READING MATERIAL

ON

BASIC HYDRAULICS

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

ROURKELA STEEL PLANT

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 Contents
Sl. No. ITEMS PAGES

1 Introduction to Hydraulics 01

2 Reservoir 03

3 Hydraulic pumps 03

4 Check Valves 04

5 Relief Valves 05

6 Accumulators 06

7 Direction Control Valves 06

8 Flow Control Valves 08

9 Filters 08

10 Pressure Switch 09

11 Hydraulic Actuators 10

12 Hydraulic Fluids 11

13 Block Diagrams 13

14 Hydraulic Circuits 14

15 Maintenance Tips 17

16 Hydraulic Symbols 18

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 HYDRAULICS
INTRODUCTION
Transmission & control of forces & movements by means of fluids is called hydraulics.
Fluids under pressure can be used for Power Transmission. Fluids means gases (air) and
liquids (oil or water etc). The system which uses air as working medium is called
pneumatics and which uses oil/water is called Hydraulic system.

Pressure
Force is the effort required to do the work. Pressure means force exerted per unit area,
generally measured in psi, or kg/sq cm, or bars*.

Atmospheric Pressure
At sea level the whole column of atmospheric air exerts a weight or force of 14.7 pounds
for every square inch i.e. a pressure of 14.7psi or 1.03kg/sqcm. This is called atmospheric
pressure.
1 Atmospheric Pressure = 1.03 Bar =14.7 psi
Flow & Pressure are inter-related. Flow is responsible for causing the motion of piston in a
cylinder. It is the movement of hydraulic fluid caused by a difference in pressure at two
points. When we open the kitchen tap the pressure difference (between the water tank at
height and tap) pushes the water out, or causes the water to flow. In a hydraulic system
flow is usually produced by the action of the hydraulic pump. If the pressure is not
sufficient to take the load on the cylinder, it will not move.

GENERAL POINTS
1. Oil is most commonly used hydraulic fluid, because it acts as lubricant for all
moving parts of hydraulic system.
2. Generally the weight of hyd. Oil is around 55-58 pounds/cubic feet. One foot of oil
causes a pressure of 0.4 psi. A 10 m column of water causes a pressure of 1 kg/sq
cm.
3. There must be a pressure drop across an orifice/restriction to cause flow. If there is
no flow, there is no pressure drop and vice versa.
4. Force exerted by a cylinder is dependent on pressure of oil supplied & piston area
5. Speed of the cylinder is dependent on piston area and the rate of fluid flow into it.
6. Fluid velocity through a pipe varies inversely to the square of inside diameter.
7. Friction in pipes results in pressure drop
8. Air is compressible, where as oil is incompressible practically.
9. Pump only transfers the fluid. It is the resistance which develops pressure.
10. It is the atmospheric pressure which is responsible for pushing of oil from tank to
the suction chamber of the pump.

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Pascal’s Law
PRESSURE APPLIED ON A CONFINED FLUID IS TRANSMITTED
UNDIMINISHED IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND ACTS WITH EQUAL FORCE ON
EQUAL AREAS AND AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THEM (If a force F is applied on a
piston of area A, (over a confined fluid ) then it gives a pressure P = F/A. This pressure
will be uniform in the entire confined fluid at rest.

Hydraulic Press (BRAMAH PRESS)

Since pressure in the confined fluid is uniform throughout and by applying this pressure on
large areas large forces can be developed. This is the starting point for development of
Hydraulics (see the fig below).
If two cylindrical chambers which are connected and fitted with pistons of area A1, A2 and
if a Force F1 acts on piston of area A1, it develops a pressure p in the confined fluid. This
pressure will be uniform in the entire fluid in double cylinder arrangement, and develops a
force F2= P x A2. Hence forces will be proportional to the area of the pistons. There is no
energy creation and work done will be same by both the pistons. The displacements
(lengths of travel of pistons S1, S2) will be inversely proportional to the areas of the
pistons.

