CODE SWITCHING AND CODE

MIXING
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By:

Group 1:
Tetap Riang Laia
Firman Damai Telaumbanua
Ester Vins Telaumbanua
Widya Kristiani Gulo

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
NIAS RAYA UNIVERSITY
2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our gratitude to God Almighty for His mercy and grace so that we can complete
this paper on time. Thank you to Mr. Mohamad Yunus Laia, lecturer in sociolinguistics
courses who always helps students and provides a lot of useful knowledge.

That is one of the assignments in the English education course. Contains an explanation of
the elements of code switching and
Code mixing in sociolinguistics courses. This model is not perfect so we expect criticism and
suggestions to make it better.

Hopefully this article can be used as a reference for studying code switching and
Code mixing in sociolinguistics courses.

Teluk Dalam, 5 October 2023

Group 1
 LIST OF CONTENT

COVER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
DISCUSSION
A. Definition
B. Types
C. Example
D. The Reason for Code Switching and Code Mixing
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

Language is closely related to how people communicate with one another. Thus, in learning a
language, we are also bound to people or society. In Linguistics, it is known as
sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study learning about human and society. According to
Trudgill (1974), sociolinguistic is part of linguistics which is concerned with language as a
social and cultural phenomenon. It investigates the field of language and society that have
close connections with the social sciences, especially social psychology, anthropology,
human geography and sociology.
Sociolinguistics examines the interplay of language and society, with language as the starting
point. Variation is the key concept, applied to language itself and to its use. The basic
premise of sociolinguistics is that language is variable and changing. As a result, language is
not homogeneous – not for the individual user and not within or among groups of speakers
who use the same language.
The sociolinguists or people studying a language must be familiar with a code. A code is a
symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular
language – a dialect, a register, an accent or a style on different occasions and for different
purposes. A code is divided into code-mixing and code-switching (Stockwell, 2002). Code-
mixing occurs when people mix two languages between mother tongue and English. Nababan
(1993) said that code-mixing is found mainly in informal interactions. There are some
reasons why people make code-mixing. Firstly, in code-mixing, bilingual speakers seem to
apply some words or phrases from foreign language (pieces of one language smaller than
clause), while the other language (code) functions as the base language. Secondly, bilingual
speakers mix codes when there is no topic that changes, nor does the situation (Gumperz,
1982).

Code-mixing and code-switching are the phenomena of bilingual speech production.

Bilinguals commonly use their languages in a communication depending on the interlocutor
and domain of communication. Both have a similar process of using two or more languages.
Therefore, Clyne combines code-mixing and code-switching into a concept of transference
due to the same process (Myers-Scotton, 2006) and the relation in unity (Clyne, 1967;
Bokamba, 1989; Muysken, 2000). They argue that the bilingual speaker who switches from
one code to another code in an utterance can be said that the utterance contains two mixing
codes. On the contrary, the speaker who mixes two codes means he switches a code to
another. Yet, both code-mixing and code-switching have their own definition of the concept.
Bhatia and Ritchie (2004) defines that the codemixing refers to “the mixing of various
linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses, and sentences) primarily
from two participating grammatical systems across sentence boundaries within a sentence”.
Meanwhile, code-switching is defined as “the use of various linguistic units (words, phrases,
clauses, and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems across sentence
boundaries within a speech event”. According to Bhatia and Ritchie’s (2004) concept of
code-mixing and codeswitching, there is one definite distinction that differs both of them,
that is the fact that code-mixing can occur to the morpheme as the lowest level, whereas
code-switching is to the word.
 DISCUSSION
A. Definition
1. Code
Code refers to any variety of languages within a language or between different
languages, such as different accents, different linguistic styles, or different dialects.
Stockwell (2002: 8-9) says that a code is a symbol of nationalism that is used by
people to speak or communicate in a particular language, such as dialect, accent, or
style on different occasions and for different purposes.

Wardhaugh (2006: 86) states that in sociolinguistics, a language or a variety of a

language is called a code. The term is useful because it is neutral. The „neutral‟ term
„code‟ can be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people use for
communication. Codes have been defined by several linguists as explained above.
What is interesting is that people are always faced with code choices when they
speak. In other words, when people start to speak, they must choose a particular
language, dialect, style – that is referred as a particular code. However, people can
and will combine or change from one code to another according to the context:
situation or condition.

