20 Indefinite Integration Revision Notes Quizrr

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INDEFINITE
INTEGRATION
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INTRODUCTION
Differential Calculus is centred on the concept of the derivative. The original motivation for the
derivative was the problem of defining tangent lines to the graphs of functions and calculating
the slope of such lines. Integral Calculus is motivated by the problem of defining and calculating
the area of the region bounded by the graph of the functions.
If a function f is differentiable in an interval I, i.e., its derivative f Âexists at each point of I, then
a natural question arises that given f Âat each point of I, can we determine the function ? The
functions that could possibly have given function as a derivative are called anti derivatives (or
primitive) of the function. Further, the formula that gives all these anti derivatives is called
integration. Such type of problems arise in many practical situations. For instance, if we know the
instantaneous velocity of an object at any instant, then there arises a natural question, i.e., can
we determine the position of the object at any instant ? There are several such practical and
theoretical situations where the process of integration is involved. The development of integral
calculus arises out of the efforts of solving the problems of the following types : (a) the problem
of finding a function whenever its derivative is given, (b) the problem of finding the area bounded
by the graph of a function under certain conditions.
These two problems lead to the two forms of the integrals, e.g., indefinite and definite integrals,
which together constitute the Integral Calculus.
There is a connection, known as the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, between indefinite
integral and definite integral which makes the definite integral as a practical tool for science and
engineering. The definite integral is also used to solve many interesting problems from various
disciplines like economics, finance and probability.
An t id er iva t ive
In differentiation we considered the following problem : given a function F (x), find its derivative,
that is, the function f(x) = F´(x).
In this chapter we shall consider the reverse problem : given a function f(x), it is required to find
a function F (x) such that its derivative is equal to f(x), that is, F´(x) = f(x)
Definition 1 : A function F (x) is called the antiderivative of the function f(x) on the interval
(a, b,) if at all points of the interval F´ (x) = f(x).
Illustration 1
Find the antiderivative of the function f(x) = x 2
Solution :
x3
From the definition of an antiderivative it follows that the function F ( x)  is an antiderivative,
3
´
 x3 
since    x2 .
3 
 
It is easy to see that if for the given function f(x) there exists an antiderivative, then this
antiderivative is not the only one. In the foregoing example, we could take the following functions
as antiderivative :
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
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x x x
F( x)   1, F( x)  ă 7 or, generally, F( x)   C (where C is an arbitrary constant),
3 3 3
´
 x 

since   C   x2 .

 3 
I nt egr at ion, int egr and and int egr al

The process of finding integral of a function is called integration and the function which is
integrated is called the integrand. The function whose d.c. is the integrand is called the integral
of the integrand.
Indefinite Integral : If d {F( x)}  f ( x) then also d {F( x)  c }  f ( x) where c is an arbitrary

dx dx
constant.
Thus here general value of  f (x) dx is F(x) + c, where c is an arbitrary constant. c is called
constant of integration.
Clearly integral will change if c changes. Thus integral of a function is not unique and if one
integral of f(x) is F(x), then F(x) + c will be also an integral of f(x), where c is a constant.
Thus  f (x) dx will have infinite number of values and hence it is called indefinite integral of f(x).
Definition Particular Integral : If d[F( x)  c]  f ( x) then
dx
 f (x) dx = F(x) + c.  f (x) dx will have different values for different values of c.
For a definite value C1 of c,  f (x) dx will have a definite value F(x) + c1.
Hence F(x) + c1 is a particular integral of f(x).

G(x) = x2 + 2
Note: Because of constant of integration it is possible
that the same function may have different integrals
but the difference between two integrals of a function F(x) = x2
is a constant.
Thus, an indefinite integral is a family of functions
y = F(x) + C.
x1 O
From the geometrical point of view, an indefinite integral
is a collection (family) of curves, each of which is H(x) = x2 ă 4
obtained by translating one of the curves parallel to
itself upwards or downwards (that is, along the y-axis).
For example, if you graph the three antiderivatives of
f(x) = 2x, you will see that the all graphs have the same
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shape because at any x-value, their tangent lines all have the same slope, as shown in figure.
A natural question arises : do antiderivatives (and, hence, indefinite integrals) exist for every
function f(x)? The answer is no. Let us note, however, without proof, that if a function, f(X) is
continuous on an interval [a, b], then this function has an antiderivative and hence, there is also
an indefinite integral).
This chapter is devoted to working out methods by means of which we can find antiderivatives
(and indefinite integrals) for certain classes of elementary functions.
T ab le of st and ar d element ar y int egr als

