9

TLE
Beauty Care
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Nail Structure and Conditions
Nail Diseases and Disorders
(Week 2)
 What I Need to Know

This module is for the Junior High School Technical Livelihood Education (TLE) track
major in Beauty Care/Nail Care Services. This module includes the development of the
learner’s knowledge, skills, and attitude needed in performing hand spa treatment.

This serves as a tool for learners and teachers in gauging the transfer of knowledge,
skills, and attitude. The learners can only proceed to the next part once he/she
accomplishes the prior tasks provided. The activities in this module are thoroughly
thought out to be more engaging. Most importantly, it is income-generating!

This module will cover the following lessons:

▪ Lesson 1 – Nail Structure and Conditions
▪ Lesson 2 – Nail Diseases and Disorders

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the nail structure and its functions;
2. differentiate nail diseases from nail disorders;
3. understand the causes and prevention or treatment of nail diseases and nail
disorders
4. examine nail diseases and nail disorders with the family members or relatives;
and
5. show the ability to take care of one’s nails.

What I Know

Please do not forget to write the following on your answer sheet:

Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Section: ___________
Yr. Level & Subject (Specialization): _____________________ Module No: _____________
Name of Activity: What I Know Date: ___________________

Directions: Read each of the following questions carefully and choose the letter of the
correct answer.

1. It is a part of a nail structure that contains nerves and blood vessels located
beneath the nail roots.
A. Mantle B. Matrix C. Nail D. Skin
2. The portion of the skin under the free edge of the nail.
A. Eponychium B. Hyponychium C. Nail grooves D. Nail walls
3. A half-moon shape is found at the base of the nail.
A. Cuticle B. Lunula C. Nail bed D. Nail root

1
4. A visible portion of the nail that is attached to the nail bed.
A. Nail groove B. Nail plate C. Nail root D. Nail wall
5. It is the study of the nail.
A. Biology B. Ergonomics C. Onychology D. Ophthalmology
6. An average adult’s nail growth per month.
A. 1/2 inch B. 1/4 inch C. 1/8 inch D. 3/4 inch
7. A yellowish fluid that oozes from the wound.
A. Bacteria B. Fungus C. Pus D. Yeast
8. Wavy ridges that are caused by uneven growth of the nails.
A. Corrugations B. Onychauxis C. Onychia D. Pterygium
9. Inflammation of the skin around the nail that is caused by bacteria.
A. Koilonychia B. Leukonychia C. Paronychia D. Onychauxis
10. An overgrowth of the nail, usually in thickness rather than length.
A. Corrugations B. Onychauxis C. Onychia D. Pterygium
11. The loose skin separated from the cuticle.
A. Bitten nails B. Bruised nails C. Hangnails D. Split nails
12. A condition in which white spots appear on the nails but DO NOT indicate
disease.
A. Koilonychia B. Leukonychia C. Onychauxis D. Paronychia
13. It is caused by nervous habit.
A. Bitten nails B. Bluish nails C. Ingrown nails D. Pterygium
14. This is a nail condition caused by injury to the nails, diseases, or imbalances in
the body.
A. Nail damage B. Nail disease C. Nail disorder D. Nail problem
15. Which of the following is NOT a healthy nail?
A. The surface is smooth. C. Nails are slightly pink in color.
B. Nails are firm and flexible. D. They have hollows or wavy ridges.

Lesson
Nail Structure and Conditions
1
What’s In

Nail salons are a promising and buzzing industry. Nail services have been part of the
fashion industry for decades. Furthermore, nails have more functions than being a
fashion accessory.

Nails indicate one’s overall health, emotional well-being, and personal dietary
deficiency. Taking care of one's nails is vital to our whole self. In this most challenging
crisis we are facing, comes an opportunity to believe in ourselves. Life may not be as
perfect as planned, but our nails can!

2
Have you ever wondered why your nails grow and look that way? Why do nail problems
vary from one another? This lesson will help you understand and appreciate the
importance of proper nail care and diagnose problems that can present in the nails.

What’s New

Instructions: Read the clues below and complete the crossword puzzle.

What Is It

Nail Structure and Conditions

It is necessary for the cosmetologist to have some knowledge of the nail structure and
condition. These are the basis for giving nail care services to your clients.

What is a nail?
• It is an appendage of the skin.
Appendage pertains to any part that is attached to the main structure.
• It is a horny translucent plate that protects the tips of the fingers and toes.
Horny pertains to a horn made of keratin.

3
 Plate means a flat layer.
• It is composed mainly of keratin, a protein substance that forms the base of all horny
tissue.
• It is whitish and translucent in appearance and allows the pinkish color of the nail
bed to be seen. The horny plate contains no nerves or blood vessels.
• Onyx is the technical term for the nail.
• It grows by mitosis or cell division from beneath the lunula and the root.
• The condition of the nail is like that of the skin, it reflects the general health of the
body.
• Onychology is the study of the nail. The nails vary in thickness, being heaviest on
the thumbs and big toes.
• The healthy nails are firm and flexible, slightly pink in color, smooth, curved, and
unspotted without any hollows or wavy ridges.
• Some factors can influence the growth of nails such as nutrition, general health, and
disease.
• A nail grows forward, starting at the matrix and extending over the tip of the finger.
• Like hair, nails grow faster in warm weather.
• Normal adults’ nail growth is about 1/8 inch per month whereas the nails of the
children grow faster than those of the elderly.
• The fingernails take about 6 months to grow from the root to the free edge.
• The toenails take about 12 to 18 months to grow from the root to the free edge.
• Toenails grow slowly but they are thicker and harder than fingernails.
• Phalanx is the bone of the fingernails or toenails.

Functions of Nails
• Nails prevent damages to bones in the underlying soft tissue when doing movements
such as running, kicking, jumping, and catching.
• They help us in digging, climbing, scratching, and grasping things which are the
basics of the fingernails and toenails.

Diagram of the Nail and Its Structure

https://tinyurl.com/y7jjyjr4

4
Parts of the Nail
The nail consists of three parts such as free edge, nail body or nail plate, and nail root.

▪ Free edge – is the end portion of the nail plate that extends beyond the
fingertip. It is shaped during the manicure.

▪ Nail Body or Nail Plate – is the visible portion of the nail that is attached to
the nail bed.

▪ Nail Root – is the beginning of nail found at the base and is embedded
underneath the skin.

Structures Beneath the Nail

The structures beneath the nail include the nail bed, matrix, and lunula.
▪ Nail Bed – is the skin upon which the nail body or nail plate rests. It is supplied
with many blood vessels and nerves. The blood vessels supply nourishment for
the nail.

▪ Matrix – is the part of the nail bed that contains nerves and blood vessels and is
located beneath the nail root. It produces cells that generate and harden the nail
and will continue to grow if it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy
condition.

▪ Lunula – is a half-moon shape found at the base of the nail where the matrix
connects with the nail bed.

Structures Surrounding the Nail

The structures surrounding the nail include the cuticle, eponychium, hyponychium,
perionychium, nail walls, nail grooves, and mantle.
▪ Cuticle – is the overlapping skin around the nail. A normal cuticle should be
loose and pliable.
▪ Eponychium – is the cuticle extension at the base of the nail body which
partly overlaps the lunula.
▪ Hyponychium – is the portion of the skin under the free edge of the nail.
▪ Perionychium – is the tissue bordering the root and sides of a fingernail or
toenail.
▪ Nail Walls – are the folds of the skin overlapping the sides of the nail.
▪ Nail Grooves - are slits or tracks in the skin at the side of the nail upon which
the nail moves as it grows.
▪ Mantle - deep fold of the skin in which the nail root is embedded.

The skin around the Nails

▪ There are two layers of skin the dermis and epidermis.
▪ The dermis is the second layer of skin, it contains blood vessels, nerves, hair
roots, and sweat glands.
▪ The epidermis is the upper or outer layer of the two main layers of cells that
make up the skin. It is mostly made up of flat, scale-like cells called squamous

5
 cells. These cells are round cells called basal cells. The deepest part of the
epidermis also contains melanocytes.
▪ Melanocyte is an epidermal cell that produces melanin.
▪ Melanin is any of various black, dark brown, reddish-brown, or yellow
pigments of animal or plant structures (such as skin or hair).

Lesson
Nail Diseases and Disorders
2
What Is It

Nail Diseases and Disorders

Try to examine your nails. What do you see? Nails can tell your overall health, such as the
problems in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and heart. Read and learn more secrets your nails
might show.

▪ Onychosis - refers to any disease, disorder, or condition of the nails.

▪ Pus - is the yellowish fluid that oozes from the wound. It is a sign of infection. White
blood cells attack the bacteria and consume them. The pus contains blood cells,
body cells, and dead and living bacteria. Bacteria may invade the body through cuts,
scratches, or punctures in the skin or through any of the body openings.

▪ Fungi - are plant organisms that live on dead, decaying, or living matter. Some fungi
can cause serious infections, but some are harmful and beneficial.

▪ There are two types of diseases, contagious or non-contagious. The contagious

or communicable disease spreads from one person to another by direct or
indirect contact such as tuberculosis, common cold, ringworm, scabies, head
lice, and virus infections. The non-contagious disease does not spread from one
person to another, such as genetic diseases, cancers, mental disorders,
autoimmune diseases, and heart disease. Thus, cleanliness in-salon tools,
materials, and equipment play a role in spreading diseases.

Nail Diseases - are problems of nails from fungal and bacterial infections to other
causes of nail abnormalities.

6
 Nail Diseases Definition/Description Prevention/Treatment
Onychia
Inflammation of the nail Always keep the nails clean
matrix is accompanied by and use properly sanitized
pus formation caused by implements.
improperly sanitized nail
implements and bacterial
infections.
https://tinyurl.com/y8bxtsb9
Onychocryptosis or
Ingrown Nails In this condition, the nail It is recommended to cut
grows into the sides of the the nails properly and wear
flesh and may cause comfortable shoes that fit
infection. Improper perfectly (shoes with a wide
trimming and shaping of toe area and ones that do
nails are often responsible not press your toes).
for ingrown nails.
https://tinyurl.com/yamjvk5l

Onychogryphosis
A condition in which the Apply a moisturizing cream
nail curvature is increased on the nails every time you
and enlarged; the nail wash your hands or feet.
becomes thicker and Nails should always be
curves, sometimes trimmed and avoid tight-
extending over the tip of the fitting footwear.
finger or toe; this condition
results in inflammation and
pain if the nail grows into
https://tinyurl.com/y8hh6ua8 the skin.

Onycholysis
A loosening of the nail is It is recommended to keep
caused by internal disorder, the nails short and avoid
infection, or drug nail polish. Use an
treatment. emollient cream after
washing or bathing and try
to avoid irritants such as
nail polish remover and
https://tinyurl.com/ycb75xo5 enamel or solvents and
cleaning agents.

7
 Onychomycosis Also known as tinea To prevent getting a nail
unguium or ringworm of the fungal infection, it is
nails is an infectious disease advisable to keep the nails
caused by a fungus that dry and clean, use an
commonly appears in antifungal foot spray or
whitish patches that can be powder and avoid cutting
scraped off from the surface. the skin around the toenails
since this may be an entry
point for infection.
https://tinyurl.com/y9atfhlr

Onychoptosis A shedding of one or more Always wear properly fitted

nails, either in whole or in footwear that offers your
part. It can occur during or toes lots of space and dry
after certain diseases of the nails thoroughly.
body, such as syphilis,
because of fever and system
upsets, as a reaction to
prescription drugs, or
because of trauma.
https://tinyurl.com/45ashyn5

Paronychia Inflammation of the skin To prevent paronychia,

around the nail is caused by always keep your hands
bacteria. The symptoms are and feet dry and clean, wear
redness, swelling, and rubber gloves with an
tenderness of the tissue absorbent cotton lining if
surrounding the nail. your hands are exposed
routinely to water or harsh
chemicals, and avoid
cutting your cuticles or
https://tinyurl.com/82wn2rhp pushing them back.

Nail Disorders - are conditions caused by injury to the nails, diseases, or imbalances
in the body.

Nail Disorders Definition/Description Prevention/Treatment

Bluish Nails Appear blue in color which It is recommended to see a
reveals that the body is not physician but can also be
getting enough oxygen. This given a manicure with care
also indicates infection in and light pressure.
the lungs, such as
pneumonia. Some heart
problems can also be
associated with bluish nails.
https://tinyurl.com/2x4x5pke

8
 Bruised Nails The result of trauma to the This can be treated by not
nail plate. This causes applying pressure on the
injury to the nail; blood nail plate.
becomes trapped under the
nail. There is discoloration
under the nail.

https://tinyurl.com/yb3gdnr3
Corrugations Wavy ridges are caused by It is recommended to buff
uneven growth of the nails, the nails carefully to help
usually the result of illness remove or minimize the
or injury. ridges.

https://tinyurl.com/y75bnyc5
Hangnails Split cuticles: loose skin This may be trimmed with
separates from the cuticle. cuticle nippers, moisturize,
This is caused by dry and apply cuticle oil.
cuticles and environmental.

https://tinyurl.com/y8n2tu3y
Koilonychia or Nails with a concave shape It is recommended to file
Spoon Nails are usually caused by iron nails carefully with no
deficiency anemia. These pressure and use nail
nails show raised ridges polish to harden and
and are thin and concave. protect the nail.

