CHAPTER II

Review Related Literature

PROPER GROOMING PRACTICES

Grooming practices, such as makeup, hair styling, and bodybuilding, have long been

considered important for enhancing physical appearance. However, recent research has

shown that proper grooming practices can also have a significant impact on personal and

social well-being.

Dittmar, Halliwell, and Stirling (2009), also found that the exposure to thin media

models can have a negative impact on women’s body image, and that internalization of

the thin ideal and activation of weight-related self-discrepancy are key factors in this

negative effect. Their study highlights the importance of considering individual factors,

such as internalization of cultural ideals, when examining the impact of media exposure

on body image.

Furthermore, a study of Cash, T. F., and Smolak, L. (2010), found that the grooming

practices can significantly impact body image and its effects on self-esteem, self-worth,

and interpersonal relationships. Drawing on research from psychology, sociology, and

cultural studies, they discuss that the influence of various cultural and societal factors on

body image, including the role of media, family, and peers. They also provide evidence

from research studies to support their claims and offer recommendations for promoting

positive body image and well-being. Their research suggests that grooming practices play
an important role in shaping body image and its impact on personal and social well-

being.

In addition, Hirsch and Barton (2011) found that participation in a beauty and fitness

program was associated with improved body image and self-esteem in assisted living

residents.

However, other studies have found that proper grooming practices can have positive

effects on personal and social well-being. Swami and Chamorro-Premuzic (2012) found

that women who wore makeup reported higher levels of perceived attractiveness and self-

confidence.

Research studies suggest that grooming practices play a significant role in shaping how

individuals perceive their bodies and how they feel about themselves. Tiggemann and

Slater (2014) found that adolescent girls who engaged in more grooming behaviors

reported higher levels of body dissatisfaction and lower self-esteem. Similarly, Morrison,

Morrison, and Hopkins (2014) found that men who engaged in more grooming behaviors,

such as weightlifting and bodybuilding, reported higher levels of body dissatisfaction and

lower self-esteem. These findings suggest that excessive focus on grooming and body

perfection can lead to negative outcomes.

Social media has been found to influence grooming practices and body image.

Perloff (2014) discussed the role of social media in shaping young women’s body image

concerns and recommended further research in this area.

In addition, Fardouly and colleagues (2015) investigated the impact of social media,

specifically Facebook, on young women’s body image concerns and mood. Their study
found that exposure to appearance-related content on Facebook was associated with

increased body dissatisfaction and negative mood in young women. The authors suggest

that social comparisons on social media may contribute to body image concerns and

highlight the need for interventions and policies aimed at promoting positive body image

and well-being in the digital age. Overall, their study underscores the importance of

considering the impact of social media on body image and mental health, particularly in

vulnerable populations such as young women.

The importance of grooming practices on personal and social well-being has been found

to vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and sexual orientation. Fardouly,

Diedrichs, Vartanian, and Halliwell (2015) found that exposure to images of others’

grooming behaviors on social media was associated with increased body dissatisfaction

and negative mood in young women.

Tylka and Wood-Barcalow (2015) developed and validated a revised version of the Body

Appreciation Scale, which found that engaging in grooming practices, such as wearing

makeup and styling hair, was positively related to body appreciation and self-esteem.

Jankowski, Diedrichs, Williamson, and Christopher (2016) found that engaging in

grooming practices that aligned with their gender identity was important for enhancing

body image and self-esteem among transgender individuals.

Moreover, Jankowski and colleagues (2016) investigated the impact of parental, peer, and

media influences on boys’ appearance concerns. Their study found that media exposure

was a significant predictor of appearance concerns in boys, and that peer support and

parental encouragement may buffer the negative effects of media exposure. The authors
suggest that interventions aimed at promoting positive body image in boys should focus

on building resilience to negative media messages and fostering supportive relationships

with parents and peers. Overall, their study highlights the importance of considering the

impact of multiple social factors on appearance concerns in boys and suggests strategies

for promoting positive body image in this population.

In addition, Richards (2016) explored how men’s grooming practices impacted their body

image and found that men who engaged in more grooming behaviors reported higher

levels of body satisfaction.

Grogan(2017) create a comprehensive study on body image, exploring the impact of

grooming practices on body dissatisfaction and self-esteem in men, women, and children.

Her work highlights the complex relationship between grooming practices and body

image, with different grooming practices having varying effects on body satisfaction and

self-esteem. Grogan also emphasizes the importance of considering individual, cultural,

and societal factors when examining the impact of grooming practices on body image.

Her study contributes to our understanding of the complex factors that shape body image

and highlights the need for interventions and policies aimed at promoting positive body

image and well-being.