The table of standard integrals has been given below which is based on d.c. of elementry functions :
d
(i) ( x)  1   dx  x
dx
d  xn  1  x n 1

n
 x  x n dx  (n   1)
(ii) dx  n  1  n 1
d 1
 x dx  log | x |
1
(iii) (log| x|)  
dx x
d
(iv) (sin x)  cos x   cos dx  sin x
dx
d
(v) (cos x)   sin x   sin xdx   cos x
dx
d
(vi) (tan x)  sec 2 x   sec 2 xd x  tan x
dx
d
(vii) (cot x)   cosec2 x   cosec 2 xdx   cot x
dx
d
(viii) (sec x)  sec x tan x   sec x tan xdx  sec x
dx
d
(ix) (cosec x)   cosec x cot x   cosec x cot xdx   cosec x
dx
d x
(x) (e )  ex   e x dx  e x
dx
d 1

1
(sin 1 x)  dx  sin 1 x
(xi) dx  2
1  x2 1 x
1
d 1
(xii) dx (tan x) 
1
1  x2
  1 x 2
dx  tan 1 x
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d 1
x
1
(sec 1 x)  dx  sec 1 x
(xiii) dx  2
x x2  1 x 1
d ax
(xiv)
dx
(a x )  a x log e a   a x dx 
log e a
,a 0
Other trigonometric integrals
 tan x d x  log sec x  c

 cot x dx  log sin x  c
 x
 sec x dx  log sec x  tan x  c  log tan  4  2   c
 cos ec x dx  log cos ec x  cot x  c  tan x 2 c
We will do the proofs of these later.

The formulas should be by hearted.
Illustration 2
Find each antiderivative.
(a)  dx
Write dx as 1. dx, and using the fact that x0 = 1 for any nonzero number x,
1 1
 dx  1 dx   x
0
dx  x  C x c
1
 x dx
3
(b)
Use the power rule with n = 3.
 x dx  3 1 x
3 1 31 1 4
C x C
4
t
1
(c) 2
dt
1 1 t 1 1
First, write 1 / t2 as t2 . Then
t 2
dt 
 t2 dt 
 2 1
t21 
1
C
t
C
(d)  u du
 
1 1 2
Since u  u1 / 2 , u du  u1 / 2 du  uó 1  C  u3 / 2  u3 / 2  C
1/ 2  1 3/2 3
2 3/2 ó
To check this, differentiate u  C , the deriative is u , the original function.
3
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Some Pr op er t ies of t he I nd efinit e I nt egr al

Rule
1. The indefinite integral of an algebraic sum of two or more functions is equal to algebraic
sum of their integrals.
[ f1 ( x )  f 2 ( x )] dx   f1 ( x ) dx   f 2 ( x ) dx
2. Constant factor may be taken outside the integral sign, that is, if a const, then
 af ( x ) dx  a  f ( x ) dx
When evaluating indefinite integrals it is useful to bear in mind the following rules.
Example :
 (2x   
3
 3sin x  5 x )  2x3 dx  3sin xdx  5 x dx
* Here we have divided the L.HS. into separate integrals on R.H.S. and also we have taken
constants outside the integration.
  x
3 1/ 2
= 2 x dx  3 sin x dx  5 dx
x31 xó 1
= 2  3 ( cos x)  5 C
31 1
1
2
1 4 10
= x  3cos x  x xC
2 3
Example :
 3 
  x x 
1 1 / 3 1 1 / 2
  x4 x   3 dx  dx  x5 / 4 dx
3
x 2 x  2
1 1 5
 1  1 1
x
1 x 2
3 x4 9 4 2
3    3x  x  x 4
x C
1 2 1 5 2 9
 1  1 1
3 2 4
3. If  f (x) dx  F(x) + C then  f ( x  b) dx  F(x  b)  C

1
4.  f (x) dx  F(x) + C then  f (a x  b) dx  a F(ax  b)  C
for example
sin(3 x  5)
(i) if  cos (3 x + 5) dx 
3
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x x 4 x 5 e4 x5
(ii)  e dx  e , then  e dx  4
1 1
n xn1 1 (2 x  3) 2 1 3
(iii)  x dx  n  1 , then  2 x  3dx 
2  1 2  1

