussed in Chapter 4.
2.4 GHz RF Modem-Based Security System for Restricted Area 153

FIGURE 11.5
Front panel showing “security break.”

FIGURE 11.6
Front panel showing “system secured.”
 154

FIGURE 11.7
LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
12
Campus Fire Monitoring System
with a 2.4 GHz RF Modem

12.1 Introduction
The objective of this project is to design a monitoring system for the fire alerts
in the campus. The system is designed in two sections: (1) transmitter sec-
tion and (2) receiver section, in such a way that it will sense the fire in the
surroundings with the help of a fire sensor at the transmitter section and
communicated to the receiver section wirelessly with a 2.4 GHz RF modem.
At the receiver end, a LabVIEW GUI is created to observe the system.
Figure 12.1 shows the block diagram of the system.
To design the system, following components are required (Tables 12.1
and 12.2).

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)

Power supply Arduino RF RF Arduino TO PC

12 V/1 A Uno modem modem Uno (LabVIEW)

Fire sensor Power supply

12 V/1 A

FIGURE 12.1
Block diagram for the system.

155
156 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 12.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
Flame sensor 1
Flame sensor patch 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 12.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
LabVIEW software in PC/laptop 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

12.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

12.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and FLAME sensor
• Arduino GND-Sensor GND
• Arduino +5 V-sensor +Vcc
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor
Campus Fire Monitoring System with a 2.4 GHz RF Modem 157

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

12.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10: D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 12.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system, connecting all the
components as per connections.
158 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 12.2
Circuit diagram.

12.3 Program
12.3.1 Transmitter Section
const int FLAME_SENSOR_PIN = 8;
int FLAME_SENSOR_state=0;
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(FLAME_SENSOR_PIN, INPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("FLAME DETECTION");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SYSTENM AT UPES");
delay(1000);

}
Campus Fire Monitoring System with a 2.4 GHz RF Modem 159

void loop()
{
FLAME_SENSOR_state = digitalRead(FLAME_SENSOR_PIN);

if(FLAME_SENSOR_state== HIGH)
{
lcd.clear();
int FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data=10;
Serial.write(FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("FLAME DETECTED");
delay(50);
}

else
{
lcd.clear();
int FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data=20;
Serial.write(FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("NO FLAME");
delay(50);
}
}

12.3.2 Receiver Section

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("FLAME DETECTION");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SYSTENM AT UPES");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
int FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data= Serial.read();;
if(FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data == 10)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print("FLAMESENSOR:");
160 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Serial.println(FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("FLAME DETECTED");
delay(50);
}
else if(FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data == 20)
{
lcd.clear();
Serial.print("FLAMESENSOR:");
Serial.println(FLAME_SENSOR_serial_data);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("NO FLAME");
delay(50);
}

12.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Connect all the components as described in Section 12.2. In addition to it, a
logic needs to be connected with the sensor. As this is a virtual environment,
so to make its input as LOW or HIGH, a logic is connected to it, which can
be changed manually to check the working of the sensor. Figure 12.3 shows
a simulation model showing “NO FLAME” when logic is “0.” Figure 12.4
shows simulation model showing “FLAME DETECTED.”

FIGURE 12.3
Proteus simulation model for the system showing “NO FLAME.”
Campus Fire Monitoring System with a 2.4 GHz RF Modem 161

FIGURE 12.4
Proteus simulation model for the system showing “FLAME DETECTED.”

12.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed for monitoring system for the fire alerts in the
campus. GUI is designed in two parts: (1) block diagram and (2) front panel.
In the front panel, two LEDs are placed as an indicator when system security
is broken or the system is secured. Red LED indicates “FIRE DETECTED”
and green LED indicates “NO FIRE DETECTED.” It has a serial COM port
to access the data from the PC port, baud rate is set as “9600,” which is same
as the wireless modem “Zigbee” to receive the data with the same rate, data
bits “8,” parity “none” stop bits “1,” serial count is set as “100,” flow control
“None” Serial_read_buffer to read the received data from the fire sensor.
Waveform chart is optional; it can be used to check the data received in form
of waveform. To make the front panel and block diagram, active graphical
programming is done (Figures 12.5 through 12.7) with the help of blocks and
steps discussed in Chapter 4.
162 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 12.5
Front panel showing “FIRE DETECTED.”

FIGURE 12.6
Front panel showing “NO FIRE DETECTED.”
Campus Fire Monitoring System with a 2.4 GHz RF Modem 163

LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.

FIGURE 12.7
13
Light-Dependent Resistor-Based
Light Intensity Control System

13.1 Introduction
This project is about to design the light-dependent resistor-based room light
intensity control system. The system is designed in two sections: (1) transmitter
section and (2) receiver section. At the transmitter, light-dependent resistor
(LDR) is connected to the Arduino to sense the intensity of the surroundings.
The level of intensity is sensed and transmitted to the receiver section to
control the intensity at the required level. The receiver section comprises the
Arduino Uno, LCD, RF modem, dimmer, and load (bulb). The load can be
controlled in 4, 8, or 16 levels. At the server, a LabVIEW GUI is created to
observe the system. Figure 13.1 shows the block diagram of the system.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)

Power supply Arduino RF RF Arduino To

12 V/1 A Uno modem modem Uno LabVIEW

LDR Power
Dimmer
supply
12 V/1 A

Load

FIGURE 13.1
Block diagram for the system.

165
166 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Tables 13.1

and 13.2).

TABLE 13.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
LDR sensor 1
LDR sensor patch 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 13.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
LabVIEW software in PC/laptop 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Dimmer 1
Dimmer patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Light-Dependent Resistor-Based Light Intensity Control System 167

13.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

13.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and LDR sensor
• Arduino GND-Sensor GND
• Arduino +5 V-sensor +Vcc
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

13.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem
168 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 13.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system.

FIGURE 13.2
Circuit diagram for the system.

13.3 Program
13.3.1 Transmitter Section
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
Light-Dependent Resistor-Based Light Intensity Control System 169

#define LDR_SENSOR_PIN A0
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print( "LDR BASED LIGHT");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print( "Intensity control ");
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print( "system AT SME ");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
int LDR_sensor_BYTE_LEVEL = analogRead(LDR_SENSOR_PIN);
int LDR_sensor_BYTE=LDR_sensor_BYTE_LEVEL/100;
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("LDR LEVEL:");
lcd.setCursor(11,3);
lcd.print(LDR_sensor_BYTE);
Serial.write(LDR_sensor_BYTE);
delay(100);
}

13.3.2 Receiver Section

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9,8);
#define DIMMER_PIN_A 7
#define DIMMER_PIN_B 6
#define DIMMER_PIN_C 5
#define DIMMER_PIN_D 4
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print( "LDR BASED LIGHT");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print( "Intensity control ");
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print( "system AT SME ");
pinMode(DIMMER_PIN_A,OUTPUT);
pinMode(DIMMER_PIN_B,OUTPUT);
pinMode(DIMMER_PIN_C,OUTPUT);
pinMode(DIMMER_PIN_D,OUTPUT);
delay(1000);
}
170 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

void loop()
{
int LDR_sensor_BYTE=Serial.read();

Serial.print("LDRSENSOR:");
Serial.println(LDR_sensor_BYTE);
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("LDR LEVEL:");
lcd.setCursor(11,3);
lcd.print(LDR_sensor_BYTE);

if(LDR_sensor_BYTE<=20)
{
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_A,LOW);
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_B,LOW);
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_C,LOW);
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_D,HIGH);
}
if(LDR_sensor_BYTE>=30)
{
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_A,LOW);
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_B,LOW);
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_C,HIGH);
digitalWrite(DIMMER_PIN_D,LOW);
}

delay(100);
}

13.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Proteus Simulation model for the system is designed by connecting all the
components as described in Section 13.2. Figure 13.3 shows a Proteus simula-
tion model with LDR levels.
Light-Dependent Resistor-Based Light Intensity Control System 171

FIGURE 13.3
Proteus simulation model for the system.

13.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed for LDR-based light-intensity control system. GUI
is designed in two parts: (1) block diagram and the (2) front panel. The front
panel has a serial COM port to access the data from the PC port, baud rate
is set as “9600,” which is same as the wireless modem “Zigbee” to receive
the data with the same rate, data bits “8,” parity “none” stop bits “1,” serial
count is set as “100,” flow control “None,” and Serial_read_buffer to read the
received data from the fire sensor. Waveform chart is optional; it can be used
to check the data received in the form of waveform. To make the front panel,
an active graphical programming is done in the block diagram (Figures 13.4
through 13.5) with the help of blocks and steps discussed in Chapter 4.
172 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 13.4
Front panel for the system.

FIGURE 13.5
LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.
14
DC Motor Control System
with LabVIEW GUI

14.1 Introduction
This project is designed to control DC motor with the LabVIEW GUI. It can
be used in the applications such as a wireless control for a robot. The system
is designed in two sections: (1) transmitter section and the (2) receiver sec-
tion. The transmitter section comprises Arduino Uno, power supply, PC (for
LabVIEW), LCD, and the RF modem. In this project, two independent meth-
ods to control a DC motor are discussed. A motor can be controlled with a
switch array as well as with LabVIEW GUI for “clockwise,” “anticlockwise,”
and “stop” to make movement in the forward or reverse direction. Receiver
section comprises the Arduino Uno, power supply, motor driver (L293D),
DC motor, and RF modem. The RF modem is connected to communicate
wirelessly between the two sections and operates at 2.4 GHz frequency.
Figure 14.1 shows the block diagram of the system.
To design the system, following components are required (Tables 14.1
and 14.2).

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)
PC
(LabVIEW)
Arduino RF RF Arduino Motor DC
Power Uno modem modem Uno driver motor
supply
12 V/1 A

Switch Power supply

array 12 V/1 A

FIGURE 14.1
Block diagram for the system.

173
174 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 14.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Power supply/+5 V/500 mA 1
Arduino Uno 1
Switches 4
PC/laptop (LabVIEW) 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 14.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
DC motor 1
L293D 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 175

14.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

14.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and push button
• Arduino pin7-one terminal of push button ‘clockwise’
• Arduino pin6-one terminal of push button ‘anti-clockwise’
• Arduino pin5-one terminal of push button ‘stop’
• Other terminal of all push buttons-GND

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

14.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem
176 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Arduino and L293D connection

• Arduino GND-4,5,12,13 pins of IC
• Arduino +5 V-1,9,16 pins of IC
• Arduino pin 7-pin 2 of IC
• Arduino pin 6-pin 7 of IC
• Arduino pin 5-pin 10 of IC
• Arduino pin 4-pin 15 of IC
• L293D pin8-+ve of 12 V battery

L293D and DC motor connection

• L293D pin 3-to +ve pin of DC motor1
• L293D pin 6-to −ve pin of DC motor1

Figure 14.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system.

DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 177

Circuit diagram.
FIGURE 14.2
178 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

14.3 Program
14.3.1 Transmitter Section
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
#define BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION 7
#define BUTTON_PIN_FORWARD 6
#define BUTTON_PIN_REVERSE 5
#define BUTTON_PIN_STOP 4
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN_FORWARD,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN_REVERSE,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN_STOP,INPUT_PULLUP);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("DC motor control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("+ remote control");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
int
BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital=digitalRead(BUTTON_MODE_
SELECTION);
if (BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital==LOW)
{
char LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR;
LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=Serial.read();
if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='W')

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("CLOSEWISE");
Serial.write('W');

else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Z')
{
lcd.clear();
DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 179

lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("ANTICLOCKWISE");
Serial.write('Z');

else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='E')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("STOP");
Serial.write('E');
}
delay(10);
}

else if(BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital==HIGH)
{
int
BUTTON_PIN_FORWARD_digital=digitalRead (BUTTON_PIN_FORWARD);
int BUTTON_PIN_REVERSE_digital=digitalRead
(BUTTON_PIN_REVERSE);
int BUTTON_PIN_STOP_digital=digitalRead (BUTTON_PIN_STOP);
if (BUTTON_PIN_FORWARD_digital==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("CLOSEWISE");
Serial.write('W');
}
if(BUTTON_PIN_REVERSE_digital==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("ANTICLOCKWISE");
Serial.write('Z');
}
if(BUTTON_PIN_STOP_digital==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("STOP");
Serial.write('E');
}

}
180 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

14.3.2 Receiver Program

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#define DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE 6
#define DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE 7

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20,4);
pinMode(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("DC motor control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("+ remote control");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
char LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR;
LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=Serial.read();
if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='W')

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("CLOCKWISE");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, LOW);
}
DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 181

else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Z')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("ANTICLOCKWISE");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, HIGH);
}

else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='E')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("STOP");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, LOW);

delay(10);
}

14.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Connect all the components as described in Section 14.2. Figure 14.3 shows a
simulation model showing that the motor is moving “CLOCKWISE.”
 182

FIGURE 14.3
Proteus simulation model showing the motor moving in “CLOCKWISE” direction.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
DC Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 183

14.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed to control the DC motor. GUI is designed in two
parts: (1) block diagram and (2) front panel. In the front panel, three buttons
are used to make the motor in “forward,” “reverse,” or “stop.” It has a serial
COM port to access the data from the PC port, baud rate is set as “9600”
which is same as the wireless modem “Zigbee” to send the data with same
rate, data bits “8,” parity “none” stop bits “1.” To make the front panel, an
active graphical programming is done in the block diagram (Figures 14.4
through 14.6) with the help of blocks and steps discussed in Chapter 4.

