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Complex Values Functions

This document discusses complex-valued Fourier series and how to derive the coefficients that represent the amplitude and phase of different frequency components. It explains that the coefficients can be understood as the cross-correlation between the function and a sinusoid, with the maximum correlation giving the amplitude and phase. It also discusses common notation used for the Fourier coefficients and representations in the frequency domain.

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vijay kumar honnali
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15 views3 pages

Complex Values Functions

This document discusses complex-valued Fourier series and how to derive the coefficients that represent the amplitude and phase of different frequency components. It explains that the coefficients can be understood as the cross-correlation between the function and a sinusoid, with the maximum correlation giving the amplitude and phase. It also discusses common notation used for the Fourier coefficients and representations in the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

vijay kumar honnali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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Complex-valued functions[edit]

Eq.7 and Eq.3 also apply when is a complex-valued function.[A] This follows by expressing

and as separate real-valued Fourier series, and

Derivation[edit]

The coefficients and can be understood and derived in terms of the cross-

correlation between and a sinusoid at frequency . For a general frequency

and an analysis interval the cross-correlation function:

Fig 2. The blue curve is the cross-correlation of a


square wave and a cosine function, as the phase lag of the cosine varies over one cycle. The
amplitude and phase lag at the maximum value are the polar coordinates of one harmonic in the
Fourier series expansion of the square wave. The corresponding rectangular coordinates can be
determined by evaluating the cross-correlation at just two phase lags separated by 90º.
Derivation of Eq.1
(Eq.8)
is essentially a matched filter, with template . The maximum of is a measure of

the amplitude of frequency in the function , and the value of at

the maximum determines the phase of that frequency. Figure 2 is an example, where

is a square wave (not shown), and frequency is the harmonic. It is also


an example of deriving the maximum from just two samples, instead of searching the entire function.
Combining Eq.8 with Eq.4 gives:

The derivative of is zero at the phase of maximum correlation.

Therefore, computing and according to Eq.5 creates the component's

phase of maximum correlation. And the component's amplitude is:

Other common notations[edit]

The notation is inadequate for discussing the Fourier coefficients of several


different functions. Therefore, it is customarily replaced by a modified form of the

function ( in this case), such as or , and functional notation


often replaces subscripting:
In engineering, particularly when the variable represents time, the
coefficient sequence is called a frequency domain representation. Square brackets
are often used to emphasize that the domain of this function is a discrete set of
frequencies.

Another commonly used frequency domain representation uses the Fourier series
coefficients to modulate a Dirac comb:

where represents a continuous frequency domain. When variable

has units of seconds, has units of hertz. The "teeth" of the

comb are spaced at multiples (i.e. harmonics) of , which is called

the fundamental frequency. can be recovered from this representation


by an inverse Fourier transform:

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