F = P*A
P=F/A
A=F/P
The length of piston travel is inversely proportional to area.
Work done Wi = Fi . di
Wo = Fo. do

Bernoulli’s Principle
This is nothing but law of conservation of energy. If the flow rate is constant, the total
energy at any point of continuous path of flowing fluid is same as at any other point. (Sum
of motion energy, pressure energy, and potential energy is constant.).To know the pressure
or flow velocity at any point in the circuit, this principle is used widely.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC SYTEMS

Due to limitations of other power transmission system such as electrical, electromechanical
and pneumatic etc. hydraulic power transmission is preferred. Large forces can
be transmitted to long distances with high pressure stability and quick response. There are
multiple application possibilities which is suitable for use where large forces with infinitely
variable speeds are to be applied in given directions. Hydraulic equipments give smooth
operation for longer period with very less maintenance cost. Normally oil contamination
control and leakage control may give long life to hydraulic components.
Other advantages of hydraulic system are:

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1. Highly compact- Power to weight ratio is very high. A hydraulic motor weighs about
1/7 th of an electric motor of same power
2. Precise control- depending on different requirements we can get exact speed, force and
position of user,
3. Over load protection- in case there is over load in pipe line or user, there is provision
of relief valve set at a certain maximum pressure to take care of it,
4. Suspension of load for long period- by providing a pilot operated non-return valve in
pipeline, load may be suspended for a longer period,
5. Flexibility in design- As per needs of production, scheme of hydraulic circuit may be
changed easily only with addition of a few components,
6. Easy maintenance- its maintenance is easy. Only oil contamination control will fulfill
major portion of maintenance work. For this monitoring of set parameters and
inspections of pipe lines, religiously is necessary
7. Variable Speed Controls: - We can get infinitely variable speeds and positions as per
need of users.
8. Stalling of loads:- The loads can be stalled to zero speed without any damage to the
equipments

do = Ai
di Ao
Fo = Ao
Fi Ai

COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

RESERVOIR: The tank which stores the working medium (oil) and supplies to pump and
also takes back the return and drain oil in a hydraulic system and protects the medium from
external contamination is called Reservoir. It also allows the oil to cool through its walls
and allows contaminants to settle and air to separate. Generally in many cases it houses
cooler, return filters, air breather( a device which allows air to move in and out of a
container to maintain atmospheric pressure), level indicator, level switches (float switches).
It is also provided with drain plugs to drain oil, manhole (for maintenance and cleaning
purpose), baffle plates which allow the return oil to settle and cool before entering the
pump through suction line.

SUCTION LINE: The pipe line connecting tank to pump generally with a shut off valve
in between is called suction line. Without opening this valve, pump should not be started.
Generally a hose or rubber bellows is provided in this line to isolate the vibrations of the
pump.

PUMP: The element which transfers oil/fluid from one point to another point or which
gives flow is called pump. Pump only gives flow, but the resistance to flow develops
pressure. In hydraulics only positive displacement pumps are used. In these pumps there is
positive sealing between suction and delivery. For every revolution of pump, a fixed
amount of oil is transferred from suction to delivery irrespective of load conditions.
Practically there will be minor internal leakages which are negligible. This fixed amount of

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oil transferred is called Displacement of pump. The displacement when multiplied by speed
of the electric motor driving the pump, gives Discharge of the pump (flow of the pump)
Centrifugal pumps (non positive displacement type) are not used in hydraulic systems. In
this if delivery is closed, pressure will not build up beyond a particular limit. Safety valve
is not required. Most commonly used positive displacement pumps used in hydraulics are
Gear, piston and vane types are popular. A positive displacement pump should never be
started without opening the suction valve. There should be sufficient oil level in tank so
that air does not enter the pump. If air enters the pump, it will run with high noise and it
will be damaged very soon. This is called aeration. Even though sufficient oil is there,
aeration can occur due to any loose pipe joints in suction line. Pump is always followed by
a relief valve (safety valve), pressure gauge, check valve and shut off valve ( These are
required for pressure setting and isolating).

CHECK VALVE/NON-RETURN VALVE: It is a valve which allows flow in one

direction only. Generally provided after the pump in most of the cases to take care of
reverse rotation of pump. It is also used in many places of the circuit as a bypass etc. Check
valve and non-return valve are same.

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PRESSURE GAUGE: It is provided to know the pressure and for setting of various
valves, pressure switches.

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE:

it is the most important component of Hydraulic system. It limits the maximum pressure in the
system so that elements, hoses, cylinders, pipes etc does not burst due to high pressure. I t also
protects the equipment and system from over loading. When the system pressure increases beyond
the set point, the safety valve opens and relieves the excess oil to tank.