FIGURE 14.4
Front panel showing that the motor is controlled in “FORWARD” direction.

FIGURE 14.5
Front panel showing that the motor is controlled in “REVERSE” direction.
 184

FIGURE 14.6
LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
15
Stepper Motor Control System
with LabVIEW GUI

15.1 Introduction
This project is designed to control the stepper motor. The system is designed
to operate with the help of LabVIEW GUI. It comprises of two sections:
(1) transmitter section and (2) receiver section. Transmitter section comprises
the Arduino Uno, power supply, PC (for LabVIEW), LCD, and the RF modem.
Motor is controlled with LabVIEW GUI. Receiver section comprises the
Arduino Uno, power supply, motor driver (L293D), stepper motor, and the
RF modem. The RF modem is connected to communicate wirelessly between
the two sections and operates at 2.4 GHz frequency. Figure 15.1 shows the
block diagram of the system.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)
PC
(LabVIEW)

Arduino RF RF Arduino Stepper

Uno modem modem Uno motor

Power
supply Power
12 V/1 A supply
12 V/1 A

FIGURE 15.1
Block diagram for the system.

185
186 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Tables 15.1

and 15.2)

TABLE 15.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Power supply/+5 V/500 mA 1
Arduino Uno 1
PC/Laptop (LabVIEW) 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 15.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Power supply/+5 V/500 mA 1
Arduino Uno 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Stepper motor 1
L293D 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 187

15.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

15.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and push button
• Arduino pin7-push button clockwise
• Arduino pin6-push button anticlockwise
• Arduino pin5-push button stop

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

15.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem
188 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Arduino and L293D connection

• Arduino GND-4,5,12,13 pins of IC
• Arduino +5 V-1,9,16 pins of IC
• Arduino pin 7-pin 2 of IC
• Arduino pin 6-pin 7 of IC
• Arduino pin 5-pin 10 of IC
• Arduino pin 4-pin 15 of IC
• L293D pin8-+ve of 12 V battery

L293D and Stepper motor connection

• L293D pin 3-A phase of stepper motor
• L293D pin 6-B phase of stepper motor
• L293D pin 11-C phase of stepper motor
• L293D pin 14-D phase of stepper motor

Figure 15.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system, connecting all the com-
ponents as per connections.
Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 189

Circuit diagram.
FIGURE 15.2
190 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

15.3 Program
15.3.1 Transmitter Section
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("DC motor control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("+ remote control");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
char LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR;
LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=Serial.read();
if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='W')

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("4 STEP SYSTEM");
Serial.write('W');

}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Z')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("8 STEP SYSTEM");
Serial.write('Z');

else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='E')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("STOP");
Serial.write('E');
}
delay(10);
}
Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 191

15.3.2 Receiver Program

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#define STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A 6
#define STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B 7
#define STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C 8
#define STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D 9
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20,4);
pinMode(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, OUTPUT);
pinMode(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, OUTPUT);
pinMode(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, OUTPUT);
pinMode(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("DC motor control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("+ remote control");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
char LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR;
LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=Serial.read();
if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='W')

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("4 STEP SYSTEM");
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
192 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, HIGH);
}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Z')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Reverse");
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, HIGH);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D,HIGH);
delay(20);
Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 193

digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, HIGH);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, HIGH);

else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='E')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("STOP");
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_A, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_B, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_C, LOW);
digitalWrite(STEPPER_MOTOR_PHASE_D, LOW);
}
delay(10);
}

15.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Connect all the components as described in Section 15.2. Figure 15.3 shows
simulation model to control the stepper motor.
 194

FIGURE 15.3
Proteus simulation model to control stepper motor.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
Stepper Motor Control System with LabVIEW GUI 195

15.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed to the control stepper motor. GUI is designed in
two parts: (1) block diagram and (2) front panel. In the front panel, three
buttons are used to make the motor in “forward,” “reverse,” and “stop” with
90° of the step. It has a serial COM port to access the data from PC port,
baud rate is set as “9600,” which is same as the wireless modem “Zigbee” to
send the data with the same rate, data bits “8,” parity “none,” stop bits “1.”
To make the front panel, an active graphical programming is done in the
block diagram (Figures 15.4 through 15.6) with the help of blocks and steps
discussed in Chapter 4.

FIGURE 15.4
Front panel showing that the motor is controlled in the “REVERSE” direction.
196 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 15.5
Front panel showing that the motor is controlled in the “FORWARD” direction.

FIGURE 15.6
LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.
16
Accelerometer-Based Laboratory
Automation System

16.1 Introduction
This project is to design an accelerometer-based laboratory automation
system. The system is designed in two sections: (1) transmitter section and
(2) receiver section. The transmitter section comprises the Arduino Nano,
power supply, PC (for LabVIEW), Accelerometer, LCD, and the RF modem.
The receiver section comprises the Arduino Nano, power supply, relay,
load, and the RF modem. The RF modem is connected to communicate
wirelessly between the two sections and operates at 2.4 GHz frequency.
Load is made “ON” or “OFF” through relays. For the experiment, two load
bulbs and fan are considered to operate. Figure 16.1 shows the block dia-
gram of the system.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)

Relay 1 Load 1
Power
Arduino RF RF Arduino
supply
Nano modem modem Nano
12 V/1 A

Relay 2 Load 2

Power
Accelerometer
supply
12 V/1 A

FIGURE 16.1
Block diagram for the system.

197
198 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system following components are required (Tables 16.1

and 16.2).

TABLE 16.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Nano 1
Accelerometer 1
Accelerometer patch 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 16.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Nano 1
Transistor 2N222 1
Relay 2
Bulb 1
Fan 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Accelerometer-Based Laboratory Automation System 199

16.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

16.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and Accelerometer
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A0 pin-X pin of sensor
• Arduino A1 pin-Y pin of sensor

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

16.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem
200 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

2N2222, Relay and Arduino connection

• Arduino pin 6-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-L2 end relay1
• L1 end of relay1-+12 V of battery or power supply
• COM pin of relay1-one end of AC LOAD
• NO pin of relay1-other end of AC LOAD
• Arduino pin 5-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-L2 end relay2
• L1 end of relay2-+12 V of battery or power supply
• COM pin of relay2-one end of AC LOAD
• NO pin of relay2-other end of AC LOAD

Figure 16.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system.

Accelerometer-Based Laboratory Automation System 201

Circuit diagram.
FIGURE 16.2
202 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

16.3 Program
16.3.1 Transmitter Section
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7);

int ACCELARATION_X_AXIS=A0;
int ACCELARATION_Y_AXIS=A1;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);// initialize serial communication
lcd.begin(20,4); // initialize LCD
lcd.setCursor(0,0);// choose Column and ROW of LCD
lcd.print("ACCELAROMETER BASED");//Print string on LCD
lcd.setCursor(0,1);// choose Column and ROW of LCD
lcd.print("AUTOMATION SYSTEM");// Print string on LCD
delay(1000);// delay of 1000mSec
}
void loop()
{
int ACCELARATION_X_AXIS_LEVEL=analogRead(ACCELARATION_X_
AXIS);//read the level of sensor
int ACCELARATION_Y_AXIS_LEVEL=analogRead(ACCELARATION_Y_
AXIS); //read the level of sensor
int ACCELARATION_X_AXIS_BYTE=ACCELARATION_X_AXIS_LEVEL/10;
//scale the level by 10
int ACCELARATION_Y_AXIS_BYTE=ACCELARATION_Y_AXIS_LEVEL/10;
//scale the level by 10

lcd.setCursor(0,2);// set cursor of LCD

lcd.print("XAXIS:");// print string on LCD
lcd.print(ACCELARATION_X_AXIS_BYTE);// print integer on LCD
lcd.setCursor(0,3);// set cursor of LCD
lcd.print("YAXIS:");// print string on LCD
lcd.print(ACCELARATION_Y_AXIS_BYTE);// print integer on LCD

Serial.print("XAXIS:");// print string on LCD

Serial.print(ACCELARATION_X_AXIS_BYTE);// print integer on LCD
Serial.print("YAXIS:");// print string on LCD
Serial.println(ACCELARATION_Y_AXIS_BYTE); print integer on LCD
delay(200);// delay 200mSec
}
Accelerometer-Based Laboratory Automation System 203

16.3.2 Receiver Section

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
iquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7);
String inputString = ""; // choose string
int a=0;
int RELAY1=6;// define pin 6 is RELAY1
int RELAY2=5;// define pin 5 is RELAY2
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);// Initialize serial communication
lcd.begin(20,4);// Initialise LCD
pinMode(RELAY1,OUTPUT);// set pin 6 of Arduino as output
pinMode(RELAY2,OUTPUT);// set pin 6 of Arduino as output
lcd.setCursor(0,0);// set cursor
lcd.print("ACCELAROMETER BASED");//print string on LCD
lcd.setCursor(0,1);// set cursor of LCD
lcd.print("AUTOMATION SYSTEM");// print string
delay(1000);// delay 1000mSec
}

void loop()
{
if (a==1)
{
Serial.println(inputString);// serial print
lcd.setCursor(0,2);// set cursor
lcd.print(inputString[0]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[1]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[2]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[3]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[4]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[5]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[6]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[7]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.setCursor(0,3);// set cursor
lcd.print(inputString[8]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[9]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[10]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[11]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[12]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[13]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[14]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[15]);// print byte on LCD
if((inputString[6]>='4')&&(inputString[7]>='0'))
204 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

{
digitalWrite(RELAY1,HIGH);// set pin6 high
digitalWrite(RELAY2,LOW);//set pin6 high
delay(20);// delay 20mSec
}
if((inputString[14]>='5')&&(inputString[15]>='0'))
{
digitalWrite(RELAY2,HIGH);// set pin6 high
digitalWrite(RELAY1,LOW);// set pin6 low
delay(20);// delay 20mSec
}
if(inputString[0]==0x0A)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,2);// set cursor
lcd.print(inputString[1]);// print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[2]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[3]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[4]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[5]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[6]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[7]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[8]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.setCursor(0,3);// set cursor
lcd.print(inputString[9]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[10]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[11]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[12]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[13]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[14]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[15]); // print byte on LCD
lcd.print(inputString[16]); // print byte on LCD
if((inputString[7]>='4')&&(inputString[8]>='0'))
{
digitalWrite(RELAY1,HIGH);// set pin 6 high
digitalWrite(RELAY2,LOW);//set pin 5 low
delay(20);
}
if((inputString[15]>='5')&&(inputString[16]>='0'))
{
digitalWrite(RELAY2,HIGH);// set pin 5 high
digitalWrite(RELAY1,LOW);// set pin 6 low
delay(20);// delay 20mSec
}
}
inputString = "";// clear the string
a=0;// set a variable 0
}

}
Accelerometer-Based Laboratory Automation System 205

void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())// cheack serial
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read(); // read serial
inputString += inChar;// store byte in string
if (inChar == 0x0D)
{
a=1;// set a=1
}
}
}

16.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 16.3 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the acceler-
ometer with the Arduino. Load the program in Arduino and check the work-
ing of the circuit. The LCD displays the status of the system.
 206

FIGURE 16.3
Proteus simulation model for the system.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
17
Temperature Monitoring
System Using RF Modem

17.1 Introduction
The project is about to design the temperature monitoring system using a
RF modem. The system is designed in two sections: (1) transmitter section
and (2) receiver section. Transmitter section comprises Arduino Uno, power
supply, temperature sensor, LCD, and a RF modem. The receiver section
comprises Arduino Uno, power supply, PC (LabVIEW), and RF modem.
LabVIEW GUI is created to monitor the system. Figure 17.1 shows the block
diagram of the system.
To design the system, following components are required (Tables 17.1
and 17.2).

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless
display
(LCD) (LCD)

Power Arduino RF
supply RF Arduino To
Uno modem modem Uno LabVIEW
12 V/1 A

Power
Temperature supply
sensor 12 V/1 A

FIGURE 17.1
Block diagram of the system.

207
208 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 17.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
Temperature sensor 1
Temperature sensor patch 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 17.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
PC (LabVIEW) 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

17.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

17.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and LM35 sensor
• Arduino GND-Sensor GND
Temperature Monitoring System Using RF Modem 209

• Arduino +5 V-sensor +Vcc

• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 5-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 4-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 3-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 2-D7 pin(14) of LCD

17.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 5-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 4-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 3-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 2-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 17.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system.

