SEMESTER 2, ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023

EPPB3043
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM II
SECTION 01
GROUP PROJECT

PREPARED FOR:
DR NUR AZZAMMUDIN BIN RAHMAT

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
5 MAY 2023

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME STUDENT ID
Muhammad Nazrul Haqem Bin Saleh EP0107431

Muhammad Hazim Bin Dzulkafli EP0107340

Muhammad Jafnie Bin Johari EP0107344

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO CONTENT PAGES
1 Introduction 3-4

2 Circuit breakers technology and ratings 5-6

3 Fault current simulation results 7-15

4 Discussion of Results 16-19

5 Conclusions 20

6 References 21

7 Appendix 22

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INTRODUCTION

Compared to other transportation systems, electric railways offer advantages in terms

of traffic capability, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. It is
important to have a sustainable and efficient transport system to improve trade, strengthen the
economy, and reduce unnecessary loss. Modern railway systems are becoming increasingly
automated, systematic, and intelligent, with complex and integrated equipment.

In order to ensure safe operation, any faults in an AC electric railway system need to be quickly
identified and resolved. Therefore, it is important to conduct a careful study of potential faults
when designing and planning electric railway systems. This involves modeling the system to
assess potential issues.

A power system fault is an abnormal condition that disrupts the balanced 3-phase AC
operation of the system. Faults can be caused by various factors, including weather conditions,
falling trees, vehicle collisions, and vandalism. The most common types of power system faults
are single line to ground, line to line, double line to ground, and balanced three-phase faults.
These faults can lead to power outages, property damage, loss of life, and damage to the power
system network.

Power system faults can have significant impacts on Light Rail Transit (LRT) stations,
including service disruptions, safety hazards, equipment damage, and financial losses. These
faults can cause inconvenience to passengers, create potential safety hazards, damage critical
equipment, result in lost revenue, and damage the reputation of the LRT service provider. To
minimize these impacts, LRT service providers must invest in robust power systems,
implement preventative maintenance programs, and have contingency plans in place for service
restoration in the event of a power system fault.

The railway power system in this assignment experience a three-phase balanced fault,
which is not common but can have a significant impact on the entire system. This fault occurs
when all three phases are shorted simultaneously. In solving the problem of a balanced fault, a
phase by phase approach is implemented since the network is balanced. On the other hand, an
unbalanced fault is more frequent and can take the form of single line-to-ground, line-to-line,
or double line-to-ground faults. To solve the problem of an unbalanced circuit, symmetrical
components are used to simplify the solution of multiple balanced circuits.

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 In this particular task, the simulation of several fault cases regarding three-phase
balance fault was required using PowerWorld simulation software. This software is widely used
to analyze the fault voltages and currents experienced by the power system network. The
simulation results were compared with the actual values using manual calculations, which
involved using the Thevenin approach.

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CIRCUIT BREAKERS TECHNOLOGY AND RATINGS

The electrical device known as a circuit breaker (CB) is employed to protect the circuit against
short circuits and overcurrents, among other types of harm. It accomplishes this by cutting off
the circuit from the supply. Thus preventing any current from flowing to any electrical
equipment that is exposed to damage. In the simulated research, circuit breakers are attached
to each line, bus, and transformer. For instance, ABB company has created medium voltage AC
circuit breakers for indoor and outdoor railway power supply which contains 16.7 Hz, 50/60
Hz, up to 27 Kv, 3000 A, 16-25 kiloampere. These circuit breakers are dependable and
essentially maintenance-free due to their well-proven combination of magnetic actuator and
electronic controller, which reduces the number of moving parts while increasing strength.

To ensure the safety of the electrical circuit, the magnitude of the fault current rating should be
accurately assessed prior to installing the circuit breakers in the railway system. The capacity
of the circuit breaker for current during fault conditions can be determined based in its current
fault value. For example, a figure of 6kA indicates that the circuit breaker can support 6,000
amps of electricity for the brief period before tripping. The ability of the CB to function when
the fault current exceeds its rating is important since it can put people in danger if the CB
overheats and bursts. When more current is flowing during a short circuit than the CB's current
rating, there may be additional causes. Hence, it will damage the electrical circuit.

The maximum current that can flow through the circuit and the maximum fault current rating
for the main CB, which are also referred to as the downstream short circuit current, are
governed by the size of the transformer feeding the circuit and the length of the cable run from
the transformer. A common 500kVA transformer, for instance, has a terminal short circuit
current of 35kA. Ten metres of 90mm2 cable are used in the cable run from the transformer to
the main circuit breaker. Calculations showed that the short circuit current at the cable's end
would be 26 kA because the resistance in the cable limits how much current can flow from the
transformer. A 20kA circuit breaker cannot be utilised in the installation in this situation.

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The importance of the fault current rating must be highlighted while building a circuit, and
picking the least expensive CB should not be the top priority when installing it because of
safety concerns. Moreover, using large transformers for home power installations is another
error that electricians frequently make because of the increased voltage that might cause short
circuit currents to increase. When designing a circuit, it is crucial to take safety factors like a
circuit breaker's kA rating into account. Without it, there is a good possibility that there will be
a serious accident.

