Activity 1: Lab Report

Leader and Group Members:

Leader: Jannues Buitre
Members: Jericho Rotakyo
Zach Matthew I. Estioko
Juan Miguel Gonzales

Abstract: This experiment observes the motion of an object in different applied forces,
angles and parameter and als the static friction. The applied forces observes if it is enough to move an
object in a surface how the forces are acted on it. The application of Newton’s 1st,2nd and 3rd Law in
this experiment we're also observed in a different problem. Using the different formula such as
applied force formula, Normal force formula and the Relative error formula we come up with the
answer that is accurate to our observation in an experiment. The experiment where angle is increasing
is shown as how the 2nd Newton’s Law formula derive to get the force in the following experiment.
The experiment come up with the different way to analyze and critically observing each experimental
on how an object moves to certain applied forces.

I. Introduction
In the experiment activity we did (ramp: forces and motion) where it involves the Gravity, Normal
forces, and Friction in the simulation which is connected to the 1st,2nd and 3rd Newton’s Law. This
experiment we expected to apply the different newton’s law and also we expected the tricky questions
and made us conscious to the following questions. The simulation about the forces made us also think
critically since there are adjustments that we need to understand clearly especially to apply the
Newton’s Law. In the following experiment we tried different applied force to use so we can
determine if the applied force is enough to move an object. An applied force is a physical force that
one object exerts on another object. It's a force that results from a direct interaction or contact between
the two objects. Applied forces can be used to push, pull, or otherwise manipulate an object's motion.
To solve the applied force, we use this formula in figure 1:

figure (1).

The formula for calculating the Force (f) applied to an object is given by Newton's second law of
motion. The formula for the applied force to overcome static friction is used to determine whether an
object will move or not based on the coefficient of static friction. If the applied force is greater than or
equal to the maximum static frictional force, the object will overcome static friction and start moving.
If the applied force is less than the maximum static frictional force, the object will remain at rest
because static friction prevents it from moving. When the static friction in the simulation changed into
0.5, there was a surface and static friction was applied there. We use the formula of Normal force
( fn=mg¿ to solve the applied force and to determine if the obeject is in motion or not.

To determine if our expected value is accurate, the relative error is a measure of the accuracy of an
approximately or measurement in comparison to the actual value.The formula for calculating relative
error is: ℜ=¿|measured value - expected value| / |true value|. The relative error provide the
percentage of the error in our true value that also helps us to know how close the approximation to the
value.
In a different experiment we adjust the angle into three different angle (15°, 30°, and 45°) and also the
positon of object into 5m and also we replace the applied force into 400N and 600N and observe it’s
motion in a different angle. Deriving the 2nd Law of motion to find the Force(f), gives us the
formula:
Fa=(μs)(n)(cosθ)+(n)(sinθ).
This formula is used to calculate the applied force (Fa) needed to move an object on an inclined plane
with friction. After finding the force using the derive formula from the 2nd Newton’s Law, we solve
the relative error to determine the accuracy of the answer. At this experiment B, We observe that
while applying a angles, the more that the angles are increasing at a no friction, the more that the
object is pushing backward the person or the one that pulling the object forward. In this observation,
we understand the purpose or rope of the friction and also how an object will act in terms of the
gravity, applied forces and the friction. The experiment helps us to understand the motion of each
object in an different forces in a different parameters and the application of the Newton’s Law. It also
comes up with the formulas that guide to answer and analyze clearly the situation in the simulation.

II. Methodology
Experimental
Opening the simulation application, calculating the object's mass in kilograms, and setting the applied
force, object location, angle, s - static friction coefficient, and k - kinetic friction coefficient all to zero
were our own initial actions. "Initial parameters" are the values. If a force of 20 N is applied, you see
in the process in 1A that if static friction ( μs) is more than or equal to 20 N, the item may not start to
move (because static friction prevents the motion from beginning). This object should move and
accelerate if the applied force is increased to, say, 200 N and subsequently to 400 N because the
applied force overcomes static friction. The target may stall (reset to 0 N) when the force is released,
depending on the value given. And in Step 2A, it is simpler for the object to begin moving if the
coefficient of static friction is 0.5 rather than 0 (which has no static friction). Although there is a
lower threshold to overcome static friction, the item must still accelerate as a result of the applied
force. As before, when the force is released (set to 0 N), kinetic friction can cause an item to come to
a stop.

Theoretical
The formula applied=μs ×m ×g has been used to solve the theoretical values. We used the formula
relative error equal measured value minus expected value all over expected value times 100 to
calculate the relative error in the first column in experimental and theoretical work, and the result is
367.5N. The answer for relative error is 0.41%. In the second column, we have 197N for experimental
work and 198.5 for theoretical work, and we used the formula relative error equal measured value
minus expected value all over expected value times 100 and for the last column, the theoretical value
is 565.95, while the experimental value is 565.N in the third column. To calculate the relative error,
we used the formula relative error equals measured value minus expected value multiplied by 100.
The result is a relative error of 0.17%. Since there should be no error between experimental and
theoretical data, all of the results above are rather close to 0 percent.

Our main objective in this simulation-based experiment examined the impact of adjusting the angle of
an inclined plane on the maximum applied force required to start an object moving in order to assess
the relative disparity between experimental and theoretical results. Since the experiment was
conducted utilizing a computer-based simulation platform, no physical equipment was required.
As we set up the simulation environment, we made sure that all of the parameters were set to their
default values. The variables included the object's mass (75.0 kg), the applied force (zero at first), the
object's position (zero meters at first), the angle of inclination (zero degrees at first), and the
coefficients of friction (zero at first for both static and kinetic friction).