210 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

A circuit diagram.
FIGURE 17.2
Temperature Monitoring System Using RF Modem 211

17.3 Program
17.3.1 Transmitter Section
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Room temperature");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("control System");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
int TEMP_sensor_BYTE_LEVEL = analogRead(A0);
int TEMP_sensor_BYTE=TEMP_sensor_BYTE_LEVEL/2;
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("Temperature 0C:");
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print(TEMP_sensor_BYTE);
Serial.write(TEMP_sensor_BYTE);

delay(100);
}

17.3.2 Receiver Section

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9,8);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Room temperature");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("control System");
delay(1000);
}
212 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:

void loop()
{
int TEMP_sensor_BYTE=Serial.read();

Serial.print("TEMPERATURESENSOR:");
Serial.println(TEMP_sensor_BYTE);
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("Temperature 0C:");
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print(TEMP_sensor_BYTE);
delay(100);
}

17.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 17.3 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing of a tempera-
ture sensor with the Arduino. Load the program in Arduino and check the
working of the circuit. The LCD displays the status of the system.

FIGURE 17.3
A Proteus simulation model.
Temperature Monitoring System Using RF Modem 213

17.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed for the temperature monitoring system. GUI is
designed in two parts: (1) block diagram and (2) front panel. In the front
panel, one thermometer is placed as the temperature indicator. It has serial
COM port to access the data from the PC port, baud rate is set as “9600,”
which is same as the wireless modem to receive the data with the same rate,
data bits “8,” parity “none,” stop bits “1,” serial count is set as “100,” and
Serial_data_buffer to read the received data from the temperature sensor.
Waveform chart is optional; it can be used to check the data that are received
in the form of waveform. To make the front panel, an active graphical pro-
gramming is done in the block diagram (Figures 17.4 through 17.6) with the
help of blocks and steps discussed in Chapter 4.

FIGURE 17.4
Front panel showing “Temperature 28°C.”
214 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 17.5
Front panel showing “Temperature 20°C.”

FIGURE 17.6
LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.
18
Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster

18.1 Introduction
This project is about to generate an emergency alert in the case of a disas-
ter. The system is designed in two sections: a sensor node and (2) a server.
The sensor node comprises the Arduino Uno, power supply, soil moisture
sensor, relay, hooter, LCD, and the RF modem. The relay is used to make
the hooter “ON” or “OFF.” The server comprises the Arduino Uno, power
supply, switch array, PC (LabVIEW), and the RF modem. The switch array is
attached to generate an emergency signal at the server and is sent to the sen-
sor node. Figure 18.1 shows the block diagram of the system.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless
display
(LCD) (LCD)

To
Power LabVIEW
supply
12 V/1 A Arduino RF RF Arduino
Uno modem modem Uno
Relay Switch
array

Soil Power
Hooter moisture supply
sensor 12 V/1 A

FIGURE 18.1
A block diagram of the system.

215
216 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Tables 18.1

and 18.2).

TABLE 18.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
Relay 1
Hooter 1
Soil moisture sensor 1
Soil moisture sensor patch 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 18.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
PC (LabVIEW) 1
Switch array 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster 217

18.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

18.2.1 Sensor Node

Arduino and SM sensor
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor

Arduino and Push button

• Arduino pin7-one terminal of ‘MODE selection’ push button
• Arduino pin6-one terminal of ‘hooter ON’ push button
• Arduino pin5-one terminal of ‘hooter OFF’ push button
• Other terminal of all push buttons-GND

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD
218 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

2N2222, relay, and Arduino connection

• Arduino pin 7-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-L2 end relay
• L1 end of relay-+12 V of battery or power supply
• “COM” pin of relay-one end of AC Hooter
• “NO” pin of relay-other end of AC Hooter

18.2.2 Server
Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 5-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 4-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 3-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 2-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 18.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system.

Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster 219

A circuit diagram.
FIGURE 18.2
220 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

18.3 Program
18.3.1 Sensor Node
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
#define BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION 7
#define BUTTON_PIN_HOOTERON 6
#define BUTTON_PIN_HOOTEROFF 5
String inputString = ""; // a string to hold incoming data
boolean stringComplete = false; // whether the string is
complete
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN_HOOTERON,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN_HOOTEROFF,INPUT_PULLUP);
inputString.reserve(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Hooter control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("system in diste");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
int BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital=digitalRead
(BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION);
if (BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital==LOW)
{
Serial.println(30);
if (stringComplete)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print(inputString);
delay(10);

inputString = "";
stringComplete = false;
}
}
Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster 221

else if(BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital==HIGH)
{
int BUTTON_PIN_HOOTERON_digital= digitalRead
(BUTTON_PIN_HOOTERON);
int BUTTON_PIN_HOOTEROFF_digital= digitalRead
(BUTTON_PIN_HOOTEROFF);
if(BUTTON_PIN_HOOTERON_digital==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HOOTER ON");
Serial.println(10);
}

if(BUTTON_PIN_HOOTEROFF_digital==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HOOTER OFF");
Serial.println(20);
}
}
}
void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
inputString += inChar;
if(inChar == 0x0D)
{
stringComplete = true;
}
}
}

18.3.2 Server
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#define HOOTER_RELAY 7
#define SM_SENSOR A0
String inputString = ""; // a string to hold
incoming data
boolean stringComplete = false; // whether the string
is complete
222 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20,4);
pinMode(HOOTER_RELAY, OUTPUT);
inputString.reserve(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Hooter control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("system in dister");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
if(stringComplete)
{
lcd.clear();
delay(10);
if((inputString[0]=='1')&&(inputString[1]=='0')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HOOTER ON");
digitalWrite(HOOTER_RELAY, HIGH);
delay(20);
}
else if ((inputString[0]=='2')&&
(inputString[1]=='0'))
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HOOTER OFF");
digitalWrite(HOOTER_RELAY, LOW);
delay(20);

}
else if ((inputString[0]=='3')&&
(inputString[1]=='0'))
{
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_ LEVEL=analogRead
(SM_SENSOR);
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_ PPM=ANALOG_READ_
SM_SENSOR_LEVEL/10;
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("SMSENSOR:");
lcd.print(ANALOG_READ_SM_ SENSOR_PPM);
Serial.print("SMSENSOR:");
Serial.println(ANALOG_READ_ SM_SENSOR_PPM);
Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster 223

delay(20);
}
if((inputString[0]==0x0A))
{
if ((inputString[1]=='1')&& (inputString[2]
=='0'))

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HOOTER ON");
digitalWrite(HOOTER_RELAY, HIGH);
delay(20);
}

else if ((inputString[1]=='2')&&(inputString[2]
=='0'))
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("HOOTER OFF");
digitalWrite(HOOTER_RELAY, LOW);
delay(20);

}
else if ((inputString[1]=='3') &&
(inputString[2]=='0'))
{
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_LEVEL=analogRead
(SM_SENSOR);
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM=ANALOG_READ_
SM_SENSOR_ LEVEL/10;
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("SMSENSOR:");
lcd.print(ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM);
Serial.print("SMSENSOR:");
Serial.println(ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM);
delay(20);
}

inputString = "";
stringComplete = false;
}
224 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

delay(10);
}

void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
inputString += inChar;
if (inChar == 0x0D)
{
stringComplete = true;
}
}
}

18.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 18.3 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the soil
moisture sensor with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and
check the working of the circuit. A LCD displays the status of the sys-
tem. In Figure 18.4, a Proteus simulation model shows the hooter “ON.” In
Figure 18.5, a Proteus simulation model shows the hooter “OFF.”

FIGURE 18.3
A Proteus simulation model showing the soil moisture content.
Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster 225

FIGURE 18.4
A Proteus simulation model showing hooter “ON.”

FIGURE 18.5
A Proteus simulation model showing hooter “OFF.”
226 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

18.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed for the disaster monitoring system. GUI is
designed in two parts: (1) block diagram and (2) front panel. The front panel
has a serial COM port to access the data from the PC port, the baud rate is set
as “9600,” which is same as the wireless modem “Zigbee” to receive the data
with the same rate, data bits “8,” parity “none,” stop bits “1,” serial count is
set as “100,” flow control “None,” and Serial_read_buffer to read the received
data from the fire sensor. Waveform chart is optional; it can be used to check
the data received in the form of waveform. To make the front panel, an active
graphical programming is done in the block diagram (Figures 18.6 and 18.7)
with the help of blocks and steps discussed in Chapter 4.

FIGURE 18.6
Front panel for the LabVIEW GUI.
Emergency Hooter in the Case of a Disaster 227

FIGURE 18.7
LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.
19
LabVIEW GUI-Based Wireless
Robot Control System

19.1 Introduction
This chapter explains a project titled “LabVIEW GUI-based robot control
system.” The system is designed in two sections: (1) transmitter section
and (2) receiver section. The transmitter section comprises the Arduino
Uno, power supply, PC (LabVIEW), LCD, and the RF modem. The receiver
section comprises the Arduino Uno, power supply, LCD, DC motor, and RF
modem. In this project, two independent methods to control a DC motor
are discussed. A motor can be controlled with a switch array as well as with
LabVIEW GUI for “clockwise,” “anticlockwise,” and “stop” to make move-
ment in the forward or reverse direction. The receiver section comprises
the Arduino Uno, power supply, motor driver (L293D), DC motor, and RF
modem. A chassis is used to make the robot body. A free wheel is connected
in the front side of the robot with two DC motor at the back sides. Figure 19.1
shows the block diagram of the system.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)
PC
DC
(LabVIEW)
motor 1
Arduino RF RF Arduino Motor
Power Uno modem modem Uno driver DC
supply motor 2
12 V/1 A

Switch Power
array supply
12 V/1 A

FIGURE 19.1
Block diagram of the Robot.

229
230 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Tables 19.1

and 19.2).

TABLE 19.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

PC (LabVIEW) 1
Arduino Uno 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 19.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
DC motor 2
L293D 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
LabVIEW GUI-Based Wireless Robot Control System 231

19.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

19.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 5-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 4-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 3-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 2-D7 pin(14) of LCD

19.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 5-D4 pin(11) of LCD
232 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

• Arduino digital pin 4-D5 pin(12) of LCD

• Arduino digital pin 3-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 2-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Arduino and L293D connection

• Arduino GND-4,5,12,13 pins of IC
• Arduino +5 V-1,9,16 pins of IC
• Arduino pin 9-pin 2 of IC
• Arduino pin 8-pin 7 of IC
• Arduino pin 7-pin 10 of IC
• Arduino pin 6-pin 15 of IC
• L293D pin8-+ve of 12 V battery

L293D and DC motor connection

• L293D pin 3-to +ve pin of DC motor1
• L293D pin 6-to −ve pin of DC motor1
• L293D pin 10-to +ve pin of DC motor2
• L293D pin 15-to −ve pin of DC motor2

Figure 19.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system, connecting all the com-
ponents as per connections.
LabVIEW GUI-Based Wireless Robot Control System 233

A circuit diagram.
FIGURE 19.2
234 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

19.3 Program
19.3.1 Transmitter Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("DC motor control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("+ remote control");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
char LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR;
LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=Serial.read();
if(LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='W')

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Forward");
Serial.write('W');

}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Z')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Reverse");
Serial.write('Z');

}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='X')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Left");
Serial.write('X');

}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Y')
LabVIEW GUI-Based Wireless Robot Control System 235

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Right");
Serial.write('Y');

}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='E')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("STOP");
Serial.write('E');
}
delay(10);
}

19.3.2 Receiver Program

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#define DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE 6
#define DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE 7
#define DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE 8
#define DC_MOTOR2_NEGATIVE 9
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20,4);
pinMode(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(DC_MOTOR2_NEGATIVE, OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("DC motor control");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("+ remote control");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
char LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR;
LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=Serial.read();
if(LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='W')

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
236 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

lcd.print("Motor Forward");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_NEGATIVE, LOW);
}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Z')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Reverse");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_NEGATIVE, HIGH);
}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='X')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Left");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_NEGATIVE, LOW);
}
else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='Y')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("Motor Right");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE, HIGH);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_NEGATIVE, LOW);
}

else if (LABVIEW_SERIAL_CHAR=='E')
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("STOP");
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR1_NEGATIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_POSITIVE, LOW);
digitalWrite(DC_MOTOR2_NEGATIVE, LOW);
}

delay(10);
}
LabVIEW GUI-Based Wireless Robot Control System 237

19.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 19.3 shows the Proteus simulation model for the system. Load the
program in the Arduino and check the working of the circuit. The LCD dis-
plays the status of the system.

19.5 LabVIEW GUI

LabVIEW GUI is designed to control the Robot. GUI is designed in two parts:
(1) block diagram and the (2) front panel. In the front panel, five buttons are
used to make the robot moving in “forward,” “reverse,” “left,” “right,” and
“stop.” It has a serial COM port to access the data from the PC port, baud
rate is set as “9600,” which is same as the wireless modem “Zigbee” to send
the data with the same rate, data bits “8,” parity “none,” and stop bits “1.”
To make the front panel, an active graphical programming is done in the
block diagram (Figures 19.4 and 19.5) with the help of blocks and steps dis-
cussed in Chapter 4.