2. Code Switching
Code switching defines as the use of more than one language, variety, or style
by speaker within an utterance or discourse, or between different interlocutors or
situations. It means switching the code occurs when there is more than one language
in communication. The speaker uses his or her ability in another language, style,
dialect or anything it served by the speaker depends on the addresses in different
occasions.

According to Heller in Lowi bilingual/multilingual practice that is used not

only as a conversational tool, but also as a way to establish, maintain and delineate
ethnic boundaries and not only to convey a conversations activity, but also to
coverage all aspect in society meaning. According to Holmes (1992:50), speaker
shifted their language from one language to another. Code switching is switched
essentially between changes his or her utterance into another language when they
spoke. This language changes may take a number of different forms, including
alteration of sentences, phrases from both languages succeeding each other and
switching in long narrative.

3. Code Mixing
Many linguists have tried to define code mixing in their own way. According
to Hudson (1996: 53), code mixing takes place where a fluent bilingual talking to
another fluent bilingual changes the language without any change at all in the
situation. Tay (1989: 408) states that code mixing involves the embedding or mixing
of various linguistics units, i.e. morphemes, words, phrases and clauses from two
distinct grammatical systems or sub-systems within the same sentence and the same
speech situation. According to Gumperz (1968: 381), code mixing happens when
bilingual speakers use phrases, words, or clauses from a foreign language (pieces of
one language smaller than clause), while the other language (code) functions as the
base language. He also states that bilingual speakers mix codes when there is no
 change of topic and situation. Generally, bilinguals can do code mixing well if he/she
is fluent in the languages (code). Code mixing usually occurs on purpose in a certain
situation.

According to Hudson (1996: 53), the purpose of code mixing seems to

symbolize a somewhat ambiguous situation for which neither
language on its own would be quite right. To get the right effect, the speakers balance
the two languages against each other as a kind of linguistic cocktail, a few words of
one language, then a few words of the other, then back to the first for a few more
words and so on. The changes generally take place more or less randomly as far as
subject matter is concerned, but they seem to be limited to structural level.

According to Nababan (1994:32), Code Mixing is the situation where the speakers
mix the language or kind of language in a speech act without a situation or condition
that need a mixing of language. Holmes (1982:32) explained that code mixing is the
use of two languages in a speaking. According to Nababan (1994:32), Code Mixing is
the situation where the speakers mix the language or kind of language in a speech act
without a situation or condition that need a mixing of language. Holmes (1982:32)
explained that code mixing is the use of two languages in a speaking. Code mixing
talks about the situation where one language mixes with another language. The
mixing of language can be in word, phase, clause and sentences form.

Subyakto (1992) said that code mixing in the use of two language or more,
language varieties in relax situation between the speaker with other people who has a
close relationship to each other. Wardough (1986:103) assert that code mixing occurs
when conversation use both languages together to the extent that they key change
from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance. It correlates
positively with the educational attainment of individuals.
Hoffman as cited by Dias Anindya, shows many types of code mixing based on the
juncture or the scope of switching where language takes place, Intra sentential mixing,
Intra lexical code mixing, involving a change of pronunciation (the switching occurs
at the phonological level).

B. TYPES
1. Types Of Code Switching
a. Intra-Sentential Switches
It contains the switch that occurs within a clause or sentence boundary, where
each clause or sentence is in one or other language. For example: when a Spanish -
English bilingual says: I started going like this. Y luego decia (and then he said).
Look at the smoke coming out of my fingers (Hoffman, 1991: 220).

b. Inter-Sentential Switches
It contains the switch that occurs between a clause or sentence boundary
where each clause or sentence is in one or other language. For example: as when an
adult Spanish-English bilingual says: “Tenia zapatos blancos, un poco, they were
off-white, you know.” (Hoffman, 1991: 112).

c. Establishing Continuity Switches

This kind of code switching occurs to continue the utterance of the previous
 speaker, for example when one English speaker speaks in Spain, and then the other
speaker tries to respond in Spain as well.

d. Emblematic Switching or Tag Switching

In this kind of code switching, tags, exclamation, certain set of phrases in one
language or a sentence filler in the other language which serves as an ethnic identity
marker. Tag switching is code switching with sentence tags that they precede or
follow a sentence. This involves the insertion of a tag in one language into an
utterance that is otherwise entirely in the other language. Example of common tags in
English include ‘right’. Another example is when a Panjabi/English says:
“It’s a nice day, hana?” (hai n? isn’t it). Another example is when an adult Spanish
American English says: “... Oh! Ay! It was embarrassing! It was very nice, though,
but I was embarrassed!” (Hoffman, 1991: 112).