https://tinyurl.com/y7lzqa4a
Leukonychia A condition in which white The white spots on the
spots appear on the nails fingernail will gradually
but do not indicate disease diminish if you start taking
and as the nails grow, these zinc in daily food.
white spots eventually Limit the usage of nail
disappear. enamels and polish to
certain occasions.

https://tinyurl.com/zhja28yb

9
 Onychorrhexis or Caused by injury to the It is recommended to
Split / Brittle Nail finger, improper filing, or soften nails before
exposure to harsh trimming and use daily
chemicals. Dry, brittle nails moisturizers or have oil
have revealed thyroid manicures.
disease.

https://tinyurl.com/yc7ttue7
Onychauxis An overgrowth of the nail, File the nail smooth and
usually in thickness rather buff with pumice powder.
than length caused by a
local infection and can also
be hereditary. This
condition may be given nail
services if the infection is
not present.
https://tinyurl.com/ymas5rd3
Onychatrophia Atrophy or wasting away of File the nail smooth with
the nail plate causes it to the fine side of the emery
lose its luster, become board.
smaller, and sometimes Protect your hands from
shed entirely. Injury or over-exposure to water,
disease may account for detergents, and other
this irregularity chemicals.
https://tinyurl.com/47sxymtw
Onychophagy Caused by nervous habit It is recommended that the
or Bitten Nails and stress-related. It is a client receives frequent
sign of persistent anxiety manicures.
that could benefit from Do not bite your nails.
treatment. This has also
been linked to obsessive-
compulsive disorder. The
signs are sensitive to touch,
the nail plate may appear
https://tinyurl.com/tep2byst flat and deformed.

Pterygium The inward advance of skin Never attempt to remove a

over the nail plate. This pterygium, instead, consult
results in the loss of the a physician for advice and
nail plate due to the treatment. It is also
development of scar tissue. suggested to have oil
Cortisone is used to prevent manicures.
the advancement of scar
tissue.
https://tinyurl.com/yt5a8zj3

10
 What’s More

Please do not forget to write the following on your answer sheet:

Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Section: ____________________
Yr. Level & Subject (Specialization): _____________________ Module No: _______________
Name of Activity: What’s More Date: _____________________

Instructions: Identify the term described in the statement. Choose the correct answer
from the box below.

A. Cuticle I. Onychocryptosis
B. Epidermis J. Onychology
C. Free edge K. Onycholysis
D. Fungi L. Onychophagy
E. Koilonychia M. Onychorrhexis
F. Leukonychia N. Onychosis
G. Lunula O. Onyx
H. Nail Disorder

_____ 1. It is the technical term for the nail.

_____ 2. It is the study of the nail.
_____ 3. It is the end portion of the nail plate that extends beyond the fingertip.
_____ 4. It is a half-moon shape found at the base of the nail where the matrix
connects with the nail bed.
_____ 5. It is the overlapping skin around the nail.
_____ 6. It is the upper or outer layer of the two main layers of cells that make up
the skin.
_____ 7. It is caused by injury to the finger, improper filing, or exposure to harsh
chemicals.
_____ 8. It is a condition caused by injury to the nails, diseases, or imbalances in the
body.
_____ 9. It is the loosening of the nail caused by internal disorder, infection, or drug
treatment.
_____ 10. This is usually caused by iron deficiency anemia. These nails show
raised ridges and are thin and concave.
_____ 11. It is a condition in which white spots appear on the nails but do not indicate
disease and as the nails grow, these white spots eventually disappear.
_____ 12. It is caused by nervous habits and stress.
_____ 13. In this condition, the nail grows into the sides of the flesh and may cause
infection.
_____ 14. It refers to any disease, disorder, or condition of the nails.
_____ 15. It is a plant organism that lives on dead, decaying, or living matter.

11
 What I Have Learned

Please do not forget to write the following on your answer sheet:

Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Section: ____________________
Yr. Level & Subject (Specialization): _____________________ Module No: _______________
Name of Activity: What I Have Learned Date: _____________________

1. What is a nail?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you call the study of the nail?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the characteristics of a healthy nail?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. How do nail diseases differ from nail disorders?
___________________________________________________________________________
5. How do you keep your nails healthy?
___________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Please do not forget to write the following on your answer sheet:

Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Section: ___________
Yr. Level & Subject (Specialization): _____________________ Module No: ______________
Name of Activity: What I Can Do Date: __________________

Activity 1. Nail Structure

Instructions: Copy the illustration below and identify the nail structure. (10pts)

12
Activity 2. Nail Diseases and Disorders
Instructions: Provide the necessary prevention or treatment of each nail disease or
disorder. (20pts)

Nail Diseases/Disorders Cause Prevention or Treatment

1. Bluish Nails
2. Onychocryptosis
3. Bruised Nails
4. Onycholysis
5. Onychomycosis
6. Onychia
7. Hangnails
8. Onychogryphosis
9. Corrugations
10. Koilonychia

Assessment

Please do not forget to write the following on your answer sheet:

Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Section: ____________________
Yr. Level & Subject (Specialization): _____________________ Module No: _______________
Name of Activity: Assessment Date: _____________________

Directions: Read each of the following questions carefully and choose the letter of the
correct answer.