FIGURE 19.3
A Proteus simulation model showing the motor in reverse direction.
238 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 19.4
Front panel to control the Robot.

FIGURE 19.5
LabVIEW GUI block diagram for the system.
20
Home Automation System Using DTMF

20.1 Introduction
This project is designed to control the home appliances with dual-tone
multi-frequency decoder (DTMF). The system has two sections: (1) receiver
section and (2) remote control (mobile). The system is designed to control
(ON & OFF) four loads through relays. The receiver section comprises
Arduino Nano, power supply, LCD, DTMF decoder, mobile phone, and the
head phone with a 3 mm jack. Another mobile phone is used as a remote
control. Figure 20.1 shows the block diagram of the system.
To design the system, following components are required (Table 20.1).

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)
Relay 1 Load 1

Relay 2 Load 2
Power
Arduino
supply Relay 3 Load 3
Nano
12 V/1 A
GSM
Relay 4 Load 4
network

DTMF Head
decoder Mobile phone 1 phone Mobile phone 2
with 3 mm
jack

FIGURE 20.1
Block diagram of the system.

239
240 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

TABLE 20.1
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Nano 1
Relay 12 V/1 A 4
Transistor 2N2222 4
DTMF decoder 1
3 mm audio jack 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
AC plug 4
Bulb 4
Bulb holder 4
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

20.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

Arduino and Push button

• Arduino pin7-connect message button
• Arduino pin6-connect CALL button
• Arduino pin5-connect END button

Arduino and DTMF Decoder

• Arduino pin6-LED1 pin of decoder
• Arduino pin5-LED2 pin of decoder
• Arduino pin4-LED3 pin of decoder
• Arduino pin3-LED4 pin of decoder
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of decoder
• Arduino Ground-GND of decoder
Home Automation System Using DTMF 241

2N2222, Relay and Arduino connection

• Arduino pin 2-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-L2 end relay1
• “L1” end of relay1 to +12 V of battery or power supply
• “COM” pin of relay1-one end of AC load
• “NO” pin of relay1-other end of AC load
• Arduino pin 1-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-“L2” end relay2
• “L1” end of relay2-+12 V of battery or power supply
• “COM” pin of relay2-one end of AC load
• “NO” pin of relay2-other end of AC load
• Arduino pin 0-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-“L2” end relay3
• “L1” end of relay3-+12 V of battery or power supply
• “COM” pin of relay3-one end of AC load
• “NO” pin of relay3-other end of AC load
• Arduino pin 13-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-“L2” end relay4
• “L1” end of relay4-+12 V of battery or power supply
• “COM” pin of relay4-one end of AC load
• “NO” pin of relay4-other end of AC load

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 20.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system.

 242

FIGURE 20.2
Circuit diagram for the system.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
Home Automation System Using DTMF 243

20.3 Program
// include the library code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7);// initialize the LCD
Library w.r t. RS,E,D4,D5,D6,D7
int DTMF_LED1_HIGH=6;
int DTMF_LED2_HIGH=5;
int DTMF_LED3_HIGH=4;
int DTMF_LED4_HIGH=3;
int DTMF_LED1_HIGH_READ=0;
int DTMF_LED2_HIGH_READ=0;
int DTMF_LED3_HIGH_READ=0;
int DTMF_LED4_HIGH_READ=0;
int AC_DEVICE_1=2;
int AC_DEVICE_2=1;
int AC_DEVICE_3=0;
int AC_DEVICE_4=13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(DTMF_LED1_HIGH, INPUT);//configure pin6 as an input
and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(DTMF_LED2_HIGH, INPUT);//configure pin6 as an input
and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(DTMF_LED3_HIGH, INPUT);//configure pin6 as an input
and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(DTMF_LED4_HIGH, INPUT);//configure pin6 as an input
and enable the internal pull-up resistor
pinMode(AC_DEVICE_1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(AC_DEVICE_2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(AC_DEVICE_3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(AC_DEVICE_4,OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(20, 4);// set up the LCD's number of columns and
rows
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("DTMF BASED HOME ");// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);// set cursor to column0 and row1
lcd.print("AUTOMATION SYSTEM.......");// Print a message to
the LCD.
delay(1000);
}
244 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

void loop()
{

DTMF_LED1_HIGH_READ = digitalRead(DTMF_LED1_HIGH);//read the

pushbutton value into a variable
DTMF_LED2_HIGH_READ = digitalRead(DTMF_LED2_HIGH);//read the
pushbutton value into a variable
DTMF_LED3_HIGH_READ = digitalRead(DTMF_LED3_HIGH);//read the
pushbutton value into a variable
DTMF_LED4_HIGH_READ = digitalRead(DTMF_LED4_HIGH);//read the
pushbutton value into a variable

if ((DTMF_LED1_HIGH_READ == LOW)&&(DTMF_LED2_HIGH_READ ==
LOW)&&(DTMF_LED3_HIGH_READ == LOW)&&(DTMF_LED4_HIGH_READ ==
HIGH))// Read PIN 6,5,4,3 as HIGH PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("NUMBER 1 FROM MOBILE");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_2,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_3,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_4,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("AC_DEVICE_1 ON");
delay(20);
}
if ((DTMF_LED1_HIGH_READ == LOW)&&(DTMF_LED2_HIGH_READ ==
LOW)&&(DTMF_LED3_HIGH_READ ==HIGH)&&(DTMF_LED4_HIGH_READ ==
LOW))// Read PIN 6,5,4,3 as HIGH PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("NUMBER 2 FROM MOBILE");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_1,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_3,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_4,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("AC_DEVICE_2 ON");
delay(20);
}

if ((DTMF_LED1_HIGH_READ == LOW)&&(DTMF_LED2_HIGH_READ ==
LOW)&&(DTMF_LED3_HIGH_READ ==HIGH)&&(DTMF_LED4_HIGH_READ ==
HIGH))// Read PIN 6,5,4,3 as HIGH PIN
Home Automation System Using DTMF 245

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("NUMBER 3 FROM MOBILE");// Print a message to the
LCD.
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_1,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_2,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_4,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("AC_DEVICE_3 ON");
delay(20);
}
if ((DTMF_LED1_HIGH_READ == LOW)&&(DTMF_LED2_HIGH_READ ==
HIGH)&&(DTMF_LED3_HIGH_READ ==LOW)&&(DTMF_LED4_HIGH_READ ==
LOW))// Read PIN 6,5,4,3 as HIGH PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("NUMBER 4 FROM MOBILE");// Print a message to
the LCD.
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_1,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_2,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_3,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_4,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("AC_DEVICE_4 ON");
delay(20);
}

if ((DTMF_LED1_HIGH_READ == LOW)&&(DTMF_LED2_HIGH_READ ==
HIGH)&&(DTMF_LED3_HIGH_READ ==LOW)&&(DTMF_LED4_HIGH_READ ==
HIGH))// Read PIN 6,5,4,3 as HIGH PIN
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);// set cursor to column0 and row2
lcd.print("NUMBER 5 FROM MOBILE");// Print a message to the
LCD.
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_1,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_2,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_3,LOW);
digitalWrite(AC_DEVICE_4,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("AC_DEVICE OFF");
delay(20);
}
}
246 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

20.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 20.3 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the DTMF
decoder with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check the
working of the circuit. The LCD displays the status of the system.

FIGURE 20.3
Proteus simulation model of the receiver section.
21
RFID Card-Based Attendance System

21.1 Introduction
The objective of this chapter is to develop a RFID card-based attendance
system. Each student will be having a RFID tag with a unique ID, which
will be first identified and then stored in the program. The stored id will
be matched with the RFID tag ID, which will be swiped to the reader to
authenticate the presence of a student. The system comprises Arduino Uno,
power supply, RFID reader, and the RFID tag. It operates on a baud rate of
9600. It can be connected to an RS232, which is compatible to the PC or to the
UART. RFID tag generates a 12 byte unique ID. Figure 21.1 shows the block
diagram of the system.

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power
supply Arduino RFID
12 V/1 A Uno reader

RFID tag

FIGURE 21.1
Block diagram of the system.

247
248 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Table 21.1).

TABLE 21.1
Components List for a System
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
RFID reader 1
RFID tag 1
MAX232 board (if RFID reader is with max232) 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

21.2 Circuit Diagram

21.2.1 Steps to Read RFID Reader

• Connect female DB9 connector to the RFID reader as shown in

Figure 21.2.
• Connect the serial cable to female DB9. Connect the other end to the
Com Port of the PC.
• Connect the power Supply (7-9V DC). Then the LED on the reader
(PWR) will be ‘ON’ and the LED on the reader (STS) will blink.
• The Baud rate is set as 9600.
• The extracted code can be checked on serial monitor of Arduino IDE.
• Use this extracted code in the program.
• More than one RFID card code can be written in a single program.
 RFID Card-Based Attendance System

FIGURE 21.2
Connections to read the RFID reader.
249
250 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

21.2.1.1 Program to Extract the Code

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
int BYTE_RFID = Serial.read();
Serial.print(BYTE_RFID );
}

21.2.2 Connections
To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

Arduino and RFID reader

• Arduino GND-GND(2) of Module
• Arduino +5 V-+Vcc (1) of Module
• Arduino Tx Pin-Rx pin of module
• Arduino Rx Pin-Tx out pin(7) of module
• Arduino +5 V-SEL pin(6) of module

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 21.3 shows the circuit diagram for the system, connecting all the
components as per connections.
 RFID Card-Based Attendance System

FIGURE 21.3
251

Circuit Diagram to interface RFID with Arduino.

252 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

21.3 Program
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial(9,10);
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 5, 4, 3, 2);
int j=0,k=0;
int read_count=0;
char data_temp, RFID_data[12],x=0;
char Saved_Tags[3][12]={
{'5','0','0','0','9','2','B','E','9','3','E','F'},
//ASCII value of extracted code from RFID card1
{'5','0','0','0','9','2','E','A','2','C','0','4'},
//ASCII value of extracted code from RFID card2
{'5','0','0','0','9','3','2','1','7','F','9','D'}
//ASCII value of extracted code from RFID card3
};

boolean tag_check,tag_status,entry_control;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
mySerial.begin(9600);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("RFID CARD READER");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("and data logger");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("PUNCH THE CARD ");
}

void loop()
{
RecieveData();
CheckData();
AccessCheck();
}

void RecieveData()
{
if(mySerial.available()>0)
{
data_temp=mySerial.read();
RFID_data[read_count]=data_temp;
RFID Card-Based Attendance System 253

read_count++;
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print(RFID_data[read_count]);
Serial.print(RFID_data[read_count]);
}
}

void CheckData()
{
if(read_count==12)
{
entry_control=true;
for(k=0;k<3;k++)
{
for(j=0;j<12;j++)
{
if(Saved_Tags[k][j]==RFID_data[j])
{
tag_check=true;
}
else
{
tag_check=false;
break;
}
}
if(tag_check==true)
{
tag_status=true;
}
}
read_count=0;
}
}

void AccessCheck()
{
if(entry_control==true)
{
if(tag_status==true)
{
x=1;
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("ACCESS GRANTED");
//Serial.println("Access Granted");

}
else
{
254 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("ACCESS DENIED");
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("NOT VERIFIED");
// Serial.println("Access Denied");
}
entry_control=false;
tag_status=false;
}
}
22
Global System for Mobile-Based
Emergency System

22.1 Introduction
This chapter explains the global system for mobile (GSM)-based emergency
alert system in case of fire. The system has two sections: (1) sensor node and
(2) mobile phone (to receive message in case of fire). The sensor node com-
prises Arduino Uno, power supply, fire sensor, LCD, and GSM modem. A fire
sensor is connected to detect fire in the surrounding. If fire happens, the sys-
tem will generate an alert message and that is sent to the registered mobile
number through the GSM modem. Figure 22.1 shows the block diagram of
the system.

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power Fire
Arduino
supply sensor
Nano
12 V/1 A

GSM
network
GSM
modem
Mobile phone

FIGURE 22.1
Block diagram of the system.

255
256 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Table 22.1).