1. Types Of Code Mixing

Types of code mixing, according to Muysken (2000:1) divided into three main
types:

a. Insertion (word phrase)

Approaching that depart from the notion of insertion new to constraint in term
of the structural properties some base or matrix structures. Here the process of code
mixing is conceived as something borrowing. For example, nanti siang jadi meeting
di mana?

b. Alternation
Approaches departing from alternation view the constraint on mixing in terms
of capability or equivalence of the language involved at the switch point. Example
such English- Indonesian

c. Congruent lexicalization (dialect)

The notion of congruent lexicalization underlies the study of style shifting and
dialect/standard variation rather than bilingual language Senang bertemu anda. Nice
to meet you. These three basic processes are constrained by different structural
conditions and in different ways in specific bilingual settings.

C. EXAMPLE
1. Code-Mixing and Code-Switching of Indonesian Celebrities: A Comparative
Study
 GROUP I (Celebrities with Native Speakers Parents)

No. Utterances Code-Mixing Code-Switching

1 I am great, thank you. - Intersentential
2 Jadi waktu aku kecil, seki- tar umur 8, Insertion Intrasentential
mama sempet jadi host impesarial 008 dan
you were also there where you do your
magic.
3 Jadi waktu aku kecil, seki- tar umur 8, Alternation Intrasentential
mama sempet jadi host impesarial 008 dan
you were also there where you do your
magic.
4 Iya pindah ke LA waktu aku umur 16. Di Insertion Intrasentential
sana aku high school, sempet kuliah
music juga and then balik lagi kesini.
5 It is OK. - Intersentential

Group II (Bilingual and Mulrilingual Selebrities)

No. Utterances Code-Mixing Code-Switching

1 Nge- dance deh jangan break Insertion Intrasentential
dance.
2 Kebetulan juga lagi shooting padet Insertion Intrasentential
dan butuh refreshing juga tapi yang
produktif.
3 Lagi kolaborasi sama denim Insertion Intrasentential
PotMixPop jadi ada denim buat
kolaborasi di Jakarta Fashion week.
Emang lagi iseng serius merambah
ke fashion.
4 Kalo diliat ada Insertion Intrasentential
details-nya, tulisannya
“hope love faith”.
5 Iya have positive energy, Alternation Intrasentential
positive feelings dan …
6 …dan juga hope-nya harapannya Insertion Intrasentential
selalu ada selalu dipenuhi dengan
cinta.
7 I wish I was born in the flower - Intrasentential
generation.
8 I have no idea. - Intrasentential
9 Mudah-mudahan juga kalo dibilang Insertion Intrasentential
cantik ngga Cuma physically
semoga hatinya juga.

2. Analysis of Indonesian-English Code Switching and Code Mixing on Facebook.

3. Code-Mixing Vs Code-Switching: A Study Of Grammatical Perspective
Through Code-Switching Varieties

[1] Bukan compare ya, kaya ngasih ekspektasi aja

(Not comparing, just like giving expectation)
(quoted from Yuliana, Luziana, & Sarwendah, 2015)

[2] Nih besok mau manggung lagi dilaunchnya dia

(Tomorrow (I) am going to perform again at his launching event)
(quoted from Yuliana et al., 2015)

[3] Iya, apalagi benar-benar kita search ya

(Yes, much less we truly search)
(quoted from Karunia, 2017)

[4] Komen dibawah movie jaman 80/90 favorit kalian

(Leave your comment below about your favourite movie in the 80s or 90s era)
(quoted from Isnaini & Anindita, 2022)

[5] Atmo, petugas cleaning service yang seminggu ini absen karena sakit
(Atmo, is the cleaning service officer who has been absent for a week due to illness)
(quoted from Rosnaningsih, 2019)

According to the study, the examples above represent that there are two languages
used in an utterance: Bahasa Indonesia as the receipt language and English as the source
language. The use of English in Bahasa Indonesia is the word compare (the data [1]) and
launch (the data [2]) is claimed by the authors as the insertion of codemixing and intra-
sentential code-switching. Meanwhile, the use of the English word ‘search’ in the data [3]
and [4] are referred by the author as intra-sentential switching. The overlap comprehension
also occurs to the level of phrase, as in the data [5]. The English phrase of cleaning service
was used with Bahasa Indonesia in the utterance. By the author, the insertion of the English
phrase is referred to both code-mixing and intrasentential code-switching.

