COM 110 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

CHAPTER EIGHT: PRESENTATION GRAPHICS

At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to;
 Prepare a presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint
 Use pictures and objects
 Use animation in Microsoft PowerPoint
 Create organization charts using the Microsoft PowerPoint tools
 Create graphs using the Microsoft PowerPoint tools

MS POWERPOINT
8.1. INTRODUCTION
What is PowerPoint?
This is a complete presentation graphics package. It gives you everything you need to produce a professionally
looking presentation. It enables you to express your ideas in graphics, text and objects all in one.

What is presentation?
It is a collection of slides, handouts, speaker’s note, and outline all in one file. As create a slide you are creating a
presentation, giving it a format that will carry through from beginning to the end.

What is a slide?
Slides are individual pages of your presentation. Slides have titles, text, drawn objects, shapes, clip arts, and visuals
created with other application.

Starting PowerPoint
From the start menu select programs and the move to PowerPoint and click.

8.2. PowerPoint Screen menus

Home Menu

Insert Menu

Design Menu

Animation

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Slide Show

8.3 CREATING A NEW PRESENTATION

Creating a blank presentation
1. Power point starts with a Blank Slide
2. First slide is the Title slide( for the presentation name and presenters details)
3. Click New Slide Icon in the Home Menu to add a new slide
4. Type in the Slide Title and slide content.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for each new slide.

N.B: You can put as many slides as desired.

8.4 SAVING A PRESENTATION

Saving a new or existing presentation to always open as a slide show.
1. Open the presentation you want to open as a slide show.
2. Click Office Button.
3. In the ‘save as type’ list box, click PowerPointation.
4. Choose the drive in the ‘save in’ box.
5. Click save.

8.5. ADDING AND FORMATTING TEXT

Add text.
Normally the easiest way to add text to a slide is to type directly into any placeholder that accommodates text.
However when you want to add text outside a placeholder you use “Text Box tool on the drawing toolbar.

Changing the font and color of the text

1. Highlight the text to be formatted
2. From the format menu click font
3. Choose the desired font size color e.t.c
4. Click okay.

Add, change or remove a bullet

After you create a bulleted text, you can change the look of the bullets: their size, shape, color, e.t.c
To change a bullet, you need to highlight the test associated with the bullets. You cannot highlight a bullet.
1. Highlight the text
2. In the format menu, select bullets
3. Choose from the variety of bullets and click
4. Specify things like color and the size.
5. Click okay

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 Adding a special text effect
You can add special effects to text by using the “word Art” tool on the drawing toolbar. You rotate, sketch,
shadow or fill it with color using the “Word Art” toolbar.
1. From the insert menu move to picture
2. Move to word art and click
3. Choose the shape of the word art and click okay
4. Type the text you want to add special effects after deleting “Your text here”

8.6. FORMATTING YOUR SLIDE

Colors and designs are added to slides in a presentation for enhancement. They also help in capturing the
attention of the audience. You can either add a background color, apply design or both.

Applying background
1. Choose the slide you want to apply background (if you have several) by scrolling.
2. In the format menu choose background and click.
3. In the drop down list choose the color desired (click more colours to view more)
4. Click apply.

Applying patterns, textures and pictures as backgrounds

1. Repeat steps 1 & 2 in 4.1 (above)
2. In the drop down list, click ‘fill effects’
3. Click gradient, texture, pattern or picture tab.
4. Choose as desired.

Applying design
1. Choose the slide you want to design.
2. In the format menu choose, apply design, and click.
3. In the resulting dialog box, choose the desired design.
4. Click apply.

8.7 WORKING WITH DIFERENT VIEWS

A slide can be looked at in different angles. These views help a lot while working on your presentations.
To access the views, click view from the menu bar. The most common views are:

1. Slide: Views individual slide.

2. Outline: Views all slides (outlined). NB.Graphics & Text effects cannot be viewed in outline.
3. Slide sorter: Miniatures all slides in your presentation. You can animate, transit, sort etc in this view.
4. Slide show: Complete presentation is run in this view.

Getting a specific slide.

When you have several slides and you want a specific one,
In this view Do this
 Slide or notes page Drag the vertical scroll bar until you get
The slide.
 Outline Double click the slide icon.
 Slide sorter Double click the slide.
 Slide show Right click, point to ‘GO’ on the shortcut
Menu, and click slide Navigator.
Change the view to black and white
From the view menu click black & white
NB: When you run the slide show it will show color.

Deleting a slide

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 1. Select the slide you want to delete
2. On the Edit menu, click Delete Slide

8.8 WORKING WITH OBJECTS

Objects in PowerPoint could be any of the following
 Clip Arts
 Tables and graphs from other applications e.g. Excel
 Paint brush pictures
 Media clips and many more

PowerPoint comes with its own set of pictures in the clip art gallery. The clip art gallery includes a wide variety of
clip arts that makes it easy for you to dress up your presentation with professionally designed images. You will find
everything from maps to people and from buildings to scenic backgrounds.

Inserting pictures in your presentation

1. From the insert menu point to pictures
2. You can choose from the different sources i.e. clipart gallery, scanner, file etc.
3. From the source you have chosen, chose the picture and click insert.

Inserting Auto Shapes

1. From the Draw menu click auto shapes
2. Move to desired category
3. Choose the shape and click
4. After the mouse pointer changes shape, click and drag at the insertion position.

Working with organization chart

1. Display the slide you want to add organization chart
2. On the insert menu, move to pictures then to organization chart and click
3. Use the chart’s tools and menus to sign your chart
4. To return to PowerPoint, click exit & return to presentation from the file menu.

N.B: In the slide layout, you can choose a layout with the organization chart.

8.9. ANIMATION
You can animate text, graphics sounds, movies, and other objects on your slides so as to focus on important points,
control the flow of information, and add interest to your presentation. You can have each main bullet point appear
independently of others, or you can have objects appear progressively, one after another.
You can set up the way you want each bullet point or object to appear on your slide e.g. to fly in from the left and
whether you want other bullets or objects to dim or change color when you add a new element. You also change the
order of timing of your animation.

Animating objects & text on the slide.

1. In slide view, display the slide that has the text or objects you want to animate.
2. On the slide show menu, click “custom animation”, and then click timing tab.
3. Under “slide objects without animation’, select the text or object you want to animate and then click
animate.
4. Choose ‘on mouse click’ to activate the animation after a mouse click or ‘automatically’, and then enter the
umber of seconds you want to elapse between the previous animation and the current one.
5. Click the effect tab.
6. If you are animating a chart in Microsoft Graph, click the Chart Efforts tab.
7. Under ‘entry animation and sound’, select the options you want.
8. Click the timing tab and repeat steps 3 through 6 for every object you want to animate. You can click the
preview button to see how your animation works.

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Changing the order of the animation on a slide
1. In the slide view, display the slide you want to change the order in.
2. On the slide show menu, click Custom Animation.
3. Under ‘animation order’, select the object you want to change, and the click one of the arrows to move the
objects up or down on the list.
4. Repeat the process for each objects whose order you want to change.

Add an effect on an animated object after it appears

1. In slide view, display the slide you want to add an effect to.
2. On the slide show menu, click Custom Animation, and then click the effects tab.
3. Under animation order, select the object you want to add an effect to, and then click an option under after
animation.
4. Repeat the process for each object you want to add and effect to

Add Transitions To A Slide Show

For the slide show to flow well you need to transit your slide.
1. In the slide view, select the slide you want to transit
2. On the slide show menu, click ‘slide transition’.
3. In the effect box, choose a transition.
4. To apply a transition to one slide, click apply. Click ‘apply to all’ for all the slides.
5. To view the transition, click slide show.

8.10 PRINTING
You can print your entire presentation either in black and white or color.
1. Open the presentation you want to print.
2. Click Office button, click print

 Select or set the required parameters

 Click Ok

8.9 Margins
PowerPoint does not have fixed margins as in word processing programs. You can place text and objects right up to
the edge of a slide. You align objects by resizing their placeholders.

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CHAPTER NINE
COMPUTERS NETWORKDS AND COMMUNICATIONS
At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to;
 Explain the hardware and Requirements for connecting to the Internet.
 Explain the features of common Internet services.
 Explain the e-mail terms
 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the internet

9.1. Introduction
A computer network is the infrastructure that allows two or more computers (called hosts) to communicate with each
other.

Definition
 A computer networks or data network is a telecommunication network which allows computer to
exchange data
 A network can be defined as a group of computers and other devices connected in some ways so as to be
able to exchange data. Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node; each node has a
unique address.
 A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and
computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.

The best-known computer network is the internet.

Communication Protocol
All participating hosts on a network must observe/adhere to the communication protocol

A communications protocol is a set of rules for exchanging information over a network

The need for a protocol should be obvious: it allows different computers from different vendors and with different
operating characteristics to ‘speak the same language’.

9.2. Networks Objectives

In computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data connections (network links).
The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media.
1. Load Sharing: Both the program and data are transmitted to a remote computer to equalize the load between the
two facilities.
2. Message Service: A network can be used to handle interpersonal message transmissions. This type of service can
also be used for educational services and conference activities. However, it is not an important motivation for a
network of scientific computers.
3. Data Sharing: The program is sent to a remote computer where a large data base exists. This type of operation
will be particularly useful where data files are too large to be duplicated economically
4. Program Sharing
5. Remote Service

9.3. Network Components

The network is made up of the following components:
a) Hardware components
 hosts (PCs, laptops, handhelds)
 Communication line and devices routers & switches
b) Software Components
 Protocols (IP, TCP, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA)
 Applications (network services)
c) Humans and service agents

A part from the computer, other hardware components of a computer network includes;

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1) Network Adapters Modems: A modem is a device that converts computer information into electronic signals
that can be transmitted over a phone line. At the other end of the line, another modem converts the telephone
signals back into computer data. There are different types of network adapters that are used to configure or setup
the internet technology on your operating system.
2) Gateway: device sitting at a network node for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. A
gateway acts as a protocol translators, thus allowing interconnections of networks with different network
protocol technologies
3) Router: A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks. A router is connected to two
or more data lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the
address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination.
4) Firewalls: is a software or hardware-based network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing
network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether they should be allowed through or not,
based on applied rule set. Firewalls can be defined in many ways according to your level of understanding. A
firewall establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another network (e.g., the Internet)
that is not assumed to be secure and trusted.
5) Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments along the data link layer. Bridges broadcast to all ports
except the port on which the broadcast was received. Bridges come in three basic types:
a. Local bridges: Directly connect LANs
b. Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote
bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with
routers.
c. Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.
6) Switch: A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a message from any device connected to it and
then transmits the message only to that device for which the message was meant. A device that allocates, filters
and forwards traffic (data gram) between ports based on the data gram address.
7) Repeater/Hub: device to amplify or regenerate digital signals received while sending them from one part of a
network into another. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise,
regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal
can cover longer distances without degradation.

9.4. Characteristics of Computer Networks

The following characteristics should be considered in network design and ongoing maintenance:
1) Availability. Availability is typically measured in a percentage based on the number of minutes that exist in a
year. Therefore, uptime would be the number of minutes the network is available divided by the number of
minutes in a year.
2) Cost: includes the cost of the network components, their installation, and their ongoing maintenance.
3) Reliability: defines the availability of the network components and the connectivity between them. Mean time
between failures (MTBF) is commonly used to measure reliability.
4) Security: includes the protection of the network components and the data they contain and/or the data transmitted
between them.
5) Speed: includes how fast data is transmitted between network end points (the data rate).
6) Scalability: defines how well the network can adapt to new growth, including new users, applications, and
network components.
7) Topology: describes the physical cabling layout and the logical way data moves between components.

9.5. Network Terminologies

1. Intranet: An intranet is a set of networks, using the Internet Protocol and IP-based tools such as web browsers
and file transfer applications, that is under the control of a single administrative entity. That administrative entity
closes the intranet to all but specific, authorized users. Most commonly, an intranet is the internal network of an
organization. A large intranet will typically have at least one web server to provide users with organizational
information.
2. Extranet: An extranet is a network that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity and also has limited
connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities—a
company's customers may be given access to some part of its intranet—while at the same time the customers may
not be considered trusted from a security standpoint.

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3. Local area network: A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of
buildings. Each computer or device on the network is a node.
4. Wide area network: A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic area such
as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a communications channel that combines many
types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and air waves. A WAN often uses transmission facilities provided
by common carriers, such as telephone companies.
5. Enterprise private network: An enterprise private network is a network built by an enterprise to interconnect
various company sites, e.g., production sites, head offices, remote offices, shops, in order to share computer
resources.
6. Virtual private network: A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links
between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network (e.g., the Internet)
instead of by physical wires.

9.6. Network Topology

A network topology is the layout of the interconnections of the nodes of a computer network. Network topology
signifies the way in which devices in the network see their logical relations to one another. Network topology is
independent of the "physical" layout of the network. Common layouts are:
1. Bus Network: all nodes are connected to a common communication medium / channel along this medium.
2. A star network: all nodes are connected to a special central node. This is the typical layout found in a wireless
LAN, where each wireless client connects to the central Wireless Access Point.
3. A ring network: each node is connected to its left and right neighbour node, such that all nodes are connected
and that each node can reach each other node by traversing nodes left- or rightwards. The Fiber Distributed Data
Interface (FDDI) made use of such a topology.
4. A mesh network: each node is connected to an arbitrary number of neighbours in such a way that there is at least
one traversal from any node to any other.
5. A fully connected network: each node is connected to every other node in the network.

Network Topologies examples

9.7. Effects of computerization

1) The introduction of computers has lead into unemployment, in some companies thousands of workers have been
made redundant.
2) Computer technology has created new opportunities for crime such as hacking, theft of data and the introduction
of viruses.
3) Computers have caused stress at places of work as humans try to keep up with the output of their computers.
4) People who work with computers a lot without interacting with other people are likely to develop psychological
problems due to isolation.
5) Computers have affected relationships of people working together such as employee-supervisor relationships and
thus becoming a dehumanizing factor.
6) Computerization has caused job content reduction and role ambiguity.
7) Cause of power redistribution in organizations due to change in organizational structure.
8) Computers have been blocking factor for career paths.

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