In order to research the effects of static friction, we modified the simulation's coefficient of static
friction (μ_s) to 0.5 and moved the object 5 meters along the inclined plane. Then, using the
simulation interface, we conducted tests while gradually increasing the applied force (F_applied) at
three different angles (15°, 30°, and 45°). The maximum force applied was measured just before the
object began to move.

The maximum applied force was theoretically determined using Newton's first law (F = μs * N), and
the normal force was computed as N = m * g * cos(angle).

To evaluate the accuracy of our measurements, we calculated the relative error for each angle using
the formula |(Experimental Value - Theoretical Value) / Theoretical Value| * 100%.

We first investigate static friction and then prepare the simulation settings for kinetic friction
simulations by resetting them to their default values. We performed similar tests at the
aforementioned angles, but this time we gradually increased the applied force until the object began to
move. The applied force at this time was noted.

Theoretical values for kinetic friction (F) were calculated using the formula F = _k * N, and normal
force was calculated using the formula N = m * g * cos(angle).

We then estimated the relative error for kinetic friction using the known formula. Data from both
static and kinetic friction experiments were collected and analyzed in order to understand the
relationship between angle and the force required to start motion as well as to assess the correctness of
our simulations in contrast to theoretical predictions.
The simulation-based approach ensured safety, allowing for efficient and accurate testing, and
provided a digital platform for data collection.

III. Result and Discussion

While solving the problem our group find some difficulties during the process of experiment in
adjusting the angle of inclined plane. During the simulation of the experiment on the website PhET
many simulation we saw for difference subject various. Also, our group encountered many difficulties
on executing the other experiment because it gave us problem in analyzing the question and troubles
because of the equipment or device that we had. While solving the experiment B our group has a
trouble in identifying the given in Normal force formula, Applied force formula, and Relative error
formula because the object move even the other given is still zero.

The experiment A result and experiment B result

Experiment A:
Experiment B:

In this experiment, we aimed to calculate the applied force (Fa) required to move an object on an
inclined plane with friction. We utilised the formula:

Fa = (μs)(n)(cosθ) + (n)(sinθ)

where μs represents the coefficient of static friction, n represents the normal force, and θ represents
the inclination angle of the plane.
To derive the above formula, we used the second law of motion, which states that the net force acting
on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration. In this case, the object experiences both
a frictional force and a component of the force due to gravity acting parallel to the inclined plane.
When an object is on an inclined plane, the force of gravity can be split into two components: one
perpendicular to the plane (n), which is equivalent to the weight of the object, and one parallel to the
plane (n sinθ). Considering the object's motion, when the applied force is just enough to overcome the
force of static friction, the object starts to move. To verify this formula practically, we conducted an
experiment using various inclined planes and objects of different masses. We measured the angle of
inclination (θ) using a protractor and calculated the normal force (n) using the object's weight.

We then applied a gradual force to the object horizontally along the plane until it started to move. At
this point, we recorded the magnitude of the applied force (Fa).

Using the experimental data, we substituted the values of μs, n, and θ into the derived formula and
compared the calculated Fa with the measured values. We found that the calculated values closely
matched the measured values, confirming the validity of the formula.

IV. Summary and Conclusion

This Lab Activity actually gives the students the knowledge and property of the Isaac Newton's Law
of Motion, mainly the First Law of Motion. Where as we uses Simulation to actually did this activity,
this actually helps us even more into understanding it's main concept and what are the procedures it
actually need for us to be able to find what is missing. This though us the things that actually matters
or something that is connected into motion, where there are a lot of things that we should consider,
through this activity we have been able to evaluate this thing and realize what actually motion is like.

In the conclusion of this Experiment, the following experimental and observation in the simulation
gives us understanding about how the force and motion are applied in different situation. We also
understand how the Newton’s Law is related and how it is applied in this work. Understanding the
concept of this fundamental principles in Physics will help us to understand the reality and to apply
this in our everyday life. Overall the importance of understanding force and motion are ubiquitous in
our lives and are applied in countless ways, from the simplest actionlike walking or pushing to
complex endeavors. A deep understanding of these concept is crucial in many field in solving a real
world problem.

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to our group leader Jannues Buitre for an extensive
effort on this activity, his dedication and sense of responsibility as a leader is such an big impact. I
would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to the members of this group who work hard and put
so much effort to finish this Lab Activity and Lab Report which are Zach Matthew Estioko, Jericho
Rotakyo and for Juan Miguel Gonzales who didn't participate that much, without all of you this would
not be possible.

We also want to express our disappointment on our group member, Juan Miguel Gonzales for not
doing his part immediately, instead he waits for us to call him out multiple times before he actually
work. We also observed that most of his works is based on Artificial Intelligence which is something
we don't want to tolerate and by that reason we need to revise his work which added more time on our
works. By that reasons, we are hoping that our score on this will not be his score, instead it'll be
deducted and have only ⅓ of our score because of his actions.

Lastly, I'm extremely grateful to Sir Joseph Dalusong for creating this such activity for us and also to
Phet Simulation that our teacher provides to us which help us in completing this activity and make our
task even easier.
Reference