Figure 1 – 11Kv Circuit Breaker

Figure 2 – Indoor Railway Vacuum Circuit Breaker GSR+ (Medium Voltage)

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FAULT CURRENT SIMULATION RESULTS
From power system network given in the question, we can summarize all the network
parameters as shown in table below:

Table 1: Network Parameters of the Power System

Network Component Impedance MVA Rating
Transformer T1, 132/33 kV j0.128 per unit 60 MVA
(12.8%)
Transformer T2, 132/33 kV j0.128 per unit 60 MVA
(12.8%)
Station Transformer, 33/0.4 kV j0.1 per unit 0.5 MVA
(10.0%)
8km of 132kV underground j0.126 ohm/km 100 MVA
cable (Line 1 and Line 2)

0.5 km of 33kV underground j0.04 ohm/km 100 MVA

cable (Line 3)

2km of 33kV underground j0.04 ohm/km 100 MVA

cable (Line 4)

1km of 33kV underground j0.0622 ohm/km 100 MVA

cable (Line 5)

We must make sure all the network component is in per unit and 100MVA rating, thus we
need to do calculation on all the network parameters.

Figure 3 - Impedance values for all transformers and grid source

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Impedance given for Line 1,2,3,4 and 5 are in actual values, thus we need to find per unit
values for all lines.

Figure 4 – Impedance values for Line 1,2,3,4 and 5

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After we have calculate all the network component in 100MVA rating and per unit, we can
draw the equivalent circuit when the bus-section circuit breaker OPENED and CLOSED

Figure 5 – Equivalent circuit when bus-section circuit breaker opened (OFF)

Figure 6 - Equivalent circuit when bus-section circuit breaker closed (ON)

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Based on the equivalent circuit drawn in Figure 3 and 4, we can use PowerWorld Simulator to
draw the equivalent circuit so that we can calculate the fault current for each location scenario

Figure 7 – Equivalent circuit in PowerWorld Simulator when bus-section circuit breaker

opened (OFF)

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Figure 8 – Equivalent circuit in PowerWorld Simulator when bus-section circuit breaker
closed (ON)

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 The table shows the settings we set up for the grid source, transformers (T1, T2 and station
transformer), buses and lines (L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5)
Table 2 : Settings Set Up For All Network Parameters In Powerworld Simulator
COMPONENTS SETTINGS
Grid source

Transformers

Lines

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Bus

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After we have set up and insert the values of per unit impedance in the settings of PowerWorld
Simulator for all network parameters, we can calculate fault current by going to Run Mode 
Tools  Fault Analysis  Single Fault  Fault type : 3 Phase Balanced  Click on the
bus that fault occured  Calculate

1) Fault type/ Location scenario : Three phase fault at 33kV bus of Station Transformer
Remarks : Bus-section circuit breaker OPENED
Fault occured at bus : Bus 8
Results : IF(p.u) = -j3.771 p.u
IF(actual)= -j6.59833 kA

Figure 9 – Fault current occurs at bus 8 in per unit in PowerWorld Simulator

Figure 10 – Fault current occurs at bus 8 in Ampere in PowerWorld Simulator

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2) Fault type/ Location scenario : Three phase fault at 33kV bus of Station Transformer
Remarks : Bus-section circuit breaker CLOSED
Fault occured at bus : Bus 7
Results : IF(p.u) = -j6.420 p.u
IF(actual)= -j11.2327 kA

Figure 11 - Fault current occurs at bus 7 in per unit in PowerWorld Simulator

Figure 12 – Fault current occurs at bus 7 in Ampere in PowerWorld Simulator

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DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
To compare our result with the results obtained in PowerWorld Simulator, we can do
theoretical calculation by using Thevenin method for each scenario.

1) Fault type/ Location scenario : Three phase fault at 33kV bus of Station Transformer
Remarks : Bus-section circuit breaker OPENED
Fault occured at bus : Bus 8
Results : IF(p.u) = -j3.771 p.u
IF(actual)= -j6.598 kA

Figure 13 – Theoretical calculation to find fault current occurs at bus 8 in per unit and
Ampere

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2) Fault type/ Location scenario : Three phase fault at 33kV bus of Station Transformer
Remarks : Bus-section circuit breaker CLOSED
Fault occured at bus : Bus 7
Results : IF(p.u) = -j6.431 p.u
IF(actual)= -j11.251 kA

Figure 14 – Theoretical calculation to find fault current occurs at bus 7 in per unit and
Ampere

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 |𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 − 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍|
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
Bus 8 (Circuit Breaker OPENED)
|3.771 − 3.771|
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 𝑥 100% = 0%
3.771
|6.59833 − 6.598|
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 𝑥 100% = 0.005%
6.598
Bus 7 (Circuit Breaker CLOSED)
|6.420 − 6.431 |
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 𝑥 100% = 0.17%
6.431
|11.2327 − 11.251|
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) = 𝑥 100% = 0.163%
11.251

Analysis:

Simulation Theoretical Percentage Error

Fault Type/ Remarks Fault Fault Fault Fault Error Error for
Location current current current current for per kA
Scenario (per (kA) (per (kA) unit values
unit) unit) values (%)
(%)
Three phase Bus- -j3.771 -j6.59833 -j3.771 -j6.598 0.0 0.005
fault at section
33kV bus of circuit
Station breaker
Transformer OPENED
(Bus 8)
Three phase Bus- -j6.420 -j11.2327 -j6.431 -j11.251 0.17 0.163
fault at section
33kV bus of circuit
Station breaker
Transformer CLOSED
(Bus 7)

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 By referring to the table, the values of the fault current for both simulation and
calculated were approximately the same but have slightly error in bus 7 for Circuit Breaker
OPENED senario. The percentage error for balance fault in per unit for Bus-section Circuit
Breaker OPENED were 0% meanwhile for Bus-section Circuit Breaker CLOSED were 0.17%.
The percentage error for balance fault in Ampere have slight different values which are 0.005%
for Bus-section Circuit Breaker OPENED and 0.163% for Bus-section Circuit Breaker
CLOSED. However, the value of percentage error between experimental values from Power
World Simulation software and actual values from calculation were still negligeable in this
power flow case study since near to 0%. The highest value for balanced fault current in per unit
was at bus 7 in Bus-section Circuit Breaker CLOSED which is -j6.420pu (simulation) / -j6.431
(Calculated). On the other hand, the balance fault in Ampere current was -j11.2327A
(Simulation) / -j11.251A (Calculated).

It was only one type of fault being analysed for the give power system network which
is Balance Three-Phase fault. The conection for all transformers were Wye-Delta configuration
except fot the Station Transformer. However, the configuration is neglegible since it is in
Balance Three-Phase Fault. Since the highest value of the fault current was -j11.2327A
(Simulation) / -j11.251A (Calculated). Thus, the appropiate short-circuit current rating is 15kA.

Balance Three-Phase Fault:

Fault Impedence, Zf = 0
Zkk = Total Impedence of the faulted bus

The base current:

SBase = 100 MVA

VBase = 33kV

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CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, a three phase fault occurs when either all three phases of the system are
short-circuited with one another or all three phases are connected to the ground. This fault is a
balanced condition and only positive-sequence network need to be known to examine the fault.
By using PowerWorld simulator, this application can help us for better understanding about
fault analysis. This simulator application makes it simple and user-friendly for us to simulate
bus systems that would consume much time if it is done by manual calculation.

PowerWorld’s wide range of products provide the tools needed by system operators and
trainers, educators and students access to power system information and analysis in an intuitive
way. The built-in drawing tools offer a simple and quick way to make single line diagrams,
where a single line is used to represent three phases of a power system. Fault analysis in
PowerWorld simulator can be used to analyse fault in the power system that is currently under
load. A fault study can be carried out when the simulator is in run mode, as the load flow needs
to be validated and solved before a fault study can be calculated.

This simulator helps us to find the value of fault current quickly so that we can
determine the highest fault current occurs in the system. Hence, short-circuit current rating
must be higher than the highest fault current to avoid any accidents. Fuse, circuit breakers and
other safety mechanisms may not be able to handle exceptionally high currents, which can
cause enormous, sudden releases of energy in the form of heat, strong magnetic fields, and
even potentially explosive explosions known as arc blasts. Electrical components and wiring
insulation may be harmed or destroyed by the heat.

Fault current calculations are important in order to choose the appropriate type,
interrupting rating and tripping properties of power and lighting system circuit breakers and
fuses. The results obtained via simulation or theoretical are used to choose appropriate short-
circuit curren ratings for various power distribution system parts such as in power network of
a light rail transit (LRT) power system. The overall contribution from all generators that can be
paralleled as well as the induction and synchronous motors must be calculated to estimate the
maximum fault current.

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 REFERENCES

[1] G. K. Hanmin Lee, "Fault analysis of Korean AC electric railway system," Electric Power
Systems Research, no. 76, pp. 317-326, 2006.
[2] B. S. Yuwen Chen, "Fault diagnosis based on deep learning for current-carrying ring of,"
Applied Soft Computing Journal, no. 106907, p. 100, 2020.
[3] U. o. Nairobi, "ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM FAULT ANALYSIS," [Online]. Available:
https://eie.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/engineering/eie/ELECTRICAL%20POWER%20
SYSTEM%20FAULT%20ANALYSIS.pdf [Accessed 1 May 2023].
[4] Dr. Aung Zaw Latt, "Three Phase Balanced Fault Analysis of 6-Bus Power System using Power
World Simulator" International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering, Management &
Applied Science, Volume VIII, Issue II, February 2019
[5] “Medium Voltage AC Circuit Breakers for Railway Power Supply,” [Online]. Available: Medium
voltage (MV) railway circuit breakers (CB) - Circuit Breakers - Medium Voltage (Apparatus) | ABB
[Accessed 3 May 2023]
[6] “How to Correctly Size KA Ratings of Circuit Breakers Introduction,” [Online]. Available: How to
correctly size kA ratings of circuit breakers Introduction (allinterview.com) [Accessed 3 May 2023]

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APPENDIX

Figure 13- Single Line Diagram of Power System Network in AUTOCAD

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