TABLE 22.1
Components List for a Sensor Node
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Nano 1
Fire sensor 1
Fire sensor patch 1
GSM modem 1
MAX232 board (if GSM modem is with max232) 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

22.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

Arduino and Flame sensor

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino digital pin 13-Module digital out pin
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 257

Arduino and GSM modem

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino Tx Pin-Rx pin of module
• Arduino Rx Pin-Tx pin of module

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 22.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system, connecting all the com-
ponents as per connections.
 258

FIGURE 22.2
A circuit diagram for the system.
Arduino-Based Embedded Systems
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 259

22.3 Program
22.3.1 Program to Write the Message
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 9, 8,7);

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial(3, 4);
#define FIRE_SENSOR_button 5

String number ="9837043685"; // Add the 10-Digit Mobile Number

to which message / call is to be made,by replacing the 0's
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20, 4);
Serial.begin(9600);
mySerial.begin(9600);
pinMode(FIRE_SENSOR_button,INPUT_PULLUP);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("GSM Based emergency ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("system at UPES.... ");
delay(2000);
}
void loop()
{
int FIRE_STATUS_READ=digitalRead(FIRE_SENSOR_button);
if (digitalRead(FIRE_STATUS_READ)==LOW) // Check if the sms
key is being pressed
{
lcd.clear();
mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); // Set the Mode as Text Mode
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(150);
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+919837043685\"\r"); // Specify
the Destination number in international format by replacing
the 0's
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("AT+CMGS=\"+919837043685\"\r");
delay(150);
lcd.clear();
mySerial.print("message Send"); // Enter the message
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("message Send");
260 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

delay(150);
lcd.clear();
mySerial.write((byte)0x1A); // End of message character
0x1A : Equivalent to Ctrl+z
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("cntrl+Z");
delay(50);
mySerial.println();
delay(50);
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("FIRE DETECTED");
delay(5000);

}
else
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 3);
lcd.print("NO FIRE");
delay(20);
}

22.3.2 Program to Read the Message

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
char Rec_Data=0;
byte msg_flg=0;
byte msg_flag_2=0;
byte call_flag=0;
byte reply_flag=0;
byte delete_flag=0;
byte d_count=0;
byte i=0;
byte j=0;
char number[15];
char message[160];
void modem_initialization(void);
void gsm_send_message(void);
void clear_rx_buffer(void);
void setup()
{
delay(1000);
Serial.begin(9600);//start serial port at baud rate of 9600
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 261

lcd.print("Arduino with GSM");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" UPES ");
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GSM Initialising ");
modem_initialization();
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GSM Initialised ");
}
void loop()
{
gsm_read_message();//wait for message or call
if( reply_flag == 1 )//only if valid message received
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);lcd.print(number);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);lcd.print(message);
gsm_send_message();
}
}
void gsm_send_message(void)
{
byte send_flag=1;
byte msg_flg=0;
char rec_data=0;
delay(300);
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.print("AT+CMGS=");//Command to send message ,
(AT+CMGS="+91phone number"<enter>)
Serial.print('"');
Serial.print(number);
Serial.println('"');
while(send_flag == 1)
{
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
rec_data = Serial.read();
if(rec_data == '>')// '>'(greater than symbol) is recieved
while message sending,after AT+CMGD="number" command
{
delay(400);//Delay for GSM module become ready
Serial.print(" MESSAGE RECEIVED AND DISPLAYED IN
LCD,THANK YOU,UPES");//Transmitting whole string to
be sent as SMS
Serial.write(26);//'ctrl+z' command
262 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

delay(300);//Delay for GSM module become ready

msg_flg=0;
}
else if( rec_data == '+' && msg_flg == 0 )// '+' is
recieved
msg_flg = 1 ;
else if( rec_data == 'C' && msg_flg == 1 )// 'C' is
recieved
msg_flg = 2 ;
else if( rec_data == 'M' && msg_flg == 2 )// 'M' is
recieved
msg_flg = 3 ;
else if( rec_data == 'G' && msg_flg == 3 )// 'M' is
recieved
msg_flg = 4 ;
else if ( rec_data == 'S' && msg_flg == 4 )//// 'S' is
recieved after a sucessful message ("+CMSGS: ")
msg_flg = 5 ;
else if ( rec_data == ':' && msg_flg == 5 )// ':' is
recieved
msg_flg = 6 ;
else if ( rec_data == 0x0D && msg_flg == 6 )//Carriage
return
msg_flg = 7 ;
else if ( rec_data == 0x0A && msg_flg == 7 )//Line feed
msg_flg = 8 ;
else if ( rec_data == '0' && msg_flg == 8 )// '0'
(zero) is recieved
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
msg_flg=0;
msg_flag_2=0;
send_flag=0;
reply_flag=0;
}
else if ( rec_data == '4' && msg_flg == 0 )// '4'
(zero) is recieved
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
msg_flg=0;
msg_flag_2=0;
send_flag=0;
reply_flag=0;
}
else if( Rec_Data == '2' && msg_flg == 0 )// '2' is
recieved,incoming call
{
call_flag=1;
delay(300);
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 263

Serial.println("ATH");//Command for hang up

incomming call,all calls must be filtered no
need to answer a call
}
else if( Rec_Data=='0' && msg_flg == 0 &&
call_flag == 1 )// '0' (zero) is recieved,call
sucessfully rejected
{
msg_flg=0;
call_flag=0;
msg_flag_2=0;
d_count=0;
send_flag=0;
reply_flag=0;
}

}
}
}
void modem_initialization(void)
{
char rec_data;
byte network_status = 0 ;//network_status initialized as
zero
byte status_check = 0 ;//status_check initialized as zero
byte gsm_cnt = 0;//gsm_cnt initialized as zero
byte ok_flag=0;//ok_flag initialized as zero
byte count=0;//count initialized as zero
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
while(gsm_cnt < 5)// repeat entire loop until gsm_cnt less
than seven
{
switch(gsm_cnt)
{
case 0: clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.println("AT");// Attention command to wake
up GSM modem
delay(1000);
break;
case 1: clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.println("ATE0");//Command for disable echo
delay(1000);
break;
case 2: clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.println("ATV0");// Command for numeric
response after this '0'(zero) will be recieved
instead of "OK"
delay(1000);
break;
case 3: clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
264 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Serial.println("AT&W");// Command TO SAVE

SETTINGS
delay(1000);
break;
case 4: gsm_cnt = 5;// exit from the loop
break;
default :break;
}
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
rec_data = Serial.read();
if(rec_data == 'O' )// 'o' is recieved
ok_flag = 1;
else if(ok_flag == 1 && rec_data == 'K' )// 'K' is
recieved
{
gsm_cnt ++;
ok_flag = 0;
}
else if (rec_data == '0' )// '0'(zero) is recieved
(numeric response)
{
gsm_cnt ++;
ok_flag = 0;
}
else if (rec_data == '+' )// '+' is recieved message
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer

if( gsm_cnt > 0 )

gsm_cnt --;
}
}
}
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GSM Modem Found ");
gsm_cnt = 0;
ok_flag = 0;
while(network_status == 0 )//wait for PIN READY
{
if(status_check == 0 )
{
delay(1000);
status_check = 1 ;
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 265

Serial.println("AT+CPIN?"); //checkin PIN return

ready(+CPIN: READY) with a valid simcard
otherwise error
}
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
rec_data = Serial.read();
if( rec_data == '+' && status_check == 1 )
// '+' is recieved
status_check = 2 ;
else if( rec_data == 'C' && status_check == 2 )
// 'C' is recieved
status_check = 3 ;
else if( rec_data == 'P' && status_check == 3 )
// 'P' is recieved
status_check = 4 ;
else if( rec_data == 'I' && status_check == 4 )
// 'I' is recieved
status_check = 5 ;
else if( rec_data == 'N' && status_check == 5 )
// 'N' is recieved
status_check = 6 ;
else if( rec_data == ':' && status_check == 6 )
// ':' is recieved
status_check = 7 ;
else if( rec_data == ' ' && status_check == 7 )
// ' ' is recieved
status_check = 8 ;
else if( rec_data == 'R' && status_check == 8 )
// 'R' is recieved
status_check = 9 ;
else if( rec_data == 'E' && status_check == 9 )
// 'E' is recieved
status_check = 10 ;
else if( rec_data == 'A' && status_check == 10 )
// 'A' is recieved
status_check = 11 ;
else if( rec_data == 'D' && status_check == 11 )
// 'D' is recieved
status_check = 12 ;
else if( rec_data == 'Y' && status_check == 12 )
// 'Y' is recieved
status_check = 13 ;
else if( rec_data == 0X0D && status_check == 13 )
//Carriage return
266 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

status_check = 14 ;
else if( rec_data == 0X0A && status_check == 14 )
//Line Feed
status_check = 15 ;
else if( rec_data == '0' && status_check == 15 )
// '0' is recieved
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving
buffer
status_check = 0 ;
network_status=1;//goto next step
}
else if( rec_data != 'R' && status_check == 8 )
//+CPIN: NOT READY
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
status_check = 0 ;
network_status=0;//repeat current step
}
else if( rec_data == 'M' && status_check == 3 )
// in case of any message
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving
buffer
status_check = 0 ;
network_status=0;//repeat current step
}

}
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("CPIN: Ready ");
while(network_status == 1 )//wait for SIM network
registration
{
if(status_check == 0 )
{
delay(1000);
status_check = 1 ;
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.println("AT+CREG?"); //checking for SIM
card registration,if registerd "+CREG: 0,1"
will receive
}
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
rec_data = Serial.read();
if( rec_data == '+' && status_check == 1 )
// '+' is recieved
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 267

status_check = 2 ;
else if( rec_data == 'C' && status_check == 2 )
// 'C' is recieved
status_check = 3 ;
else if( rec_data == 'R' && status_check == 3 )
// 'R' is recieved
status_check = 4 ;
else if( rec_data == 'E' && status_check == 4 )
// 'E' is recieved
status_check = 5 ;
else if( rec_data == 'G' && status_check == 5 )
// 'G' is recieved
status_check = 6 ;
else if( rec_data == ':' && status_check == 6 )
// ':' is recieved
status_check = 7 ;
else if( rec_data == ' ' && status_check == 7 )
// ' ' is recieved
status_check = 8 ;
else if( rec_data == '0' && status_check == 8 )
// '0' is recieved
status_check = 9 ;
else if( rec_data == ',' && status_check == 9 )
// ',' is recieved
status_check = 10 ;
else if( rec_data == '1' && status_check == 10 )
// '1' is recieved
status_check = 11 ;
else if( rec_data == 0X0D && status_check == 11 )
//Carriage return
status_check = 12 ;
else if( rec_data == 0X0A && status_check == 12 )
// Line Feed
status_check = 13 ;
else if( rec_data == '0' && status_check == 13 )
// '0' is recieved
{
clear_rx_buffer();//
clearing receiving buffer
status_check = 0 ;
network_status=2;//goto next step
}
else if( rec_data != '1' && status_check == 10 )
// +CREG: 0,2 not registered
268 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

{
clear_rx_buffer();//
clearing receiving buffer
status_check = 0 ;
network_status=1;//repeat current step
}
else if( rec_data == 'M' && status_check == 3 )
// in case of any message
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving
buffer
status_check = 0 ;
network_status=1;//repeat current step
}

}
gsm_cnt=0;
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Registration Ok ");
while(gsm_cnt < 4)// repeat entire loop until gsm_cnt less
than nine
{
switch(gsm_cnt)
{
case 0: clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.println("AT+CMGF=1");// Attention
command to wake up GSM modem
delay(1000);
break;
case 1: clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.println("AT+CNMI=2,1,0,0,0");
//Command to configure new message indication
delay(1000);
break;
case 2: clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Serial.println("AT+CMGD=1,4");// Command
to delete all received messages
delay(1000);
break;
case 3: gsm_cnt = 4;// exit from the loop
break;
default :break;
}
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
rec_data = Serial.read();
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 269

if (rec_data == '0' )// '0'(zero) is recieved (numeric

response)
{
gsm_cnt ++;
}
else if (rec_data == '+' )// '+' recieved ,before
"AT+CIICR" command,may be any message
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
if( gsm_cnt > 0 )
gsm_cnt --;
}

else if (rec_data == '4' && gsm_cnt > 2)// '4' recieved

(error),in gprs initialisation commands
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
gsm_cnt = 4;
}
}
}
gsm_cnt = 0;
}
void clear_rx_buffer(void)
{
char rec_data=0;
while(Serial.available() > 0)
rec_data = Serial.read();
}
void gsm_read_message(void)
{
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
Rec_Data = Serial.read();
if( Rec_Data == '+' && msg_flg == 0 )
// '+' is recieved
msg_flg=1;
else if( Rec_Data == 'C' && msg_flg == 1 )
// 'C' is recieved
msg_flg=2;
else if( Rec_Data == 'M' && msg_flg == 2 )
// 'M' is recieved
msg_flg=3;
else if( Rec_Data == 'T' && msg_flg == 2 )
// 'M' is recieved
msg_flg=3;
270 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

else if( Rec_Data == 'I' && msg_flg == 3 )

