Introduction to

Microcontroller
ARDUINO Microcontroller Platform
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to
govern a specific operation in an embedded system. A typical
microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip.
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF A MICROCONTROLLER?

The core elements of a microcontroller are:

•The processor (CPU) -- A processor can be thought of as the brain of the device. It
processes and responds to various instructions that direct the microcontroller's function.
This involves performing basic arithmetic, logic and I/O operations. It also performs data
transfer operations, which communicate commands to other components in the larger
embedded system.
•Memory -- A microcontroller's memory is used to store the data that the processor
receives and uses to respond to instructions that it's been programmed to carry out. A
microcontroller has two main memory types:
• Program memory, which stores long-term information about the instructions that the
CPU carries out. Program memory is non-volatile memory, meaning it holds
information over time without needing a power source.
• Data memory, which is required for temporary data storage while the instructions
are being executed. Data memory is volatile, meaning the data it holds is temporary
and is only maintained if the device is connected to a power source.
•I/O peripherals -- The input and output devices are the interface for the processor to the
outside world. The input ports receive information and send it to the processor in the form
of binary data. The processor receives that data and sends the necessary instructions to
output devices that execute tasks external to the microcontroller.
 Classification of
Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers are
classified on different
aspects like architecture,
programming language
used, bus width, memory,
instruction set etc.
Classification of Microcontrollers

❑Bus With
❑Memory
❑Instruction Set
❑Architecture
 Bus Width
• 8 bit- In this if the internal bus is 8 bit then the ALU
performs arithmetic and logic operations. Examples are
8051/8031/ pic1x.
• 16 bit- this microcontroller performance is greater
compared to 8-bit. 16 bit can use 16 bit for its operations
were as in 8-bit it is only 8-bit examples are 8051
extended, pic2x
• 32-bit - it uses 32 bit to perform its operations these are
used in medical devices and in control systems PIC3X is
an example
 Memory
Embedded memory microcontroller – When an
embedded system has a microcontroller unit that
has all the functional blocks available on a chip is
called an embedded microcontroller. For
example, 8051 having program & data memory,
I/O ports, serial communication, counters and
timers and interrupts on the chip is an embedded
microcontroller.
 Memory
External Memory Microcontroller: When an
embedded system has a microcontroller unit that
has not all the functional blocks available on a
chip is called an external memory microcontroller.
For example, 8031 has no program memory on
the chip is an external memory microcontroller.
 Memory
CISC – CISC is a Complex Instruction Set Computer. It
allows the programmer to use one instruction in place
of many simpler instructions.

RISC- The RISC stands for Reduced Instruction set

Computer, this type of instruction sets reduces the
design of microprocessor for industry standards. It
allows each instruction to operate on any register or
use any addressing mode and simultaneous access of
program and data.
 Instruction Set

CISC – complex instruction set computer it allows

the user to use one instruction to do the functions
of many simple instructions

RISC- reduced instruction set computer in this

instruction set is reduced each instruction can be
operated on any register or in any addressing mode
 Architecture
Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller: The
point when a microcontroller unit has a dissimilar
memory address space for the program and data
memory.

Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller: The

point when a microcontroller has a common
memory address for the program memory and data
memory
 ARDUINO UNO
MICROCONTROLLER PLATFORM
Arduino Uno, Nano, Lilypad, Arduino MEGA
 Arduino Uno is based on
the ATmega328 by Atmel. The Arduino
Uno pinout consists of 14 digital pins, 6
analog inputs, a power jack, USB
connection and ICSP header. The
versatility of the pinout provides many
different options such as driving motors,
LEDs, reading sensors and more.
Arduino Uno pinout - Power Supply
There are 3 ways to power the Arduino Uno:
Barrel Jack - The Barrel jack, or DC Power Jack can be
used to power your Arduino board. The barrel jack is
usually connected to a wall adapter. The board can be
powered by 5-20 volts but the manufacturer
recommends to keep it between 7-12 volts. Above 12
volts, the regulators might overheat, and below 7 volts,
might not suffice.
VIN Pin - This pin is used to power the Arduino Uno
board using an external power source. The voltage
should be within the range mentioned above.
USB cable - when connected to the computer, provides
5 volts at 500mA.

The power source you use determines the power you have available for your circuit. For instance,
powering the circuit using the USB limits you to 500mA. Take into consideration that this is also used
for powering the MCU, its peripherals, the on-board regulators, and the components connected to it.
When powering your circuit through the barrel jack or VIN, the maximum capacity available is
determined by the 5 and 3.3 volts regulators on-board the Arduino.
Arduino Uno Pinout - Analog IN
The Arduino Uno has 6 analog pins, which utilize ADC (Analog to Digital converter).
These pins serve as analog inputs but can also function as digital inputs or digital outputs.

Analog to Digital Conversion

ADC stands for Analog to Digital Converter. ADC is an electronic circuit used to convert analog signals into
digital signals. This digital representation of analog signals allows the processor (which is a digital device) to
measure the analog signal and use it through its operation.
Arduino Pins A0-A5 are capable of reading analog voltages. On Arduino the ADC has 10-bit resolution,
meaning it can represent analog voltage by 1,024 digital levels. The ADC converts voltage into bits which the
microprocessor can understand.
Arduino Uno Pinout - Digital Pins
Pins 0-13 of the Arduino Uno serve as digital
input/output pins.
Pin 13 of the Arduino Uno is connected to the
built-in LED.
In the Arduino Uno - pins 3,5,6,9,10,11 have PWM
capability.
It’s important to note that:
● Each pin can provide/sink up to 40 mA
max. But the recommended current is 20 mA.
● The absolute max current provided (or
sank) from all pins together is 200mA
Arduino Uno Pinout - ICSP Header
ICSP stands for In-Circuit Serial Programming. The
name originated from In-System Programming
headers (ISP). Manufacturers like Atmel who work
with Arduino have developed their own in-circuit
serial programming headers. These pins enable the
user to program the Arduino boards’ firmware.
There are six ICSP pins available on the Arduino
board that can be hooked to a programmer device
via a programming cable.
Source:
https://www.circuito.io/blog/arduino-uno-pinout/