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ACCUMULATOR: It is a reservoir of pressurized hydraulic fluid i.e. storage of energy by
means of spring or compressed nitrogen, dead weight. It is basically a pressure vessel. No
welding is allowed on this. 1. Bladder type (most commonly used) 2.Piston type 3.Dead
weight type 4. Direct gas loaded type.
Nitrogen is generally used in accumulators but never use oxygen as it may result in
explosion. You should never open a pressure line with accumulator in line. Always isolate/
preferably drain the accumulator before starting the job.
Accumulator is used (a) for smooth functioning of HS without pressure and flow
fluctuations (b) as an emergency power source for essential operations in case of power
failure. (c) for holding pressure for long times in a circuit (d) a big pump can be replaced
by a small pump ( cost & energy saving) and many other purposes.

DIRECTION CONRTOL VALVES: Distributor/Master valve / DC valve are all same. If

a pump supplies oil directly to a cylinder, it is not possible or convenient to control the load
or to change the direction of motion. Hence a dc valve is provided in between pump and

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the load cylinder to stop/start /reverse the motion of the load. DC valve can be activated by
a lever, cam, solenoid, pedal, pneumatic/hydraulic pressure depending on the design and
requirement. Most commonly used are solenoid operated and they are having two/ three
positions. If you are using a two position valve you cannot stop the cylinder in between
.There are many varieties of dc valves.

FLOW CONTROL VALVES: To control the speed of the actuator /load, the amount of
oil flowing into the cylinder is controlled by means of these valves. Generally these are
provided before the cylinder or in branch circuits where flow is to be controlled. Simple

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needle/globe valve can also be used as flow control valve in some cases.

FLOW CONTROL VALVES

SEQUENCE VALVE: In a simple punching machine, the job is held in position by a

clamping cylinder at low pressure and then a hole is punched by another cylinder at a high
pressure. Now these two cylinders are always to be operated in definite sequence only. This
sequence can be achieved by electrical/mechanical or by hydraulic means through a valve
called sequence valve. Hydraulic sequencing is most common and versatile. A dc valve
supplies oil to cylinder-1 and through a sequence valve to cylinder -2. (After cylinder -1 is
operated completely, pressure will buildup and then sequence valve gets opened and oil
goes to the cylinder -2 at a higher pressure. The sequence valve is tuned and set to achieve
the sequence). It is almost similar to a safety valve but not same.

PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE: In some HS many cylinders are working at different

pressures ,but a few cylinders does not require full pressure and can work at a low
pressure .Then all these selected cylinders are supplied oil through a valve known as
pressure reducing valve. In pressure reducing valve, the output pressure cannot go beyond
a particular limit. This setting will be lower than the safety valve setting.

FILTERS: All hydraulic elements work under close tolerances and they are precision
items with mirror surface finish .Contaminants and dust are the single largest enemy of
the HS as they cause malfunctioning and jamming of valves and fast wear out of
elements. The contaminants are internally generated in the system and some are external to

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the system. Working medium is to be regularly cleaned from these contaminants. Hence oil
filters are used in suction line, pressure line and return line and before an important
precision valve/pump as per the need. This will improve the performance of the system.
The coarse filter used in suction line of pump sometimes is called STRAINER .Hydraulic
systems are most reliable, if the contamination is kept under control, and breakdowns can
be minimized.
In a filter the hydraulic oil is allowed to pass through a porous medium (like clay, paper,
wire mesh, synthetic fiber etc) so that the dust particles and other contaminants are retained
and only clean oil goes ahead into the system.
Offline filtration (mostly portable) systems are also used for up keeping the system
depending on the criticality. Electrostatic Liquid cleaners are also used nowadays. These
are very simple to operate and cheap.

PRESSURE SWITCH: The hydraulic oil under pressure pushes a small plunger which in
turn makes/breaks an electrical contact. These are provided in the system for safety and
efficient operation or for achieving a particular logic sequence. Contact Manometer is a
pressure gauge with electrical contacts, which does almost the same job, but they are less
reliable and less robust.

LEVEL SWITCHES: Generally the reservoir is provided with low level and high level
float switches, so that they give alarm of low oil level/ high level and can be used for
interlocking purpose. Float switch operates due to buoyancy in oil. Generally the low level

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switch is interlocked with the drive of pump, so that when there is no oil due to any reason,
the pump will trip or will not allow the pump to start.