4. Code Switching Used By International Tourist To Local People In Sorake Beach

a. Inter-sentential code switching

Based on the observation that the researcher did, the data demonstrated that the
international tourists (foreign tourist) in Sorake Beach were used code switching in their
communication to local people at Sorake Beach whereas it can be seen in the following
utterances.
Participant 1 : Your favorite. Kalau pilih satu, apa? (Your favorite. If you choose one,
what?)
Participant 2: First generation. Generasi pertama. (First generation. First generation)
The the expressions above was uttered by participants at Sorake Beach when they spoke
to local people in Sorake Beach. The sentences above shows that the in international
tourists conversations to local people in Sorake Beach there were code switching used
whereas the sentences consist of two different languages and sentences

b. Intra-sentential code switching

Besides the expressions showed on the previous page, it was also found that there
were intra-sentential code switching used by an international tourist (foreign tourist)
 when they were communicating to local people in Sorake Beach. As it can be seen in the
data presented below.
Participant 1: Dan juga, we gonna do reviews. (And also we gonna do reviews)
The utterance above convoyed in one sentence by using two different languages,
the first was Indonesia language “dan juga” and the second was English language
“we gonna do reviews”. The sentence above, it shows that the international
tourists who were in Sorake Beach also used alternative language in a form of
code switching in their communication to local people. The code switching that
was using by international tourists (foreign tourist) occurred within a sentence.

D. THE REASON FOR CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING

1. Asserting Power, Pride and Status
People switch or mix two languages because code switching will increase the
speaker’s status, power and authority.

2. Declaring Solidarity
Another reason why people use code switching is to express solidarity with particular
social group or listeners.

3. Expressing Ethnic Identity

Language is one of the most important forms of human symbolic behavior and has
become an identity of a social group. Alexander in Malesevic (2004: 49) define
ethnicity as the real or perceived primordial qualities that accrue to a group by virtue
of shared race, religion, or national origin, including in the latter category linguistic
and other cultural attributes associated with a common territorial ancestry.

4. Expressing Self Emotion

In this case, a speaker can switch his or her code (language) in order to express self-
emotion, such as angry, sad, or happy.

5. Being More Competence

Sometimes, speakers are unable to find the appropriate word in the language that is
being used. Therefore, they switch or mix the language to another one (lack of
vocabulary).

6. Being More Informative (message oriented)

People may select a particular variety of code to make the conversation easier to
discuss a particular topic, regardless of where they are speaking (Holmes, 1992: 29).
In addition, according to Hudson (2001: 131) speakers in every language can use
language to locate themselves in relation to the people they are talking to and also in
relation to people they are talking about. In some languages the central parts of the
grammatical system are dedicated to this important social function, so it is important
to bear these languages in mind as a corrective to the idea that the sole purpose of
language is to convey messages efficiently.

7. Conveying the Speaker’s Attitude to the Listener.

The speaker usually used code switching to convey their attitude to make the listener
able to involve in the conversation.
8. Talking about a particular topic
People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one language rather
than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more comfortable to express
his/her emotional feelings in a language that is not his/her everyday language. The
case can be found in Singapore, in which English language is used to discuss trade or
a business matter, Mandarin for international “Chinese” language, Malay as the
language of the region, and Tamil as the language of one of the important ethnic
groups in the republic.

9. Quoting somebody else

A speaker switches code to quote a famous expression, proverb, or saying of
some well-known figures. The switch involves just the words that the speaker is
claiming the quoted person said. The switch like a set of quotation marks. In
Indonesian, those well- known figures are mostly from some English-speaking
countries. Then, Myers–Scotton give example mixing between English and Swahili.
“Lakini ni-ko SURE u-ki-end-a.” (But I’m sure if you go). They explain that the
matrix language is Swahili. SURE is an embedded English language on it. Otherwise
if one clause in which obviously has grammatical structure of one language and in the
following clause is arranged based on its grammatical structure of other language, so
s/he has switched the code. In short, the code which involves in code mixing is on the
form of pieces (word or phrases).
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES