BY:

DHINESH.P (20TC0053)
 CONTENTS
 This presentation covers:
 What is a digital image?
 What is digital image processing?
 Image enhancement
 Contrast stretching
 Block diagram
 Application
 WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE?
 A digital image is a representation Of a two-dimensional image as
a finite set Of digital values, called picture elements or pixels
 Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colors, heights,
opacities etc.
 Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation Of a real scene.
Digital Image Processing
 Digital image processing deals with manipulation of digital
images through a digital computer. It is a subfield of signals and
systems but focus particularly on images.
 The input of that system is a digital image and the system process
that image using efficient algorithms, and gives an image as an
output.
Digital image processing focuses on two major
tasks
• Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation.
• Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation
for autonomous machine perception
Common image formats include:
1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)
 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
 4 samples per point (Red, Green, Blue, and "Alpha")
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IMAGE PROCESSING
1. Image Acquisition
This is the first step or process of the fundamental steps of digital image processing. Image acquisition could be as
simple as being given an image that is already in digital form. Generally, the image acquisition stage involves per -
processing, such as scaling, etc.
2. Image Enhancement
Image enhancement is among the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image processing. Basically, the
idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out detail that is obscured, or simply to highlight certain features
of interest in an image. Such as changing brightness & contrast, etc.
3. Image Restoration
Image restoration is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an image. However, unlike
enhancement, which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the sense that restoration techniques tend to
be based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image degradation.
4. Morphological Processing
Morphological processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation
and description of shape.
5. Segmentation
Segmentation procedures partition an image into its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous
segmentation is one of the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. A rugged segmentation procedure brings
the process a long way toward a successful solution of imaging problems that require objects to be identified
individually.
6. Object recognition
Recognition is the process that assigns a label, such as, vehicle to an object based on its descriptors.
7. Representation and Description
Representation and description almost always follow the output of a segmentation stage, which usually is raw
pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a region or all the points in the region itself.
MEDICINE
Take slice from MRI scan Of canine heart, and find
boundaries between types Of tissue :
Image with gray levels representing tissue density.
Use a suitable filter to highlight edges.
 Contrast Stretching in image
 Contrast Stretching: Many time we obtain low contrast images due to
poor illumination.
 The main idea behind contrast stretching is to increase the contrast of the
image by making dark portion darker and the brighter portion brighter.
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
One Of the most common uses Of DIP techniques:
 Improve quality
 Remove noise etc.,
GIS
Geographic Information Systems
• Digital image processing techniques are used extensively
to manipulate satellite imagery
• Terrain classification
• Meteorology
LAW ENFORCEMENT
 Image processing techniques are used extensively by law
enforcers
 Number plate recognition for speed cameras/automated toll
systems Fingerprint recognition
 Enhancement of CCTV images
REFERENCES
 R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, "Digital Image Processing - 2" Edition",
Prentice Hall, 2002
 C. Garcia et al., "Face Detection in Color Images Using Wavelet
Packet Analysis".
 "Machine Vision: Automated Visual Inspection and Robot Vision",
David Vernon, Prentice Hall, 1991
 Available online at: homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/BOOKS/VERNON/