// ':' is recieved (INCOMING MESSAGE )
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
Rec_Data =0;
msg_flg=0;
delay(300);//Delay for GSM module become ready
array_clear();//Clear both message and number
arrays
Serial.println("AT+CMGR=1");//Command for message
read from location one
i=0;j=0;
}
else if( Rec_Data== 'G' && msg_flg == 3 )
// 'M' is recieved
msg_flg=4;
else if( Rec_Data== 'R' && msg_flg == 4 )
// 'r' is recieved,Readind message
msg_flg=5;
else if( Rec_Data== ':' && msg_flg == 5 )
// ':' is recieved
msg_flg=6;
else if( Rec_Data == '"' && msg_flg == 6 )
// Counting double quotes
d_count++;
else if( Rec_Data != '"' && d_count==3 && msg_
flg == 6) // Saving number to message
array from between third and fourth double quotes
number[i++] = Rec_Data;
else if( Rec_Data== 0X0D && msg_flg==6)//
Carriage return
msg_flg=7;
else if( Rec_Data== 0X0A && msg_flg==7)//Line feed
msg_flg=8;
else if( Rec_Data=='*' && d_count>=5 && msg_
flg == 8 ) //Start symbol '*' is recieved
msg_flag_2=1;
else if( Rec_Data!='#' && msg_flag_2 == 1 && msg_
flg == 8 && Rec_Data!=0X0D && Rec_Data!=0X0A )
//Data between start and stop symbols were saved
to message array
message[j++]=Rec_Data;
else if( Rec_Data=='#' && msg_flag_2 == 1 && msg_
flg == 8)//Stop symbol '#' is recieved
{
msg_flag_2 = 2;
number[i]='\0';
message[j]='\0';
i=0;j=0;
}
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 271

else if(Rec_Data == 0X0D && msg_flg == 8)

//Carriage return (end of message)
{
clear_rx_buffer();//clearing receiving buffer
msg_flg=0;
delete_flag=1;
delay(300);//Delay for GSM module become ready
Serial.println("AT+CMGD=1,4"); // Command for
delete all messages in SIM card
}
else if( Rec_Data == '0' && msg_flg == 0 && delete_
flag == 1 )//Response for delete command ,sucess all
messages were deleted
{
if( msg_flag_2 == 2 )
reply_flag = 1;//If the message have start
and stop symbols it must be checked otherwise
no need to check the recieved message
else
reply_flag = 0;//No need to check
recieved message
msg_flg=0;
msg_flag_2=0;
d_count=0;
delete_flag=0;
}
else if( Rec_Data == '2' && msg_flg == 0 )// '2' is
recieved,incoming call
{
call_flag=1;
delay(300);
Serial.println("ATH");//Command for hang up
incomming call,all calls must be filtered
no need to answer a call
}
else if( Rec_Data=='0' && msg_flg == 0 &&
call_flag == 1 )// '0' (zero) is recieved,call
sucessfully rejected
{
msg_flg=0;
call_flag=0;
msg_flag_2=0;
d_count=0;
reply_flag=0;
}
else if( (Rec_Data == '3' || Rec_Data == '4' ||
Rec_Data == '7' ) && msg_flg == 0 )//incase
of any error,nocarrier and busy
{
272 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

msg_flg=0;
call_flag=0;
msg_flag_2=0;
d_count=0;
reply_flag=0;
}
}
}

void array_clear(void)
{
byte k=0;
for(k=0;k<=15;k++)
number[k]='\0';
for(k=0;k<=63;k++)
message[k]='\0';
}

22.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Figures 22.3 and 22.4 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the
GSM modem with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check
the working of the circuit. The LCD displays the status of the system.

FIGURE 22.3
Proteus simulation model of the system showing “FIRE DETECTED.”
Global System for Mobile-Based Emergency System 273

FIGURE 22.4
Proteus simulation model of the system showing “NO FIRE.”
23
Coordinate Display System Using GPS

23.1 Introduction
This chapter explains the global positioning system (GPS)-based coordinate
display system. The system has two sections: (1) transmitter section and
(2) receiver section. The transmitter section comprises the Arduino Uno,
power supply, LCD, GPS module, and the RF modem. GPS is connected to
detect the coordinates of node location. The receiver section comprises the
Arduino Uno, power supply, LCD, RF modem, and the terminal v1.9b. The
RF modem is used for short-distance wireless communication and the termi-
nal v1.9b is used to display the coordinates with the PC. It can be used as a
localization system in the robots. Figure 23.1 shows the snapshot of the GPS
module. Figure 23.2 shows the block diagram of the system.
To design the system, following components are required (Tables 23.1
and 23.2).

FIGURE 23.1
A GPS module.

275
276 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless
display
(LCD) (LCD)

Power
Arduino RF RF Arduino Terminal
supply
Uno modem modem Uno v1.9b
12 V/1 A

Power
GPS supply
module 12 V/1 A

FIGURE 23.2
Block diagram of the system.

TABLE 23.1
Components List for a Transmitter Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
GPS module 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Coordinate Display System Using GPS 277

TABLE 23.2
Components List for a Receiver Section
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
PC (terminal v1.9b) 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

23.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

23.2.1 Transmitter Section

Arduino and GPS
• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino Rx Pin-data out pin of GPS

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem
278 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

23.2.2 Receiver Section

Arduino and RF modem
• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 23.3 shows the circuit diagram for the system, connecting all the
components as per connections.
 Coordinate Display System Using GPS

FIGURE 23.3
A circuit diagram of the system.
279
280 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

23.3 Program
23.3.1 Transmitter Section
#include <TinyGPS.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7);
TinyGPS gps; //Creates a TinyGPS object

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(40,2);
lcd.print("GPS DISPLAY SYSTEM");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop()
{
bool newData = false;
unsigned long chars;
unsigned short sentences, failed;

for (unsigned long start = millis(); millis() - start < 1000;)

{
while (Serial.available())
{
char c = Serial.read();
if (gps.encode(c))
newData = true;
}
}

if (newData) //If newData is true

{
float flat, flon;
unsigned long age;
gps.f_get_position(&flat, &flon, &age);
Serial.print(flat == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE
? 0.0 : flat, 6);
Serial.println(flon == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE
? 0.0 : flon, 6);

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Latitude = ");
lcd.print(flat == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE
? 0.0 : flat, 6);
Coordinate Display System Using GPS 281

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" Longitude = ");
lcd.print(flon == TinyGPS::GPS_INVALID_F_ANGLE
? 0.0 : flon, 6);
}

Serial.println(failed);
}

23.3.2 Receiver Section

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7);
String inputString = ""; // choose blank string to
hold data
boolean stringComplete = false;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20,4);
inputString.reserve(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("GPS Cordinate");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Capturing SYSTEM");
delay(1000);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop()
{

if (stringComplete)

{
lcd.clear();
Serial.println(inputString);
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("LATITUDE:");
lcd.print(inputString[0]);
lcd.print(inputString[1]);
lcd.print(inputString[2]);
lcd.print(inputString[3]);
lcd.print(inputString[4]);
lcd.print(inputString[5]);
lcd.print(inputString[6]);
lcd.print(inputString[7]);
lcd.print(inputString[8]);
282 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("LONGITUDE:");
lcd.print(inputString[9]);
lcd.print(inputString[10]);
lcd.print(inputString[11]);
lcd.print(inputString[12]);
lcd.print(inputString[13]);
lcd.print(inputString[14]);
lcd.print(inputString[15]);
lcd.print(inputString[16]);
lcd.print(inputString[17]);
lcd.print(inputString[18]);
lcd.print(inputString[19]);

// clear the string:

if(inputString[0]==0x0A)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("LATITUDE:");
lcd.print(inputString[1]);
lcd.print(inputString[2]);
lcd.print(inputString[3]);
lcd.print(inputString[4]);
lcd.print(inputString[5]);
lcd.print(inputString[6]);
lcd.print(inputString[7]);
lcd.print(inputString[8]);
lcd.print(inputString[9]);
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("LONGITUDE:");
lcd.print(inputString[10]);
lcd.print(inputString[11]);
lcd.print(inputString[12]);
lcd.print(inputString[13]);
lcd.print(inputString[14]);
lcd.print(inputString[15]);
lcd.print(inputString[16]);
lcd.print(inputString[17]);
lcd.print(inputString[18]);
lcd.print(inputString[19]);
lcd.print(inputString[20]);
}
inputString = "";
stringComplete = false;
}
delay(200);
}
Coordinate Display System Using GPS 283

void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read(); // read serial
inputString += inChar;// store byte in string
if (inChar == 0x0D)
{
stringComplete = true;
}
}
}

23.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Figure 23.4 shows the Proteus simulation model for interfacing the GPS
module with the Arduino. Load the program in the Arduino and check the
working of the circuit. LCD displays the status of the system. The virtual
terminal also displays the coordinate values.

FIGURE 23.4
Proteus simulation model for the system.
24
Fingerprint-Based Attendance System

24.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses about the fingerprint-based attendance system. The
fingerprint sensor can read different fingerprints and store them in its flash
memory. It can perform functions such as ADD, Empty, or Search and return
to the stored ID. These functions can be performed with three onboard
switches. Fingerprint of each student is first identified and stored. The
fingerprint of student is matched with the pre stored data, to authenticate
the presence of a student. The system comprises of Arduino Nano, power
supply, and fingerprint sensor.

24.1.1 Types of Function

There are three functions for the fingerprint sensor:

Add (Enroll) function: It adds a fingerprint to the database, and return a

byte of the added ID. Return values are from 0x00 to 0xFE. In case of
error or if no finger is placed, return code is 0xFF.
Search function: If a finger is put and the search function is called, it
returns a matching ID if found in its existing memory. The return
values are from 0x00 to 0xFE. In case of error or if no finger is placed,
return code is 0xFF.
Empty function: Empty all the fingerprint data that are stored. After
executing this function, it is 0xCC as OK or 0xFF as error.

Figure 24.1 shows the block diagram of the system.

To design the system, following components are required (Table 24.1).

285
286 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Liquid crystal
display
(LCD)

Power Serial
Arduino
supply converter
Nano
12 V/1 A

Fingerprint
module

FIGURE 24.1
Block diagram of the system.

TABLE 24.1
Components List for a System
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Nano 1
Fingerprint module 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

24.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

Arduino and fingerprint sensor

• Arduino pin2-Search pin of fingerprint module
• Arduino pin 0(RX)-Tx out pin of module
• Arduino +5 V pin-+Vcc of module
• Arduino GND pin-GND of module
Fingerprint-Based Attendance System 287

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 7-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 24.2 shows the circuit diagram of the system.

FIGURE 24.2
A circuit diagram of the system.
288 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

24.3 Program
24.3.1 Finger Print Circuit ‘Test Program’
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

int FF_PIN1=7;
int x_PIN1=6;
int y_PIN1=5;
int z_PIN1=4;
int w_PIN1=3;
int p_PIN1=2;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(FF_PIN1,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(x_PIN1,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(y_PIN1,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(z_PIN1,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(w_PIN1,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(p_PIN1,INPUT_PULLUP);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Fingerprint based");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Security System");

void loop()
{
int FF_PIN=digitalRead(FF_PIN1);
int x_PIN=digitalRead(x_PIN1);
int y_PIN=digitalRead(y_PIN1);
int z_PIN=digitalRead(z_PIN1);
int w_PIN=digitalRead(w_PIN1);
int p_PIN=digitalRead(p_PIN1);
if(FF_PIN==LOW)
{

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("send FF");
Serial.write(0xFF);
delay(20);
}
Fingerprint-Based Attendance System 289

if(x_PIN==LOW)
{

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("send 00");
Serial.write(0x00);
delay(20);
}
if(y_PIN==LOW)
{

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("send 01");
Serial.write(0x01);
delay(20);
}
if(z_PIN==LOW)
{

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("send 02");
Serial.write(0x02);
delay(20);
}
if(w_PIN==LOW)
{

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("send 03");
Serial.write(0x03);
delay(20);
}
if(p_PIN==LOW)
{

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 2);
lcd.print("send 04");
Serial.write(0x04);
delay(20);
}
}
290 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

24.3.2 Main Program

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);

int SEARCH_PIN=7;

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(SEARCH_PIN,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(SEARCH_PIN,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Fingerprint based");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Security System");
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(SEARCH_PIN,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(SEARCH_PIN,LOW);
delay(500);
int DATA_FINGERPRINT=Serial.read();

if(DATA_FINGERPRINT==0xFF)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("show your ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("right thomb");
delay(20);
}
if(DATA_FINGERPRINT==0x00)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Authenticate ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("THANKS RAJESH");
delay(20);
}
if(DATA_FINGERPRINT==0x01)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
Fingerprint-Based Attendance System 291

lcd.print("Authenticate ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("THANKS BHUPENDRA");
delay(20);
}
if(DATA_FINGERPRINT==0x02)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Authenticate ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("THANKS ANITA");
delay(20);
}
if(DATA_FINGERPRINT==0x03)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Authenticate ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("THANKS CHOUDHURY");
delay(20);
}
if(DATA_FINGERPRINT==0x04)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Authenticate ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("THANKS XXXXXXX");
delay(20);
}

}
25
Wireless Irrigation System
for Agricultural Field

25.1 Introduction
This chapter elaborates the wireless irrigation system for the agricultural
field. The idea is to measure the soil moisture of field along with the sur-
rounding temperature. On the basis of the data received from the sensors,
the motor is made “ON” or “OFF” to irrigate the fields, as per the require-
ment of the crop. The system is designed in two sections: (1) Sensor node
and (2) Remote control. Sensor node comprises of the Arduino Uno, power
supply, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, LCD, load (DC motor),
and the RF modem. The remote control comprises of Arduino Uno, power
supply, LCD, switch array (to send commands to operate the load), and
RF modem. All the parameters can also be displayed on LabVIEW GUI.
Figure 25.1 shows the block diagram of the system.

