About the Tutorial

Design patterns represent the best practices used by experienced object-oriented

software developers. Design patterns are solutions to general problems that
software developers faced during software development. These solutions were
obtained by trial and error by numerous software developers over quite a
substantial period of time.

This tutorial will take you through step by step approach and examples using Java
while learning Design Pattern concepts.

Audience
This reference has been prepared for the experienced developers to provide best
solutions to certain problems faced during software development and for un-
experienced developers to learn software design in an easy and faster way.

Prerequisites
Before you start proceeding with this tutorial, we make an assumption that you
are already aware of the basic concepts of Java programming.

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i

Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i

Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i

Copyright & Disclaimer............................................................................................................................. i

Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... ii

1. DESIGN PATTERN OVERVIEW .............................................................................................. 1

What is Gang of Four (GOF)? ................................................................................................................... 1

Usage of Design Pattern .......................................................................................................................... 1

Types of Design Patterns ......................................................................................................................... 1

2. FACTORY PATTERN .............................................................................................................. 3

Implementation ...................................................................................................................................... 3

3. ABSTRACT FACTORY PATTERN ............................................................................................. 7

Implementation ...................................................................................................................................... 7

4. SINGLETON PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 15

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 15

5. BUILDER PATTERN ............................................................................................................. 18

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 18

6. PROTOTYPE PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 26

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 26

7. ADAPTER PATTERN ............................................................................................................ 32

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 32

8. BRIDGE PATTERN............................................................................................................... 38

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 38

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9. FILTER PATTERN ................................................................................................................ 42

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 42

10. COMPOSITE PATTERN ....................................................................................................... 50

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 50

11. DECORATOR PATTERN ....................................................................................................... 54

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 54

12. FACADE PATTERN .............................................................................................................. 59

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 59

13. FLYWEIGHT PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 63

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 63

14. PROXY PATTERN ................................................................................................................ 69

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 69

15. CHAIN OF RESPONSIBILITY PATTERN ................................................................................. 72

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 72

16. COMMAND PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 77

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 77

17. INTERPRETER PATTERN ..................................................................................................... 81

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 81

18. ITERATOR PATTERN ........................................................................................................... 85

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 85

19. MEDIATOR PATTERN ......................................................................................................... 88

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 88

20. MEMENTO PATTERN ......................................................................................................... 91

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 91

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21. OBSERVER PATTERN .......................................................................................................... 95

Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 95

22. STATE PATTERN ............................................................................................................... 100

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 100

23. NULL OBJECT PATTERN.................................................................................................... 104

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 104

24. STRATEGY PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 108

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 108

25. TEMPLATE PATTERN ........................................................................................................ 112

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 112

26. VISITOR PATTERN ............................................................................................................ 116

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 116

27. MVC PATTERN ................................................................................................................. 121

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 121

28. BUSINESS DELEGATE PATTERN ........................................................................................ 126

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 126

29. COMPOSITE ENTITY PATTERN.......................................................................................... 131

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 131

30. DATA ACCESS OBJECT PATTERN ...................................................................................... 136

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 136

31. FRONT CONTROLLER PATTERN ........................................................................................ 141

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 141

32. INTERCEPTNG FILTER PATTERN ....................................................................................... 145

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 145

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33. SERVICE LOCATOR PATTERN............................................................................................ 151

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 151

34. TRANSFER OBJECT PATTERN............................................................................................ 157

Implementation .................................................................................................................................. 157

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 DESIGN PATTERN OVERVIEW

Design patterns represent the best practices used by experienced object-oriented

software developers. Design patterns are solutions to general problems that software
developers faced during software development. These solutions were obtained by
trial and error by numerous software developers over quite a substantial period of
time.

What is Gang of Four (GOF)?

In 1994, four authors Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides
published a book titled Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable Object-
Oriented Software which initiated the concept of Design Pattern in Software
development.

These authors are collectively known as Gang of Four (GOF). According to these
authors design patterns are primarily based on the following principles of object
orientated design.

Program to an interface not an implementation

Favor object composition over inheritance

Usage of Design Pattern

Design Patterns have two main usages in software development.

Common platform for developers

Design patterns provide a standard terminology and are specific to particular
scenario. For example, a singleton design pattern signifies the use of single object so
all developers familiar with single design pattern will make use of single object and
they can tell each other that program is following a singleton pattern.

Best Practices
Design patterns have been evolved over a long period of time and they provide best
solutions to certain problems faced during software development. Learning these
patterns help unexperienced developers to learn software design in an easy and fast
way.

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Types of Design Patterns
As per the design pattern reference book Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable
Object-Oriented Software, there are 23 design patterns which can be classified in
three categories: Creational, Structural and Behavioral patterns. We will also discuss
another category of design pattern: J2EE design patterns.

S.N. Pattern & Description

1 Creational Patterns
These design patterns provide a way to create objects while hiding the
creation logic, rather than instantiating objects directly using new
operator. This gives more flexibility to the program in deciding which
objects need to be created for a given use case.

2 Structural Patterns
These design patterns concern class and object composition. Concept of
inheritance is used to compose interfaces and define ways to compose
objects to obtain new functionalities.

3 Behavioral Patterns
These design patterns are specifically concerned with communication
between objects.

4 J2EE Patterns
These design patterns are specifically concerned with the presentation
tier. These patterns are identified by Sun Java Center.

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 FACTORY PATTERN

Factory pattern is one of most used design patterns in Java. This type of design
pattern comes under creational pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways
to create an object.

In Factory pattern, we create objects without exposing the creation logic to the client
and refer to newly created object using a common interface.

Implementation
We are going to create a Shape interface and concrete classes implementing
the Shape interface. A factory class ShapeFactory is defined as a next step.

FactoryPatternDemo, our demo class, will use ShapeFactory to get a Shape object.
It will pass information (CIRCLE / RECTANGLE / SQUARE) to ShapeFactory to get the
type of object it needs.

Step 1
Create an interface.

Shape.java

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 public interface Shape {
void draw();
}

Step 2
Create concrete classes implementing the same interface.

Rectangle.java

public class Rectangle implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Rectangle::draw() method.");
}
}

Square.java

public class Square implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Square::draw() method.");
}
}

Circle.java

public class Circle implements Shape {

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Inside Circle::draw() method.");
}

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 }

Step 3
Create a Factory to generate object of concrete class based on given information.

ShapeFactory.java

public class ShapeFactory {

//use getShape method to get object of type shape

public Shape getShape(String shapeType){
if(shapeType == null){
return null;
}
if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("CIRCLE")){
return new Circle();
} else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("RECTANGLE")){
return new Rectangle();
} else if(shapeType.equalsIgnoreCase("SQUARE")){
return new Square();
}
return null;
}
}

Step 4
Use the Factory to get object of concrete class by passing an information such as
type.

FactoryPatternDemo.java

public class FactoryPatternDemo {

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 public static void main(String[] args) {
ShapeFactory shapeFactory = new ShapeFactory();

//get an object of Circle and call its draw method.

Shape shape1 = shapeFactory.getShape("CIRCLE");

//call draw method of Circle

shape1.draw();

//get an object of Rectangle and call its draw method.

Shape shape2 = shapeFactory.getShape("RECTANGLE");

//call draw method of Rectangle

shape2.draw();

//get an object of Square and call its draw method.

Shape shape3 = shapeFactory.getShape("SQUARE");

//call draw method of circle

shape3.draw();
}
}

Step 5
Verify the output.

Inside Circle::draw() method.

Inside Rectangle::draw() method.
Inside Square::draw() method.

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