ACTUATORS: Generally the hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors are called
actuators. These actuators do the actual job of lifting/lowering/pushing/rotating /holding
etc. Hydraulic motor replaces many applications of electric motors due to many advantages
like speed control, over load protection etc. Hydraulic motors are almost similar to pumps.
When these are supplied oil at pressure, they will give rotary output. Generally gear/vane
/piston motors are in use.
Generally two types of Hydraulic cylinders are commonly used viz, a) Double acting
cylinders, which can be used for pulling and pushing ,consists of piston , piston rod, body ,
covers, seals and fasteners, eye . Basically a sealed piston with rod reciprocates inside a
cylindrical body under the pressure of oil. B) Single acting cylinder. These types can only
push/lift a load. The single acting cylinder cannot retract due to hydraulic force. It retracts
due to weight/spring/ load. Hydraulic jacks are generally single acting type.

c sajitpurushothaman

SEALS: The component which prevents the motion of the fluid in the undesired direction
is called seal/packing. Can also be defined as that component that separates two fluids. The
functions of the seal are a) to seal the hydraulic fluid in a closed chamber , b) Maintains
pressure , c)stops dirt/water/contamination from entering the system d) separates two
fluids, e) performs any combination of the above functions. In simple terms a seal stops
internal or external leakages. Cost of the seal is a small fraction, but determines the
efficiency of the system.
Problems associated with seals: Wastage of fluid leaked, fire hazards, slippery floor,
makes equipment and products dirty, environment pollution, depleting natural resources.
Leather, cork, ropes are the oldest seals, which are widely used in the earlier days. Then

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natural rubbers, synthetic rubber (ELASTOMERS), PTFE, Polyurethane, POM etc are used
nowadays. Seals should be handled delicately, and sharp tools should not be used.

PIPES, FITTINGS, CLAMPS: Generally pickled, flushed seamless pipes are used in
hydraulic systems. For maintenance convenience and ease of laying, pipe joints are
provided at suitable places. For small pipes union joints are used and in bigger pipes flange
joints are used. There is large variety of pipe joints of different standards and designs are
available. Care should be taken that different fittings do not get mixed up. Also while doing
maintenance on fittings thread type/seat design/size etc should be matched. Otherwise lot
of problems will result. Pipes should be properly clamped and supported; otherwise the
joints get loosened during working due to vibrations. Pipe clamps are made of wood/
Aluminium/ synthetic materials. Wooden clamps are to be avoided due to environment
protection. Aluminium clamps are used where high temperatures are there. Synthetic
clamps are commonly used nowadays. While laying hose pipes, the layout should be
smooth, and they should not crisscross/twist/entangle and rub each other.

WORKING MEDIUM
Hydraulic power system may be operated with fluids produced from different base fluids:
1) Mineral oil
2) Vegetable oil
3) Synthetic oil
4) Water

Mineral oil - Most hydraulic systems use hydraulic fluid based on mineral oil. Since base
oils do not have all the characteristics which a high performance hydraulic fluid should
have, different types of additives are dissolved in base oil to improven the properties

Vegetable oil - These fluids are biodegradable and so are being used more frequently in
installations that are subjected to strict antipollution regulations.

Synthetic oil -These fluids are most commonly used in systems where there are special
demands on hydraulic fluid such as fire hazardous zones (furnace area)

Water - Pure water is seldom used as the fluid in hydraulic system. It can be used as
emulsion adding oil in it or adding water to oil.
Following are the important properties which hydraulic oil should possess:
a) Oxidation Stability b) Protection from Corrosion c) Anti Wear d) Viscosity &Viscosity
Index, (viscosity index should be high so that viscosity variation with temperature will be
less) ( e) Demulsibility (ability to resist formation of emulsion when mixed with water) f)
Anti Foaming Characteristics, g) Thermal and high pressure stability, h) Good Lubricant,
i) Compatible with Seals and Hoses, and Metals, j) High Flash Point (the minimum
temperature at which oil just takes fire and do not burn continuously) & Fire points (the
minimum temperature at which oil catches fire and burns continuously). Fire point should
be always slightly more than the flash point.

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OIL CONTAMINATION CONTROL
Oil contamination is number one enemy of hydraulic system. Therefore, oil contamination
control is the first requirement of any hydraulic system to get a trouble free smooth service.
It enhances the life of different components. To keep oil clean is part of hydraulic system
maintenance. It is just not possible to keep oil free from contamination in any industry due
to various reasons. What we can do is to monitor oil contamination level regularly by
cleanliness determination methods and take corrective steps including changing of filters. If
situation does not improve, tank oil should also be changed as hydraulic valves especially
proportional and servo valves are very dirt sensitive.
Sources of oil contamination
a) With the oil filled in the oil tank itself.
b) Due to wear and tear of internal parts of components such as pump, control
valves, cylinders.
c) Due to wear of oil seals, o-rings.
d) Due to wear of inside of pipelines.
e) Due to generated debris after welding of metallic pipes.
f) Through piston rods of hydraulic cylinders.
g) Through ambient atmosphere.
h) Due to poor upkeep of filters and reconditioning system.
i) Due to use of cotton waste in revisioning or repairing of hydraulic components.

Filters should be provided in oil filling line, reconditioning line, pressure line after pump
with clogging indicator, pilot line and return line. Periodically pressure differences across
filters should be monitored otherwise in case of high pressure difference filters wall may
collapse and oil may pass without filtering or flow rate will reduce.
There are two methods of determination of oil cleanliness class:

1. NAS 1638
2. ISO 4406
To decide oil cleanliness class required for different applications, the table given under
may be used as guide line-

System type/Range of application Needed Cleanliness Class

According to standards
NAS 1638 ISO 4406
Heavy duty servo system, High pressure
System with long service life
4-6 15/11
Proportional valve 7-8 16/13
Medium pressure system 7-9 18/14
Low pressure system 9-11 19/15

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OIL LEAKAGE CONTROL
Oil is life blood of hydraulic system, hence leakages should be prevented. Major portion of
mineral oil to be used in our country is imported for which we have to pay heavy price.
Besides loss oil leakage may damage the soil and hence ground water and plant life.
Consequently it damages animal life and human life also. Leakage in fire hazardous zones
may result in fire which may damage property besides unnecessary production delay due to
burning and damage of especially electrical wires and equipments. It is therefore necessary
to control oil leakage to the extent possible. For this regular inspection followed by
corrective measures such as tightening of loose connections and pipe supports, changing of
even partially damaged oil-rings(o-rings), hoses and corroded steel pipes is necessary.
Hydraulic hoses in fire hazardous zones should be periodically changed even though these
are not damaged.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

Every hydraulic system can be traced back to a common basic circuit

containing only the
main function as under
Hydraulic Cylinders /
Hydraulic Motors
Pressure Control Valves /
Flow Control Valves
Direction Control Valves
Pressure Relief Valve
Hydraulic Pump
User
Distributor /
Controller
Energy Source

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SIMPLE HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT (OPEN CIRCUIT)
Here we have a hydraulic system in its most simple form. A pump with fixed flow sucks
fluid from a tank and feeds it into the system connected to it. In zero position of the
manually operated direction control valve the hydraulic fluid, circulates almost without
pressure from the pump to the tank. The dc valve is spring centered. When the dc valve
is operated into its left switching position, (parallel arrows) fluid reaches the piston
chamber of cylinder. The piston rod travels outwards. The speed of the outward travel
depends on the pump flow and the cylinder size (piston area). The force available at the
piston rod is dependent on the piston area and the maximum system pressure. The
maximum system pressure and thus the loading of the hydraulic system is set at the
pressure relief valve. The actual pressure available, determined by the resistance to be
overcome at the user, can be read at the pressure gauge.

