Thang Long University

T-SQL Programming
(Phần 1)
Giảng viên: Trần Quang Duy

1-Oct-08
 Content

Basic Transact-SQL Programming Constructs

Identifiers

DataType

Variables

Flow-control Statements

Batches and Scripts

Temporary Tables and Table Variables

Dynamic SQL

Exception Handling

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 Identifiers

Main rules:

Start with any letter: A–Z and a–z..

Up to 128 characters for normal objects, 116 for temporary
objects.

Any names that are the same as SQL Server keywords or
contain embedded spaces must be enclosed in double quotes
(“”) or square brackets ([]).

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 Data Types

Character Strings

char, varchar, varchar(max), text

Unicode Character Strings

nchar, nvarchar, nvarchar(max), ntext

Date and Time

datetime, smalldatetime

Intger Numbers

int, smallint, tinyint, bigint, bit

Special Data Types

sql_variant
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 Using variables

Variable : stores values

T-SQL variables:

Start with @

Local variables: @

Global variables: @@

DECLARE statement

Datatype: must be specified

Multiple variables: single DECLARE statement with “,”

There is no way to “undeclare” variables.

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 Declaring Variables

Declaring Variables
DECLARE @age INT;
DECLARE @firstName CHAR(20), @lastName CHAR(20);

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 Assigning Values to Variables

Using the SET statement
DECLARE @age INT;
DECLARE @firstName CHAR(20), @lastName
CHAR(20);
SET @lastName='Forta';
SET @firstName='Ben';
SET @age=21;

Using the SELECT statement
SELECT @age=21;

SET or SELECT?

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 Viewing Variable Contents

Input:
DECLARE @age INT;
DECLARE @firstName CHAR(20), @lastName
CHAR(20);
SET @lastName='Forta';
SET @firstName='Ben';
SET @age=21;
SELECT @lastName, @firstName, @age

Output:
Forta Ben 21

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 Viewing Variable Contents

Input
DECLARE @age INT;
DECLARE @firstName CHAR(20),@lastName
CHAR(20);
SET @lastName='Forta';
SET @firstName='Ben';
SET @age=21;
PRINT @lastName + ', ' + @firstName;
PRINT @age;

Output
Forta , Ben
21
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 Using Variables in T-SQL Statements

Using Variables:
DECLARE @cust_id nchar(5);
SET @cust_id = 'ALFKI';
-- Lay thong tin cong ty, dia chi
SELECT CompanyName, Address
FROM customers
WHERE CustomerID = @cust_id
--Lay thong tin hoa don
SELECT OrderID, OrderDate
FROM ORDERS
WHERE CustomerID = @cust_id
ORDER BY OrderDate
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 Comment

Single-line Comments: --
-- This is a comment
-- Select * from Customers

Multiline Comments: /*…*/
/* This is a comment.
All these lines will be ignored.
*/

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 Using Conditional Processing

IF statement
IF <Boolean Expression>
<SQL statement> | BEGIN <code series> END
[ELSE
<SQL statement> | BEGIN <code series> END]

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 Using Conditional Processing

Input
DECLARE @open BIT
IF DatePart(dw, GetDate()) = 1
SET @open = 0
ELSE
SET @open = 1
-- Output
SELECT @open AS OpenForBusiness

Output
OpenForBusiness
---------------
1
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 Using Conditional Processing

Input
DECLARE @dow INT
DECLARE @open BIT
SET @dow = DatePart(dw, GetDate());
IF @dow = 1 OR @dow = 7
SET @open = 0
ELSE
SET @open = 1
SELECT @open AS OpenForBusiness

Output
OpenForBusiness
---------------
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 Using Conditional Processing

Input
DECLARE @dow INT
DECLARE @open BIT, @process BIT
-- Get the day of week
SET @dow = DatePart(dw, GetDate());
-- Open for business today?
IF @dow = 1 OR @dow = 7
BEGIN
SET @open = 0
SET @process = 0
END
ELSE
BEGIN
SET @open = 1
SET @process = 1
END
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 Using Looping

WHILE statement
WHILE <Boolean expression>
<sql statement> |
[BEGIN
<statement block>
[BREAK]
<sql statement> | <statement block>
[CONTINUE]
END]

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 Using Looping

Input
DECLARE @counter INT
SET @counter=1
WHILE @counter <= 10
BEGIN
PRINT @counter
SET @counter=@counter+1
END

Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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 GoTo,WaitFor Statement

GoTo label . . . label:
If @@Error <> 0 Goto ERR_1
...........
ERR_1:
Print 'Error'

WaitFor {Delay 'time' | Time 'time'}
WaitFor Delay '00:01:00'
Select * from dbo.Customers

WaitFor Time '23:00'

Backup Database Northwind To Northwind_bkp
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 Batch and Scripts

Batch?: is a set of SQL statements
SELECT CompanyName, Address
FROM customers WHERE CustomerID = N'ALFKI';
SELECT OrderID, OrderDate
FROM ORDERSWHERE CustomerID = N'ALFKI'
ORDER BY OrderDate

Script: collection of Transact-SQL statements in the form of an
external file.