1. The portion of the skin under the free edge of the nail.
A. Eponychium B. Hyponychium C. Nail groove D. Nail wall
2. An average adult’s nail growth per month.
A. 1/2 inch B. 1/4 inch C. 1/8 inch D. 3/4 inch
3. It is a slit or track in the skin at the side of the nail upon where the nail moves as
it grows.
A. Cuticle B. Matrix C. Nail groove D. Phalanx
4. It is a protein substance that forms the base of all horny tissue.
A. Keratin B. Protein C. Melanin D. Melanocyte
5. It is the study of the nail.
A. Cosmetology B. Dermatology C. Onychology D. Sociology
6. It is an end portion of the nail plate that extends beyond the fingertip.
A. Free edge B. Hyponychium C. Lunula D. Mantle
7. It is a condition in which white spots appear on the nails but do not indicate
disease.
A. Koilonychia B. Leukonychia C. Onychauxis D. Paronychia

13
8. This is a condition caused by injury to the nails, diseases, or imbalances in the body.
A. Nail condition B. Nail disease C. Nail disorder D. Nail problem
9. It is the result of trauma to the nail plate in which the blood becomes trapped
under the nail.
A. Bitten nail B. Bruised nail C. Ingrown nail D. Spoon nail
10. It is a nail with a concave shape usually caused by an iron deficiency anemia.
A. Bluish nail B. Hangnail C. Koilonychia D. Leukonychia
11. The following are examples of nail disorders EXCEPT.
A. Corrugations C. Onycholysis
B. Onychophagy D. Pterygium
12. It is known as tinea unguium or ringworm of the nails, an infectious disease
caused by a fungus.
A. Onychocryptosis C. Onychomycosis
B. Onychogryphosis D. Onychoptosis
13. Which of the following statements should NOT be done in preventing or treating
paronychia?
A. Always keep your hands and feet dry and clean.
B. Avoid cutting your cuticles or pushing them back.
C. Wear rubber gloves with an absorbent cotton lining if your hands are exposed
routinely to water or harsh chemicals.
D. Use an antifungal foot spray or powder and avoid cutting the skin around the
toenails since this may be an entry point for infection.
14. It is an inflammation of the nail matrix accompanied by pus formation caused by
improperly sanitized nail implements and bacterial infections.
A. Onychatrophia C. Onycholysis
B. Onychia D. Onychorrhexis
15. It is a condition in which the nail curvature is increased and enlarged; the nail
becomes thicker and curves, sometimes extending over the tip of the finger or toe.
A. Corrugations C. Onychomycosis
B. Onychogryphosis D. Paronychia

Additional Activity

Please do not forget to write the following on your answer sheet:

Name: ___________________________________________ Yr. & Section: ____________________
Yr. Level & Subject (Specialization): _____________________ Module No: _______________
Name of Activity: Additional Activity Date: _____________________

Instructions: Identify the nail diseases or disorders of at least two of your family
members/relatives. Follow the format below and fill in the necessary information.
Also, for verification purposes, take a picture/video of yourself while doing this
activity. Submit your output to your teacher through messenger or any preferred
platform.

14
 Name of the family Picture/Drawing Nail disease/disorder
members observed

Example: Raquel B. Salarda Corrugation –

Sister A result of a nail injury

1.

2.

Answer Key

D 15.
N 14.
I 13.
L 12.
F 11.
E 10.
K 9.
H 8.
M 7.
B 6.
A 5.
G 4.
C 3.
J 2.
O 1.

What’s More

References
K to 12 Learning Module in Beauty Care (Nail Care)
Online Sources:
https://tinyurl.com/ycw9b8vp, retrieved on July 28, 2021
https://tinyurl.com/yax3acxt, retrieved on July 28, 2021
https://tinyurl.com/y8jbuzvb, retrieved on July 28, 2021
https://tinyurl.com/ybq9n9pp, retrieved on July 28, 2021
https://tinyurl.com/y74z6rjf, retrieved on July 28, 2021

15