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APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS IN STEEL PLANTS
There are various applications of Hydraulics in Steel Plants. Some of the important
applications are:
1. Roll Balancing and Spindle Balancing, Hydraulic Manipulators, Slab Extractors,
Walking Beam Furnaces for Heating of Slabs and Blooms, Automatic Gauge Control for
controlling thickness of plates/sheets, Rail Welding Machine, Roll Assembly Machine etc
in Rolling Mills
2. Electrode Movement Control in Electric Arc Furnaces (VAD, Ladle Furnace)
3. Mobile Cranes and Earth Moving Equipment
4. Coke Oven Pusher Cars, Door Extractors and Charging Cars
5. Blast Furnace BLT Equipments, Mud gun, Drilling Machine
6. Stacker cum Reclamers in Ore Handling Plants
7. L&T Mechanism, Segments closing/ opening, Pinching Actions in CCS
8. Hydraulic Presses and Various Machine Tools etc.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

Cavitation
In any liquid flows, a localized condition within a liquid stream which occurs when the
pressure is reduced to the vapour pressure of the liquid. Lots of vapour bubbles will form
and these will be carried along with the flow and burst at some other point. This condition
is highly harmful to the pump and all hydraulic elements. Generally this is taken care of at
design stage that at any point of the hydraulics system the vapour pressure should not be so
low to cause cavitation. The pump gives very high sound when under cavitation and it

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should be stopped immediately and eliminate the root cause. Reasons may be for example,
many bends were introduced/ lower size pipe was introduced in the suction line during the
repairs.

Aeration
When air enters the suction line of the pump and passes through it, lot of sound will come,
which is similar to cavitation. This will also damage the pump and it should not be allowed
to run. If grease is applied on suction line joints, the sound of the running pump will be
suppressed immediately, confirming that particular joint is loose. That joint is to be
tightened and packing/seal to be changed if required. Excessive aeration will cause the
fluid to appear milky and the components will operate erratically.
If the air bubbles generated in the tank or air enters the pump due to low level of oil, the
same problem will come.

Compressibility
The change in volume of unit volume of a fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in
pressure.

Decompression
The slow release of confined fluid under pressure to gradually reduce the pressure is called
decompression.

Hydraulic Hammering
In a hydraulic system, the sudden transition of Kinetic Energy into Potential Energy and
vice versa due to sudden opening/closing of valve, results in pressure surges and vibrations.
This may result in bursting of pipe lines etc.

Cracking Pressure
The lowest pressure at which pressure relief valve starts opening.

Pressure Override
The difference between the cracking pressure of a valve and the pressure reached when the
valve is passing the full flow.

Bypass
A secondary passage for fluid flow.

MAINTENANCE OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS

Breakdown Maintenance (Catastrophic Failure)

• Safely Shutting Down the Hydraulic System
• Component Replacements by Identifying Model Code
• Pipe Line Replacements & Clamping
• Seal Changing

Preventive Maintenance (Schedule Repair)

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• General Inspection
• Oil Changing / Pouring
• Pipe Clamping
• Filter Replacement
• Heat Exchanger Cleaning

Predictive Maintenance (Checking Physical Attributes)

• Temperature Monitoring
• Vibration checking in Pipelines
• Oil Cleanliness Checking
• Accumulator Gas Pressure Checking

Proactive Maintenance (Eliminating Root Cause)

• Contamination Control

General Maintenance Tips

1. Always follow the standard shut down procedure for starting any kind of repair work in
Hydraulic System.
2. Hydraulic System should be kept neat and clean so that no contamination enters the
system. The system should never be kept open unattended.
3. Some contamination is also generated within the system. Hence regular cleaning
/changing of filters or inspection of offline filtration systems to be done.
4. All flange joints/union joints, clamps foundation bolts etc should be regularly tightened,
so that pipes do not vibrate excessively.
5. Hoses should be replaced condition based or time based.
6. All cylinders, valves, pumps and hose connections should be sealed and/ or capped until
just prior to use.
7. Do not use Teflon tape or compound on pipe threads.
8. Never allow cooling water to enter the system and monitor the condition of heat
exchangers.
9. Timely replace all the seals/ packing so that oil leakages will be minimum. If not done
timely, fire accidents may take place or persons may fall down resulting in an accident.
10. Pressure gauges should be in working condition.
11. Regular check the oil level in the tank and always maintain prescribed oil level in the
tanks.
12. Ensure tank low level switch is interlocked with the pump motor and it is in working
condition.
13. Good maintenance procedures make it mandatory to keep the hydraulic fluid clean. A
daily/ weekly or monthly log should be kept on the hydraulic fluid condition.
14. Seals should be handled delicately while replacing/storing and kept in cool dry places.
15. Maintain the temperature of the system with in allowable limits
16. Always try to do unit replacement of valves, cylinders, pumps etc. Repair of these items
are to be done leisurely in workshop/ testing lab under good conditions.

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