MAS140/151/152/153/156/161

SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS Spring Semester

2020–2021
Level 1 Engineering Mathematics
MAS140/151/152/153/156/161
❚❤✐s ✐s ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ ❜♦♦❦ ❡①❛♠✳

❆♥s✇❡r ❆▲▲ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳

❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✷✹ ❤♦✉r ♣❡r✐♦❞ st❛rt✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✶✵❛♠ ✭❇❙❚✮✱ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉
♠✉st s✉❜♠✐t ②♦✉r ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ✶✸✵ ♠✐♥✉t❡s ✭✷ ❤♦✉rs ✶✵ ♠✐♥✉t❡s✮ ♦❢ ❛❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠
♣❛♣❡r ♦r ❜② t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✹ ❤♦✉r ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✭✇❤✐❝❤❡✈❡r ✐s ❡❛r❧✐❡r✮✳
▲❛t❡ s✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❡①t❡♥✉❛t✐♥❣ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s✳
❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❤❛♥❞✳ ❆ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✲❛♣♣r♦✈❡❞ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t♦r ♠❛② ❜❡ ✉s❡❞✳
❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦r s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✐s ♥♦t ♣❡r♠✐tt❡❞✳ ❚♦ ❣❛✐♥
❢✉❧❧ ♠❛r❦s✱ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ s❤♦✇ ②♦✉r ✇♦r❦✐♥❣✳
❇② ✉♣❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ②♦✉r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ②♦✉ ❞❡❝❧❛r❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉r s✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐sts ❡♥t✐r❡❧② ♦❢ ②♦✉r
♦✇♥ ✇♦r❦✱ t❤❛t ❛♥② ✉s❡ ♦❢ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦r t♦♦❧s ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♠♦❞✉❧❡
✐s ❝✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ♥♦ ✉♥❢❛✐r ♠❡❛♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞✳

✶ ❆ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❤❛s ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s ❛t t✐♠❡ t ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝❛❧❧② ❜②

x = et , y = sin t.

dy
✭✐✮ ❋✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t ♦❢ ✐ts tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✳ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮
dx
✭✐✐✮ ❙❤♦✇ t❤❛t ✐ts tr❛❥❡❝t♦r② s❛t✐s✜❡s t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥
d2 y dy
x2 2
+ x + y = 0.
dx dx
✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮

MAS140/151/152/153/156/161 1 Turn Over

 MAS140/151/152/153/156/161

✷ ■♥ t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ ζ = e2πi/7 ✳

✭✐✮ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t

1 + ζ + ζ 2 + · · · + ζ 5 + ζ 6 = 0.

✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮

✭✐✐✮ ❙❤♦✇ ❢r♦♠ ✭✐✮ t❤❛t

2
ζ + ζ2 + ζ4 + ζ + ζ 2 + ζ 4 + 2 = 0.

✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮

✭✐✐✐✮ ❉❡❞✉❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✭✐✐✮ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢

     
2π 4π 8π
cos + cos + cos .
7 7 7

✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮

✸ ✭✐✮ ❇② ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❜② ♣❛rts✱ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t

x2 ln x x2
Z
x ln x dx = − + C.
2 4
Z
■❢ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✱ ②♦✉ ♠❛② ✉s❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C ✳ ❍❡r❡ C
✐s ❛♥ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❝♦♥st❛♥t✳ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮

ex
✭✐✐✮ ■❢ u = ✱ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r ln u✳
x
ex
❍❡♥❝❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ u = t♦ ✜♥❞
x
Z 2x
e (x − 1)(x − ln x) dx
.
x3

✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮

MAS140/151/152/153/156/161 2 Continued
 MAS140/151/152/153/156/161

✹ ✭✐✮ ❲r✐t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ 2 × 2 ♠❛tr✐① ✇✐t❤ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s 3 ❛♥❞ 7✱ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦rs✳ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮

✭✐✐✮ ●✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡

  ♦❢ ❛ 2 × 2 ♠❛tr✐① ✇✐t❤ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s 3 ❛♥❞ 7✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤
2 3
❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮
1 1

✭✐✐✐✮ ●✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ 2 × 2 ♠❛tr✐① ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ 3✱ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡
❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦r ✭✉♣ t♦ s❝❛❧❛r ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡s✮✳ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮

✺ ▲❡t y ❜❡ ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ x s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥

d2 y
2
− b2 y = 2bebx
dx

s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✱ ✇❤❡♥ x = 0✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ y = dx

dy
= 1✳ ❍❡r❡ b > 0 ✐s ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✳
✭✐✮ ▲❡t Y (s) = L(y(x)) ❜❡ t❤❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ ♦❢ y ✳ ❲r✐t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥
s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ❜② Y (s)✳ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮

✭✐✐✮ ❇② s♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠✱ s♦❧✈❡
t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮

End of Question Paper

MAS140/151/152/153/156/161 3
 MAS140/151/152/153/156/161 Formula Sheet

These results may be quoted without proof unless proofs are asked for in the questions.

Trigonometry Hyperbolic Functions

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sinh x = 21 (ex − e−x )

1 + tan2 x = sec2 x cosh x = 12 (ex + e−x )

sinh x
1 + cot2 x = cosec2 x tanh x =
cosh x
2 sin2 x = 1 − cos 2x cosh x
coth x =
2 cos2 x = 1 + cos 2x sinh x
1
2 sin x cos x = sin 2x sechx =
cosh x
cos(x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y 2 cosh2 x = 1 + cosh 2x
tan x ± tan y
tan(x ± y) = 2 sinh2 x = cosh 2x − 1
1 ∓ tan x tan y
a cos x + b sin x = R cos (x − α) 2 sinh x cosh x = sinh 2x
√ sech2 x = 1 − tanh2 x
where R = a2 + b2 ,
√
cos α = a
and sin α = b sinh−1 x = ln(x + x2 + 1) , all x
R R √
2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y) cosh−1 x = ln(x + x2 − 1) , x ≥ 1
 
1 1+x
2 sin x sin y = cos(x − y) − cos(x + y) −1
tanh x = ln , |x| < 1
2 1−x
2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)
1 − tan2 (x/2)
cos x =
1 + tan2 (x/2)
2 tan(x/2)
sin x =
1 + tan2 (x/2)
2 tan(x/2)
tan x =
1 − tan2 (x/2)
Series

Sum of an arithmetic series:

first term + last term
× (number of terms)
2
1 − xn
Sum of a geometric series: 1 + x + x2 + . . . + xn−1 =
1 − x 
n(n − 1) 2 n r
Binomial theorem: (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ... + x + ...
  2! r
n n(n − 1)(n − 2) . . . (n − r + 1)
where =
r r!
If n is a positive integer then the series terminates and the result is true for all x, other-
wise, the series is infinite and only converges for |x| < 1.

x3 x5 x7
sin x = x − + − + ...


3! 5! 7!






2 4 6

x x x


cos x = 1 − + − + ...



2! 4! 6! 





3 5 7
x x x

sinh x = x + + + + ... valid for all x
3! 5! 7! 




2 4 6
x x x



cosh x = 1 + + + + ... 

2! 4! 6!






2 3

x x x 

exp x = e = 1 + x + + + ... 

2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
ln(1 + x) = x − + − + . . . (−1 < x ≤ 1)
2 3 4
Differentiation
Function Derivative Function Derivative

sin x cos x cos x − sin x

tan x sec2 x cot x −cosec2 x
1 1
sin−1 x √ , |x| < 1 cos−1 x −√ , |x| < 1
1 − x2 1 − x2
1 1
tan−1 x cot−1 x −
1 + x2 1 + x2
sinh x cosh x cosh x sinh x
1 1
tanh x coth x −
cosh2 x sinh2 x
1 1
sinh−1 x √ cosh−1 x √ , |x| > 1
x +1
2 x −1
2

1
tanh−1 x , |x| < 1
1 − x2
1
coth−1 x , |x| > 1
1 − x2
Integration
In the following table the constants of integration have been omitted.

xn+1 dx
Z
R n
x dx = (n 6= −1) = ln |x|
n+1 x
R x x
R x ax
e dx = e a dx = (a > 0, a 6= 1)
ln a
R R
sin x dx = − cos x cos x dx = sin x
R R
sec2 x dx = tan x cosec2 x dx = − cot x
R R
sinh x dx = cosh x cosh x dx = sinh x

sech2 x dx = tanh x cosech2 x dx = − coth x

R R

dx x dx 1 −1 x
Z Z
√ = sin−1 (|x| < a) = tan
a2 − x2 a a2 + x 2 a a
dx x dx x
Z Z
√ = sinh−1 √ = cosh−1 (|x| > a)
x2 + a2 a x 2 − a2 a
dx 1 a+x 1 x
Z
= ln (= tanh−1 if |x| < a)
a2
−x 2 2a a−x a a
Z x
cosecx dx = ln tan or ln (cosecx − cot x)
2
Z x π 
sec x dx = ln tan + or ln (sec x + tan x)
2 4
Z x
cosechx dx = ln tanh
2
Integration by parts
Z Z
f (x) g (x) dx = f (x) g(x) − f ′ (x) g(x) dx
′

Variable substitution in definite integral

If x = ϕ(t) is a monotonic function in the interval [α, β] and a = ϕ(α), b = ϕ(β), then
Z b Z β
f (x) dx = f (ϕ(t)) ϕ′ (t) dt
a α

Variable substitution for a rational function of sin x and cos x

x

2t 1 − t2 dx 2
Let t = tan 2
then sin x = , cos x = and = .
1+t 2 1+t 2 dt 1 + t2

Table of Laplace transforms

Function f (t) Laplace transform F (s)

n!
tn (for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
sn+1
1
eat
s−a
ω
sin ωt
s + ω2
2

s
cos ωt
s + ω2
2

ω
sinh ωt
s − ω2
2

s
cosh ωt
s2 − ω 2
eat f (t) F (s − a) (shift theorem)
f ′ (t) sF (s) − f (0)
f ′′ (t) s2 F (s) − sf (0) − f ′ (0)