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03A Machine Programming Basics v1.2

1) The document discusses instruction set architectures, machine programming, and the x86 architecture. 2) It provides information on the lifetime of a program from coding to compilation and execution. Code examples are given to illustrate compiling and assembly. 3) The document examines categories of registers in x86 including general purpose, floating point, address, and condition registers. It details the sub-registers in the x86 architecture.

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Ngo Tri Si
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14 views

03A Machine Programming Basics v1.2

1) The document discusses instruction set architectures, machine programming, and the x86 architecture. 2) It provides information on the lifetime of a program from coding to compilation and execution. Code examples are given to illustrate compiling and assembly. 3) The document examines categories of registers in x86 including general purpose, floating point, address, and condition registers. It details the sub-registers in the x86 architecture.

Uploaded by

Ngo Tri Si
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Identify Name

Instruction Set x86 integer


Architecture registers

MACHINE
PROGRAMMING

① Instruction Set Architectures


② Machine Programming
Add 5 and 8

011000110101
instructions words
instruction set vocabulary
machine language assembly language
MACHINE VS. HUMAN
03 45 08
LANGUAGE add 0x8(%ebp),%eax
2
Code time Compile time Run time

C/C++ ASM Object


Compiler Assembler Linker
LIFETIME OF PROGRAM
3
Compiler Assembler

C/C++ ASM Object

Disassembler
CODE EXAMPLES
gcc –Og –c example.c objdump –d example.o
gcc –Og –S example.c 4
Program Compiler

Hardwar
Architecture
PROGRAM PERFORMANCE e

CHA 5
P
① System’s state
③
② Instructions
CPU can execute

Instruction
Architecture
Set
Architecture
6
x86 MIPS
INSTRUCTION SET
ARCHITECTURES
PowerPC
7
1968 1985 2016

1978 2005

INTEL
Transistor
29K 275K 250M 7.2B
count
Gordon Moore
Co-founder of Intel

The number of transistors in a chip


will approximately double every
two years. 9
ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES
10
Memory
Object
Address Code
Registers
Data Program
Condition Data
Codes Instructions
Program OS Data
Counter
PROGRAMMER’S VIEW
Stack
CPU 11
32-bit
int sum(int x, int y) sum:
{ push %ebp
int t = x+y; mov %esp,%ebp
return t; mov 12(%ebp),%eax
} add 8(%ebp),%eax
mov %ebp,%esp
code.c pop %ebp
ret
gcc –O1 –S code.c
COMPILING sum:
leal (%rdi,%rsi),%eax
64-bit ret 12
 Data
 Address
 Floating point
 Instruction
Conditional

General purpose registers (GPRS)
 Constant (zero, one, or pi)
 Vector
 Special-purpose

CATEGORIES OF REGISTERS
13
IA32 Integer Registers
%rax %eax %ax accumulate
%r8

%rbx %ebx %bx base


%r9

%rcx %ecx %cx counter


%r10

%rdx %edx %dx %r11


data
%rsi %esi %si source index
%r12

%rdi %edi %di %r13


destination index

%rsp %esp %sp %r14


stack pointer
%b
%rbp %ebp %r15
base pointer 14
p
x86-64 Integer Registers
rax

al
ax
eax
SUB-REGISTER
Same for rbx, rcx, rdx 15
rsi

sil
si
esi
SUB-REGISTER
Same for rdi, rbp, rsp 16
r8

r8b
r8w
r8d
SUB-REGISTER
Same for r9, r10, r11, r12, r13, r14, r15 17
 Instruction Set Architecture
 Program Performance
 Intel x86 Architecture
 x86 Registers

SUMMARY
18

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