GO statements
SELECT CompanyName, Address
FROM customers WHERE CustomerID = N'ALFKI';
GO
SELECT OrderID, OrderDate
FROM ORDERS WHERE CustomerID = N'ALFKI'
ORDER BY OrderDate
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 SQLCMD

SQLCMD: run scripts from a command prompt in a
Windows command box
SQLCMD
[ { { -U <login id> [ -P <password> ] } | –E }]
[-S <server name> [ \<instance name> ] ] [ -H <workstation
name> ] [ -d <db name> ]
[ -q “<query>” ] [ -Q “<query>” ]
[ -i <input file> ] [ -o <output file> ]

Example
C:\>SQLCMD -Usa -Pmypass -Q “SELECT * FROM
Northwind.dbo.Shippers”
-- run script in text file
C:\> SQLCMD -Usa -Pmypass -i testsql.sql
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 Temporary Tables

TempDB

Local Temporary Tables

Prefixed with a number symbol (#).

A temporary table is owned by the creating session and visible

only to it

Allows different sessions to create a temporary table with the
same name
CREATE TABLE #T1(col1 INT);

Global Temporary Tables

Prefixed with a two number symbol (##).

They are accessible by all sessions

Any session can even drop the table

CREATE TABLE ##T1(col1 INT);

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 Table Variables

Table Variables

Scope: in scope of a table variable is defined.

Cannot create explicit indexes on table variables, only
PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE constraints

Cannot alter the definition of a table variable

Cannot issue SELECT INTO

Cannot qualify a column name with a table variable name

DECLARE @T1 TABLE(col1 INT);

INSERT @T1 VALUES(1);
SELECT * FROM @T1;

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 Dynamic SQL

Dynamic SQL

EXEC (EXECUTE)

sp_executesql

Working with dynamic SQL

It runs under a separate scope than the code that calls it.

It runs under the same security context as the current user.
Permissions to execute code if the code is within a stored
procedure

It runs under the same connection and transaction context as
the calling object

Can’t do the concatenation of function in EXEC call.

EXEC can not be used inside a User Defined Function. 23/31
 Dynamic SQL

EXEC (EXECUTE)
EXEC <procedure name and arguments>
Or EXEC ({<string variable>|’<literal command string>’})

Example
EXEC ('select * from dbo.customers')
---------------------------
DECLARE @InVar varchar(200)
SET @InVar = 'DECLARE @OutVar varchar(50)
SELECT @OutVar = FirstName FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 1
SELECT ''The Value Is '' + @OutVar'
-- Now run it
EXEC (@Invar) 24/31
 Dynamic SQL

sp_executesql

EXEC sp_executesql
@stmt = <statement>, -- similar to proc's body
@params = <params>, -- similar to proc's params declaration
<params assignment> -- like in a procedure call

Example
DECLARE @i AS INT;
SET @i = 10248;
DECLARE @sql AS NVARCHAR(46);
SET @sql = 'SELECT * FROM dbo.Orders WHERE OrderID =
@oid;';
EXEC sp_executesql
@stmt = @sql,
@params = N'@oid AS INT',
@oid = @i;
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 Exception Handling

Prior to SQL Server 2005

@@Error: return an integer ( 0- success and <> 0: error code) of the last
T-SQL statement executed.
DECLARE @Error int
INSERT INTO [Order Details]
(OrderID, ProductID, UnitPrice, Quantity, Discount)
VALUES
(999999,11,10.00,10, 0)
SELECT @Error = @@ERROR
IF @Error!=0
PRINT 'The Value of @Error is ' + CONVERT(varchar,
@Error)
ELSE
PRINT 'Successed'
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 Exception Handling

In SQL Server 2005

TRY/CATCH
BEGIN TRY
….

END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
…

END CATCH

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 Exception Handling

TRY/CATCH
BEGIN TRY
INSERT INTO [Order Details](OrderID, ProductID,
UnitPrice, Quantity, Discount)
VALUES(999999,11,10.00,10, 0)
PRINT 'INSERT succeeded.';
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
PRINT 'INSERT failed.';
/* handle error here */
END CATCH

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 New Exception-Handling Functions
Function Purpose

Error_Message() Returns the error message that would normally be returned to

the caller application

Error_Number() Returns the identifier of the error

Error_Severity() Returns the severity

Error_State() Returns the state

Error_Procedure() Returns the name of the procedure (or other programmatic

database object) in which the error has occurred

Error_Line() Returns the line number of the procedure in which the error
has occurred
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 Manually Raising Errors

Raiserror
Raiserror (<message ID | message string>, <severity>,
<state> [, <argument>[,<...n>]] )[WITH option[,...n]]
Raiserror ('An error occurred!', 0, 1)

sp_addmessage
Exec sp_addmessage 50001,16,'New Error'

sp_dropmessage
Exec sp_dropmessage 50001

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 Reference

Books online

Inside Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2005 T-SQL
Programming, Microsoft Press, 2006

Sams Teach Yourself Microsoft SQL Server 2005
Express in 24 Hours, Alison Balter, Sams Publisher,
2006

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