A study of Lantz and Schroeder (2017) found that stigmatizing attitudes toward

individuals with mental illness, with a focus on the impact of interpersonal contact and

mediators. Their findings suggest that interpersonal contact can reduce stigmatizing

attitudes by increasing empathy and reducing fear.

practices that enhance one's physical appearance, such as maintaining good oral hygiene,

taking regular showers, wearing clean and appropriate clothing, and engaging in

moderate exercise. These practices not only improve physical appearance but also

promote personal and social well-being by boosting self-esteem and reducing stress.

Similarly, Cash and Labarge (2018) provided evidence from research

studies to support their claims that grooming practices can impact body image and self-

esteem.

In overall, Grooming practices like makeup, hair styling, and bodybuilding have

traditionally been considered important for improving physical appearance, but research

has shown that they can also have a significant impact on personal and social well-being.

While some studies suggest that excessive focus on grooming and body perfection can

lead to negative outcomes such as body dissatisfaction and low self-esteem, other studies

have found that proper grooming practices can have positive effects on personal and

social well-being, including improved body image and self-esteem. The impact of

grooming practices on personal and social well-being can vary depending on factors such

as age, gender, and sexual orientation. The role of social media in shaping body image

and grooming practices has also been explored, with some studies suggesting that social

media exposure can increase body dissatisfaction and negative mood. The relationship

between grooming practices and body image is complex and influenced by individual,

cultural, and societal factors. Interventions and policies aimed at promoting positive body

image and well-being should take into account the impact of multiple social factors on

appearance concerns.
PERSONAL AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING

The way individuals present themselves through their grooming practices can

have a significant impact on their personal and social well-being. This is especially true

for adolescents and young adults who are often concerned with their appearance and how

they are perceived by others. As such, it is important to explore the relationship between

grooming practices and their impact on personal and social well-being among SHS

students.

Brown and Smart (1991) also explored the link between self-representations and

prosocial behavior. They found that individuals who had a positive self-concept were

more likely to engage in prosocial behavior, which could be seen as a measure of social

well-being. This suggests that grooming practices may impact personal well-being by

influencing self-concept, which in turn could impact social interactions and behavior.

Furthermore, Grogan and Richards (2002) conducted focus groups with boys and men on

body image. They found that boys and men were concerned with their appearance and

grooming practices, and that these concerns could impact their self-esteem and social

interactions. This suggests that grooming practices may impact both personal and social

well-being among male SHS students.

Another study by, Mulhern and colleagues (2003), conducted a study to investigate

whether cosmetics enhance female attractiveness. The study involved 120 participants

who were asked to rate the attractiveness of female faces with and without makeup. The

results showed that the faces with makeup were rated as more attractive than the same
faces without makeup. The study also found that the use of makeup increased perceptions

of femininity, attractiveness, and social competence among female faces. The authors

suggest that cosmetics can enhance female attractiveness and social interactions by

improving the perception of certain facial features and expressions.

Moreover, DeWall and Baumeister (2006) conducted a study on the effects of social

exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and

interpersonal empathy. They found that individuals who were socially excluded had

lower pain tolerance and threshold, which could be seen as a measure of personal well-

being. Additionally, they found that social exclusion reduced interpersonal empathy,

which could be seen as a measure of social well-being. This suggests that grooming

practices may impact both personal and social well-being by influencing social inclusion

and exclusion.

In addition, Swann and Bosson (2010) explored self-identity and its impact on behavior.

They found that individuals who had a strong sense of self-identity were more likely to

engage in positive behaviors and have better mental health, which could be seen as

measures of personal and social well-being. This suggests that grooming practices may

impact personal well-being by influencing self-identity, which in turn could impact social

interactions and behavior.

However, Bergner, Neff, and Wang (2010) conducted a review of empirical studies on

romantic relationships and found that individuals who put effort into their appearance and

grooming practices were more likely to be perceived as attractive by potential partners.

This suggests that grooming practices may also impact social well-being by influencing

how others perceive individuals.

processes. The book offers insights into how individuals form and maintain a sense of

self, and how this sense of self impacts various aspects of their lives, including social

interactions, academic achievement, and mental health. Harter also discusses the ways in

which cultural and societal factors influence self-concept, and how individuals navigate

the challenges of developing and maintaining a positive self-image in a complex and

ever-changing world, Harter(2012).

The book by Harter (2012) offers insights into the various factors that shape self-concept,

including biological, cognitive, and social processes. Cultural and societal factors also

influence self-concept, and individuals may face challenges in developing and

maintaining a positive self-image. Research suggests that grooming practices may impact

personal well-being by influencing self-concept and behavior, and social well-being by

influencing how others perceive individuals.