Liquid crystal Liquid crystal

display Wireless display
(LCD) (LCD)
Switch SM
array sensor

Arduino RF RF Arduino
Uno modem modem Uno Temperature
Power
sensor
supply
12 V/1 A

To PC Power
Relay Load
(Labview) supply
12 V/1 A

FIGURE 25.1
Block diagram of the system.

293
294 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

To design the system, following components are required (Tables 25.1

and 25.2).

TABLE 25.1
Components List for a Remote Control
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
Switches 4
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1

TABLE 25.2
Components List for a Sensor Node
Component/Specification Quantity

Power supply/+12 V/1 A 1

Arduino Uno 1
Soil moisture sensor 1
Temperature sensor 1
DC motor 1
Relay 1
2N2222 1
L293D 1
LCD (20 * 4) 1
LCD patch 1
2.4 GHz RF modem 1
2.4 GHz RF modem patch 1
Connecting wires (M–M, M–F, F–F) 20 each
Zero-size PCB or bread board or a designed PCB 1
Wireless Irrigation System for Agricultural Field 295

25.2 Circuit Diagram

To develop the system, connect the components as follows:

25.2.1 Remote Control

Arduino and Push Button
• Arduino pin7-one terminal of ‘Mode selection’ push button
• Arduino pin6-one terminal of ‘Motor ON’ button
• Arduino pin5-one terminal of ‘Motor OFF’ button
• Other terminal of all push buttons-GND

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin0(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 13-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 12-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 10-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 9-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 8-D7 pin(14) of LCD

25.2.2 Sensor Node

LM35 sensor connection

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A0 pin-data out pin of sensor
296 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

Soil Moisture sensor connection

• Arduino GND-Module GND
• Arduino +5 V-Module +
• Arduino A1 pin-data out pin of sensor

2N2222, Relay, and Arduino connection

• Arduino pin 7-base of 2N2222
• Collector of 2N2222-L2 end relay
• L1 end of relay-+12 V of battery or power supply
• COM pin of relay-one end of AC motor
• NO pin of relay-other end of AC motor

Arduino and RF modem

• Arduino pin1(TX)-RX pin of RF modem
• Arduino pin0(RX)-Tx pin of RF modem
• Arduino+5 V-+Vcc of RF modem
• Arduino Ground-GND of RF modem

Arduino and LCD

• Arduino digital pin 12-RS pin(4) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin GND-RW pin(5) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 11-E pin(6) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 5-D4 pin(11) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 4-D5 pin(12) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 3-D6 pin(13) of LCD
• Arduino digital pin 2-D7 pin(14) of LCD

Figure 25.2 shows the circuit diagram for the system, connecting all the
components as per connections.
Wireless Irrigation System for Agricultural Field 297

A circuit diagram of the system.

FIGURE 25.2
298 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

25.3 Program
25.3.1 Remote Control
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
#define BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION 7
#define BUTTON_PIN_MOTORON 6
#define BUTTON_PIN_MOTOROFF 5
String SM_TEMP_STRING = ""; // a string to hold incoming data
boolean SM_TEMP_stringComplete = false; // whether the string
is complete
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(20,4);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN_MOTORON,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN_MOTOROFF,INPUT_PULLUP);
SM_TEMP_STRING.reserve(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("WIRELESS IRREGATION ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SYSTEM at UPES......");
delay(1000);
}
void loop()
{
int BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital=digitalRead(BUTTON_MODE_
SELECTION);
if (BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital==LOW)
{
Serial.println(30);
if (SM_TEMP_stringComplete)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print(SM_TEMP_STRING );
delay(10);

SM_TEMP_STRING = "";
SM_TEMP_stringComplete = false;
}
}
Wireless Irrigation System for Agricultural Field 299

else if(BUTTON_MODE_SELECTION_digital==HIGH)
{
int BUTTON_PIN_MOTORON_digital=digitalRead(BUTTON_
PIN_MOTORON);
int BUTTON_PIN_MOTOROFF_digital=digitalRead(BUTTON_
PIN_MOTOROFF);
if(BUTTON_PIN_MOTORON_digital==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("MOTOR ON");
Serial.println(10);
}

if(BUTTON_PIN_MOTOROFF_digital==LOW)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("MOTOR OFF");
Serial.println(20);
}

void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
SM_TEMP_STRING += inChar;
if (inChar == 0x0D)
{
SM_TEMP_stringComplete = true;
}
}
}

25.3.2 Sensor Node

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#define MOTOR_RELAY 7
#define SM_SENSOR A0
#define TEMP_SENSOR A1
String SWITCH_STRING = ""; choose string to HOLD data
boolean SWITCH_stringComplete = false;
300 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(20,4);
pinMode(MOTOR_RELAY, OUTPUT);
SWITCH_STRING.reserve(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("WIRELESS IRREGATION ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("SYSTEM at UPES......");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{

if (SWITCH_stringComplete)
{
lcd.clear();
delay(10);
if ((SWITCH_STRING[0]=='1')&&(SWITCH_
STRING[1]=='0'))

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("MOTOR ON");
digitalWrite(MOTOR_RELAY, HIGH);
delay(20);
}

else if ((SWITCH_STRING[0]=='2')&&(SWITCH_
STRING[1]=='0'))
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("MOTOR OFF");
digitalWrite(MOTOR_RELAY, LOW);
delay(20);

}
else if ((SWITCH_STRING[0]=='3')&&(SWITCH_
STRING[1]=='0'))
{
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_LEVEL=analogRead(SM_
SENSOR);
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM=ANALOG_READ_SM_
SENSOR_LEVEL/10;
Wireless Irrigation System for Agricultural Field 301

int ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_
LEVEL=analogRead(TEMP_SENSOR);
int ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_0C=ANALOG_READ_
TEMP_SENSOR_LEVEL/2;

lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("SMSENSOR:");
lcd.print(ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM);

lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("TEMP");
lcd.print(ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_0C);

Serial.print("SMSENSOR:");
Serial.print(ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM);
Serial.print("TEMP:");
Serial.println(ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_0C);
delay(20);
}
if((SWITCH_STRING[0]==0x0A))
{
if ((SWITCH_STRING[1]=='1')&&
(SWITCH_STRING[2]=='0'))

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("MOTOR ON");
digitalWrite(MOTOR_RELAY, HIGH);
delay(20);
}

else if ((SWITCH_STRING[1]=='2')&&(SWITCH_
STRING[2]=='0'))
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("MOTOR OFF");
digitalWrite(MOTOR_RELAY, LOW);
delay(20);

}
else if ((SWITCH_STRING[1]=='3')&&(SWITCH_
STRING[2]=='0'))
{
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_LEVEL=analogRead(SM_
SENSOR);
int ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM=ANALOG_READ_SM_
SENSOR_LEVEL/10;
302 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

int ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_
LEVEL=analogRead(TEMP_SENSOR);
int ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_0C=ANALOG_READ_
TEMP_SENSOR_LEVEL/2;

lcd.setCursor(0,3);
lcd.print("SMSENSOR:");
lcd.print(ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM);

lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("TEMP");
lcd.print(ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_0C);

Serial.print("SMSENSOR:");
Serial.print(ANALOG_READ_SM_SENSOR_PPM);
Serial.print("TEMP:");
Serial.println(ANALOG_READ_TEMP_SENSOR_0C);
delay(20);
}

SWITCH_STRING = "";
SWITCH_stringComplete = false;
}
delay(10);
}

void serialEvent()
{
while (Serial.available())
{
char inChar = (char)Serial.read();
SWITCH_STRING += inChar;
if (inChar == 0x0D)
{
SWITCH_stringComplete = true;
}
}
}
Wireless Irrigation System for Agricultural Field 303

25.4 Proteus Simulation Model

Proteus simulation model for the system is designed by connecting all the com-
ponents as described in Section 25.2. Figure 25.3 shows the Proteus simulation
model with the SM sensor and the temperature sensor values. In Figure 25.4, the
Proteus simulation model shows the motor in “ON” condition. In Figure 25.5,
the Proteus simulation model shows the motor in “OFF” condition.

FIGURE 25.3
Proteus simulation model for the system.
304 Arduino-Based Embedded Systems

FIGURE 25.4
A Proteus simulation model showing “MOTOR ON.”

FIGURE 25.5
A Proteus simulation model showing “MOTOR OFF.”
Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f and t refer to figures and tables respectively.

2.4 GHz RF modem-based security Alcohol sensor, 67

system, 145–146 block diagram, 68, 68f
block diagram, 145, 145f circuit diagram, 69–70, 70f
circuit diagram, 146–148, 148f components list, 67, 68t
LabVIEW GUI, 152–154, 154f and LED/LCD, 67–73
Proteus simulation model, 151–152 program, 71–72
“security break,” 151, 152f Proteus simulation model, 72–73,
“system secured,” 151, 151f 72f, 73f
receiver section sunrom, 67, 67f
components list, 146, 146t Arduino, 3
program, 150 advantages, 3
transmitter section analog devices, 75–108
components list, 146, 146t Mega, 4–5
program, 149 board, 4, 5f
16 × 2 LCD display, 41 pin description, 5t
20 × 4 LCD, 41 Nano, 5–6
board, 5, 6f
pin description, 6t
A
Uno, 3–4, 7
Accelerometer-based laboratory board, 3, 4f
automation system, 197–198 pin description, 4t
block diagram, 197, 197f ATmega328 microcontroller, 3, 5
Proteus simulation model, ATmega2560 microcontroller, 4
205–206, 206f
receiver section
B
circuit diagram, 199–201, 201f
components list, 198t BH1750FVI, digital light sensor, 100, 100f
program, 203–205 Block diagram component, 19,
transmitter section 23–24, 24f
circuit diagram, 199, 201f
components list, 198t
C
program, 202
AC motor, 121 Campus fire monitoring system,
block diagram, 121, 121f 155–156
circuit diagram, 122–123 block diagram, 155, 155f
component list, 121, 121t circuit diagram, 158f
program, 124 LabVIEW GUI, 161–163, 163f
Proteus simulation model, Proteus simulation model, 160–161
124–125, 125f “FLAME DETECTED,” 160, 161f
Add (enroll) function, 285 “NO FLAME,” 160, 160f

305
306 Index

Campus fire monitoring system coordinate display system, GPS,

(Continued) 277–279, 279f
receiver section DC motor control system,
circuit diagram, 157–158, 158f 175–177, 177f
components list, 156t light intensity control system,
program, 159–160 LDR, 167–168, 168f
transmitter section RF modem (2.4 GHz),
circuit diagram, 156–157, 158f 131–133, 133f
components list, 156t stepper motor control system,
program, 158–159 187–189, 189f
Chassis, 229 temperature monitoring
Circuit diagram system, RF modem,
2.4 GHz RF modem-based security 208–210, 210f
system, 146–148, 148f wireless robot control system,
AC motor, 122–123 231–233, 233f
alcohol sensor, 69–70, 70f ultrasonic sensor
connections, 250–251, 251f PWM out, 81–82, 82f
DC motor, 111–112, 112f serial out, 77–78, 78f
fingerprint-based attendance system, wireless irrigation system
286–287, 287f remote control, 295
fire sensor, 57–58, 58f sensor node, 295–297, 297f
GSM-based emergency system, Command register, 41
256–258, 258f COMPIM model, 29
GSM modem, 138–139, 139f and Arduino connection, 32, 32f
home automation system, interface with LabVIEW, 32, 33f
240–242, 242f Coordinate display system, GPS,
humidity/temperature sensor—serial 275–277
out, 91–92, 92f block diagram, 275, 276f
LCD, 42–43, 43f Proteus simulation model, 283, 283f
LDR—analog out, 96–97, 97f receiver section
LED, 38–39, 39f circuit diagram, 278–279, 279f
PIR sensor, 63, 64f components list, 277t
push button–digital “HIGH,” program, 281–283
47–48, 48f transmitter section
push button–digital “LOW,” circuit diagram, 277–278, 279f
47–48, 48f components list, 276t
RFID reader step, 248–250, 249f program, 280–281
sensor node, 217–218, 219f
server, 218–219, 219f
D
servo motor, 105–106, 106f
stepper motor, 117–118, 118f Data register, 41
temperature sensor-analog out, DC motor, 109–110
86–87, 87f block diagram, 109, 110f
transmitter and receiver section circuit diagram, 111–112, 112f
accelerometer-based laboratory component list, 110, 110t
automation system, program, 113–114
199–201, 201f Proteus simulation model, 114–115,
campus fire monitoring system, 114f, 115f
156–158, 158f Robokits India, 109, 109f
Index 307