Fardouly and colleagues (2015), conducted a study to examine the impact of Facebook on

young women’s body image concerns and mood. Participants were 112 female university

students who completed baseline measures of body image, mood, and Facebook use, and

were then randomly assigned to either a control group or a Facebook condition where

they spent 10 minutes scrolling through their Facebook news feed. Participants then

completed post-test measures of body image and mood. Results showed that participants

in the Facebook condition reported higher levels of appearance comparison and greater

body dissatisfaction compared to those in the control group. In addition, participants in

the Facebook condition reported lower levels of mood compared to those in the control
group. The study highlights the potential negative impact of social media use, particularly

Facebook, on body image and mood in young women.

Dakanalis and colleagues (2015) has been conducted an experimental study to investigate

the cognitive and affective reactions of individuals to appearance-related teasing.

Participants were 96 female university students who reported experiencing appearance-

related teasing. They were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: exposure to a

neutral video, a video with appearance-related teasing, or a video with positive comments

about appearance. Participants completed self-report measures of body image, affect, and

social anxiety before and after watching the videos. Results showed that participants who

were exposed to appearance-related teasing reported higher levels of negative affect and

social anxiety and lower levels of body satisfaction compared to those in the neutral and

positive conditions. The study highlights the negative impact that appearance-related

teasing can have on body image and well-being, particularly for those who are already

vulnerable to such experiences.

Neeraja (2015) conducted a study to investigate the effect of personal grooming on self-

confidence and personality development. The experimental group received a grooming

intervention that included advice on hair care, skin care, and clothing choices, while the

control group did not. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted to measure

changes in self-confidence and personality development. The results showed that the

experimental group had a significant increase in self-confidence and positive personality

traits, such as openness and conscientiousness, compared to the control group. The study

suggests that engaging in proper grooming practices can have a positive impact on

individuals’ self-confidence and personality development.

grooming on social interaction. The study involved 5 participants who were asked to rate

the social competence of two individuals based on their photographs. The photographs

were manipulated to show the same individuals with and without proper grooming

practices. The results showed that participants rated the individuals with proper grooming

practices as more socially competent and likable than those without. Furthermore,

participants reported a greater desire to interact with the individuals with proper

grooming practices. The study suggests that engaging in proper grooming practices can

enhance individuals’ perceived social competence and likability, leading to more positive

social interactions.

According to Al-Shehri, Alharbi, and Al-Otaibi (2019), conducted a study on the impact

of personal grooming and appearance on the self-esteem of university students. They

found that students who had a positive perception of their appearance and grooming

practices had higher levels of self-esteem and were more confident in their interactions

with others. This suggests that proper grooming practices can have a positive impact on

personal well-being, which could extend to social interactions as well.

Overall, the grooming practices can have a significant impact on personal and social

well-being among SHS students. Proper grooming practices can lead to higher levels of

self-esteem, confidence, and positive personality traits. These positive effects can extend

to social interactions, as individuals who engage in proper grooming practices are

perceived as more socially competent, attractive, and likable. However, appearance-

related teasing and social exclusion can have negative impacts on body image, self-

esteem, and social well-being.

The importance of grooming activities for improving physical appearance, such as

bodybuilding, makeup, and hair styling, has been acknowledged. But according to recent

studies, good grooming habits can have a big impact on one's social and emotional well-

being. According to studies, practicing healthy and hygienic grooming habits can boost

self-esteem, lessen stress, and foster a good body image. However, putting too much

emphasis on grooming and physical perfection can have unfavorable effects including

low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction.

Grooming techniques have varying effects on social and personal well-being

depending on criteria like age, gender, and sexual orientation. Women who apply

makeup, for instance, express better perceptions of their beauty and confidence. On the

other side, exposure to social media photos of other people's grooming habits has been

linked to higher body dissatisfaction and depressive symptoms in young women.

Body image and grooming habits are significantly influenced by social media. The use of

social media sites like Facebook has been associated with higher rates of body

dissatisfaction and appearance comparison. Furthermore, exposure to slim media models

can have a negative effect on women's body image, whereas transgender people who

engage in grooming practices that are consistent with their gender identification tend to

have better body image and self-esteem.

Grooming habits and body image have a complicated link that is influenced by

societal, cultural, and personal variables. elements including self-concept, interpersonal

relationships, and social inclusion/exclusion can operate as mediating elements in the

Additionally, research emphasizes the significance of taking into account a variety of

social factors, such as media influence, peer support, and parental encouragement, when

analyzing concerns about beauty in various populations.

Overall, good nursing practice can have a positive impact on individual and

societal well-being by improving self-esteem, promoting positive body image, and

enhancing social interaction. However, it is important to recognize that an overly focused

focus on the impact of social factors such as personal hygiene and media on body image

can have potential negative consequences. Interventions and policies should aim to

promote positive body image and well-being by addressing the complex interplay of

individual, cultural and social factors and promoting supportive relationships.