DC motor control system, 173–174 Finger print circuit ‘Test Program,’

block diagram, 173, 173f 288–289
front panel Fire sensor, 57, 57f
“FORWARD” direction, 183, 183f circuit diagram, 57–58, 58f
LabVIEW GUI, 183–184, 184f components list, 56t
Proteus simulation model, 181–182, and LED/LCD, 55–61
182f module, 56, 56f
receiver section program, 59
circuit diagram, 175–177, 177f Proteus simulation model, 60–61,
components list, 174t 60f, 61f
program, 180–181 Flame sensor, 55
transmitter section Frequency channel, 129
circuit diagram, 175, 177f Front panel, 19, 22–23, 22f, 23f
components list, 174t “FIRE DETECTED,” 161, 162f
program, 178–179 “FORWARD” direction, 183, 183f,
Digital input/output devices and 195, 196f
Arduino, 45–73 “NO FIRE DETECTED,” 161, 162f
Dual-tone multi-frequency decoder “REVERSE” direction, 183, 183f, 195,
(DTMF), 239 195f
home automation system, 239–246 “security break,” 153f
“system secured,” 153f
“Temperature 20°C,” 214f
E
“Temperature 28°C,” 213f
Emergency hooter in disaster,
215–216
G
block diagram, 215, 215f
circuit diagram “G code,” 23
sensor node, 217–218, 219f Global positioning system (GPS)
server, 218–219, 219f module, 275, 275f
components list, 216, 216t Global system for mobile (GSM), 255
LabVIEW GUI, 226–227, 226f, 227f emergency system, 255–256
program block diagram, 255, 255f
sensor node, 220–221 circuit diagram, 256–258, 258f
server, 221–224 program, 259–272
Proteus simulation model, 224–225 Proteus simulation model,
hooter “OFF,” 224, 225f 272–273, 272f, 273f
hooter “ON,” 224, 225f sensor node, components list, 256,
soil moisture content, 224, 224f 256t
Empty function, 285 modem, 129, 137f
block diagram, 136, 137f
circuit diagram, 138–139, 139f
F
component list, 137, 138t
Fingerprint-based attendance system, program, 140–142
285–286 Proteus simulation model, 142,
block diagram, 285, 286f 142f
circuit diagram, 286–287, 287f GPS (global positioning system)
components list, 285, 286t module, 275, 275f
function, types, 285 Graphical source code, 23
program, 288–291 GSM. See Global system for mobile (GSM)
308 Index

H emergency hooter in disaster,

226–227, 226f, 227f
Home automation system, 239–240
light intensity control system, LDR,
block diagram, 239, 239f
171–172, 172f
circuit diagram, 240–242, 242f
stepper motor control system,
components list, 239, 240t
195–196, 196f
DTMF, 239
temperature monitoring
program, 243–245
system, RF modem,
Proteus simulation model, 246,
213–214, 214f
246f
window
Humidity/temperature sensor—serial
blank “block diagram,” 21f
out, 90–91, 90f
“Blank VI,” 21f
block diagram, 91, 91f
“Create project,” 20f
circuit diagram, 91–92, 92f
“front panel,” 21f
packet format, 90, 90t–91t
wireless robot control system,
pin description, 90, 90t
237–238, 238f
program, 93–94
Light-dependent resistor (LDR),
94, 95f, 165
I analog out, 94–96
Integrated development circuit diagram, 96–97, 97f
environment (IDE), 3 program, 98
Arduino, 7–11 Proteus simulation model,
commands 99, 99f
LCD, 11 block diagram, 94, 95f
serial communication, 11 components list, 95, 96t
compile program, 7, 8f with LCD, 94
installation steps, 7–10 light intensity control system,
serial port, 9, 10f 165–166
window, 7, 7f, 8f block diagram, 165, 165f
check port, 9, 9f circuit diagram, 167–168, 168f
upload, 9, 10f components list, 166, 166t
LabVIEW GUI, 171–172, 172f
program, 168–170
L
Proteus simulation model,
L293D motor driver, 109 170–171, 171f
LabVIEW GUI, 19–28 Light emitting diode (LED) and
2.4 GHz RF modem-based Arduino, 37–38, 37f
security system, alcohol sensor, 67–73
152–154, 154f characteristics, 37, 38t
campus fire monitoring system, circuit diagram, 38–39, 39f
161–163, 163f components list, 37, 38t
components, 25–28 fire sensor, 55–61
block diagram, 19 PIR sensor, 61–66
front panel, 19 program, 40
DC motor control system, Proteus simulation model,
183–184, 184f 40, 40f
designing steps, 19–21 push button, 45–46
Index 309

Light intensity sensor GSM-based emergency system,

block diagram, 100, 100f 259–272
circuit diagram, 101–102, 102f GSM modem, 140–142
component list, 101, 101t home automation system, 243–245
I2C Out, 100–103 humidity/temperature sensor—serial
program, 103 out, 93–94
Liquid crystal display (LCD) and LCD, 43–44
Arduino, 41–42, 41f LDR—analog out, 98
alcohol sensor, 67–73 LDR TWI (I2C) Out, light intensity
circuit diagram, 42–43, 43f sensor, 103
commands, IDE, 11 LED, 40
fire sensor, 55–61 LM35—analog out, 88
LDR, 94 PIR sensor, 63, 65
pin description, 42t push button–digital “HIGH,” 49
PIR sensor, 61–66 push button–digital “LOW,” 49
program, 43–44 RFID card-based attendance system,
Proteus simulation model, 44, 44f 252–254
push button, 45–46 RF modem (2.4 GHz)
servo motor and, 103–108 receiver, 134–135
temperature sensor and, 85 transmitter, 134
ultrasonic sensor and, 75–76 sensor node, 220–221
LM35 series, 86, 86f server, 221–224
servo motor, 107
stepper motor, 119–120
M
transmitter and receiver section
Motors/actuators and Arduino, 109–125 2.4 GHz RF modem-based security
system, 149–150
accelerometer-based laboratory
P
automation system, 202–205
Passive infrared (PIR) sensor, 61, 62f campus fire monitoring system,
block diagram, 61, 62f 158–160
circuit diagram, 63, 64f coordinate display system, GP,
components list, 62t 280–283
and LED/LCD, 61–66 DC motor control system, 178–181
program, 63, 65 light intensity control system, LDR,
Proteus simulation model, 65–66, 66f 168–170
Photo resistor, 94 stepper motor control system,
Physical interface model (PIM), 29 190–193
PIR sensor. See Passive infrared (PIR) temperature monitoring system,
sensor RF modem, 211–212
Program ultrasonic sensor
AC motor, 124 PWM out, 83–84
alcohol sensor, 71–72 serial out, 79–80
DC motor, 113–114 wireless irrigation system
fingerprint-based attendance system, remote control, 298–299
288–291 sensor node, 299–302
fire sensor, 59 wireless robot control system, 234–236
310 Index

Proteus simulation model, 13–18, 17f temperature sensor-analog out,

accelerometer-based laboratory 88–89, 89f
automation system, ultrasonic sensor
205–206, 206f PWM out, 84, 84f
AC motor, 124–125, 125f serial out, 80, 80f
alcohol sensor, 72–73, 72f, 73f wireless irrigation system,
coordinate display system, GPS, 303–304, 303f
283, 283f wireless robot control system, 237,
DC motor, 114–115, 114f, 115f 237f
DC motor control system, working model, 17, 18f
181–182, 182f Proteus simulation software, LabVIEW
fire sensor, 60–61, 60f, 61f interfacing
“FLAME DETECTED,” 160, 161f Arduino interfacing, 33, 34f
GSM-based emergency system, COMPIM
272–273, 272f, 273f and Arduino connection, 32, 32f
GSM modem, 142, 142f interface with LabVIEW, 32, 33f
home automation system, 246, 246f at virtual terminal, 33, 33f
hooter “OFF,” 224, 225f VSPE, 29–34
hooter “ON,” 224, 225f COM port number, 31, 31f
ISIS software, 13–18 pairing two virtual ports, window,
“Default” template, 14, 14f 30, 30f
list components, 15, 16f window, 30, 30f
“New Design” window, Push button, 45, 45f, 138
13, 13f, 14f Arduino interfacing, block diagram,
“Pick from libraries,” 15, 15f 46, 46f
LCD, 44, 44f components list, 45, 46t
LDR—analog out, 99, 99f digital “HIGH,” 51–55
LED, 40, 40f circuit diagram, 51, 52f
light intensity control system, program, 53
LDR, 170–171, 171f Proteus simulation model, 54–55,
“MOTOR OFF,” 303, 303f 54f, 55f
“MOTOR ON,” 303, 303f digital “LOW,” 47–51
“NO FLAME,” 160, 160f circuit diagram, 47–48, 48f
PIR sensor, 65–66, 66f program, 49
push button–digital “HIGH,” Proteus simulation model, 50–51,
50–51, 50f, 51f 50f, 51f
push button–digital “LOW,” and LED/LCD, 45–46
50–51, 50f, 51f methods, 46
RF modem (2.4 GHz), 135–136
“security break,” 151, 152f
R
servo motor, 107–108, 108f
soil moisture content, 224, 224f RFID card-based attendance system,
stepper motor, 120, 120f 247–248
stepper motor control system, block diagram, 247, 247f
193–194, 194f circuit diagram
“system secured,” 151, 151f connections, 250–251, 251f
temperature monitoring RFID reader step, 248–250, 249f
system, RF modem, components list, 248, 248t
212, 212f program, 252–254
Index 311

RF modem (2.4 GHz), 129–131, 130f Proteus simulation model,

block diagram, 130, 130f 193–194, 194f
circuit diagram, 133f receiver section
receiver section, 132 circuit diagram, 187–189, 189f
transmitter section, 131–132 components list, 186t
components list, 131, 131t program, 191–193
pin description, 130t transmitter section
program circuit diagram, 187, 189f
receiver, 134–135 components list, 186t
transmitter, 134 program, 190
Proteus simulation model Sunrom-1133, 61
transmitter and receiver, 135, 135f Sunrom-1211, 90, 90f
with virtual terminal, 136f
receiver section, 131
T
transmitter section, 131
Robokits India Temperature monitoring system, RF
DC motor, 109, 109f modem, 207–208
servo motor, 103, 104f block diagram, 207, 207f
stepper motor, 115, 115f front panel
“Robosoft systems,” 55, 56f “Temperature 20°C,” 214f
“Temperature 28°C,” 213f
LabVIEW GUI, 213–214, 214f
S
Proteus simulation model, 212, 212f
Search function, 285 receiver section
Serial.begin function, 140 circuit diagram, 209–210, 210f
Serial communication commands, 11 components list, 207, 208t
Servo motor, 103 program, 211–212
block diagram, 103, 104f transmitter section
circuit diagram, 105–106, 106f circuit diagram, 208–209, 210f
component list, 103, 104t components list, 207, 208t
and LCD, 103–108 program, 211
program, 107 Temperature sensor, 85
Proteus simulation model, 107–108, analog out, 86–89
108f circuit diagram, 86–87, 87f
Robokits India, 103, 104f program, 88
Stepper motor, 115–116 Proteus simulation model,
block diagram, 116, 116f 88–89, 89f
circuit diagram, 117–118, 118f block diagram, 85, 85f
component list, 116, 116f component list, 85t
program, 119–120 and LCD, 85
Proteus simulation model, 120, 120f Torque, 121
Robokits India, 115, 115f Two-way wireless communication, 129
Stepper motor control system,
185–186
U
block diagram, 185, 185f
front panel Ultrasonic sensor, 75, 77f, 81f
“FORWARD” direction, 195, 196f block diagram, 75f
“REVERSE” direction, 195, 195f component list, 76t
LabVIEW GUI, 195–196, 196f and LCD, 75–76
312 Index

Ultrasonic sensor (Continued) W

model no. 1166, 76
Waveform chart, 152
PWM out, 81–84
Wireless communication and Arduino,
circuit diagram, 81–82, 82f
129–142
program, 83–84
Wireless irrigation system, 293–294
Proteus simulation model, 84, 84f
block diagram, 293, 293f
serial out, 76–80
Proteus simulation model,
circuit diagram, 77–78, 78f
303–304, 303f
program, 79–80
“MOTOR OFF,” 303, 303f
Proteus simulation model, 80, 80f
“MOTOR ON,” 303, 303f
Sunrom model no. 3719, 81
remote control, 293
circuit diagram, 295
V
components list, 294, 294t
Virtual Instrument Software program, 298–299
Architecture (VISA), 24–28 sensor node, 293
close, 26, 27f, 28f circuit diagram, 295–297, 297f
decimal string to number converter, components list, 294, 294t
26, 26f program, 299–302
match pattern, 26, 26f Wireless robot control system,
resource name, 27, 27f 229–230
serial port, 25, 25f, 27f block diagram, 229, 229f
serial read, 25, 25f LabVIEW GUI, 237–238, 238f
serial write, 28, 28f program
Virtual Serial Ports Emulator (VSPE), receiver, 235–236
29–34 transmitter, 234–235
window, 30, 30f Proteus simulation model, 237, 237f
COM port number, 31, 31f receiver section
pairing two virtual ports, 30, 30f circuit diagram, 231–233, 233f
VISA. See Virtual Instrument Software components list, 230t
Architecture (VISA) transmitter section
VSPE. See Virtual Serial Ports Emulator circuit diagram, 231, 233f
(VSPE) components list, 230t