3
(2 x  3) 2
dx
(iv)  x  3  ln|x  3|  C
1
(v)  cos 7x dx  7 sin 7 x  C
1
(vi)  sin (2x  6) dx   2 cos (2x  6)  C
METHODS OF INTEGRATION
There are various techniques or methods of finding the integrals by reducing them to standard
forms. Prominent methods among them are
1. Method of Transformation
2. Substitution
3. Integration by Parts
4. Integration of Irrational function
METHOD–I METHOD OF TRANSFORMATION
In this method of integration, given function is expressed as the algebraic sum of such functions
whose integral can be written down with the help of standard formulae.
T yp e 1. I nt egr at ion of Algeb r aic funct ions :
Rule :
Simplify the given function whose integral is to be found to express it as the algebraic sum of
functions of the following forms
1
(i) (ax + b)n (ii)
1  x2
1 1
(iii) (iv)
1  x2 x x2  1
QUIZRR 9
Illustration 3
3 5 7
(a) Find  (4 x 3  3 x 2  2 x  4) d x . (b) Find
 x ( x 2  7 x 2  9 x 2 ) dx
(1  x )3
(c) Find  x
dx
Solution :
(a) As the rule says, we will break the integral into sum of different interals and will then use
standard formulas.
 (4x
3
 3 x2  2x  4) dx
 4x dx   3x dx   2xdx   4dx
3 2
=

 4 x3 dx  3 x2 dx  2
  xdx  4  x dx
0
x3  1 x2  1 x11 x01
= 4.  3.  2.  4. c
31 21 11 01
x4 x3 x2
= 4.  3.  2.  4. x  c
4 3 2
= x4  x3  x2  4 x  c
3 5 7
(b)
 x (x2 ă 7 x2  9 x2 ) dx
1 3 5 7 1 3 1 5 1 7
=
 x2 (x 2 ă 7x 2  9 x2 ) dx =
 x2 . x 2 ă 7 x2 . x 2  9 x2 . x 2 ) dx
 (x  x dx  7  x dx  9  x dx
2
=  7 x3  9 x4 ) dx = 2 3 4
x2  1 x3  1 x4  1
  7. 9. c
21 3 1 4 1
x3 x4 x5
=  7.  9. c
3 4 5
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(1  x)3
(c)  x
dx
1  3 x  3 x2  x3  1 3 x 3 x2 x3 
=  x
dx =  
 x

x

x
  dx
x 
1 1 1 1
 1 2 3
=
 (x 2  3x 2  3x 2 x 2 ) dx
1 1 3 5

=
x 2 dx  3
 x2 dx  3
 x dx 
2
 x 2 dx
1 3 5 7
3 5 7
x2 x2 x2 x2 6 2 2 2
=
 1
3
3
 3.
5

7
c = 2 x  2 x2 
5
x  x c
7
2 2 2 2
Illustration 4
( x 3  8) ( x  1) sin 3 x  cos3 x dx
(a) Ev al u at e  2
x  2x  4
dx (b)  2
sin x cos x 2
dx (c)  x  x 1
Solution :
( x3  8) ( x  1) ( x3  23 ) ( x  1)
(a)  x2  2 x  4
dx 
 x2  2x  4
dx
( x  2) ( x2  2 x  4)( x  1)
=  x2  2 x  4
dx
 (x  2) (x 1) dx   (x
2
=  x  2) dx
 x dx   xdx  2  x dx
2 0
=
x3 x2
=   2x  c
3 2
sin 3 x  cos3 x sin3 x cos3 x

(b)  sin 2 x cos2 x
dx 
 sin 2
x cos2 x
dx 
 sin 2
x cos2 x
dx
sin x cos x

 cos 2
x
dx 
 sin 2
x
dx 
 tan x sec xdx   cot x cosec xdx = sec x ă cosec x + c.
QUIZRR 11
dx
(c)  x x1
( x x  1)
= ( x x  1) ( x  x  1)
dx
( x  x  1) ( x  x  1)
=  x  ( x  1)
dx 
 1
dx
3 3
3 3
( x  1) 2 x2 2 2
=  c = ( x  1) 2  x2  c
3 3 3 3
2 2
Illustration 5
For what values of c and a is the following equation satisfied ?

1
(sin 2 x  cos2 x )dx  sin(2 x  c )  a
2
Solution :
For this question, we will evaluate L.H.S. first & then will equate if to R.H.S. and will then find
the values of c & a
 (sin 2x  cos2x)dx   sin 2xdx   cos2xdx

cos2 x sin 2 x
=    k, where k is an arbitrary constant
2 2
1  1 1 
=  sin2 x  cos2 x   k
2 2 2 
1   
=  sin 2 x cos 4  cos2 x sin 4   k
2  
1  
= sin  2 x    k
2  4
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According to question
 (sin 2x  cos2x) dx 
1
sin (2x  c)  a
2
1   1
 sin  2 x    sin (2 x  c)  a
2  4  2

 c and a  k = an arbitrary constant.
4
Illustration 6
5
If f ´( x )  1  x and f(1) = , then what is f(x) ?
x 2
Solution :
Given,
1
f ´( x)  x
x
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 
 f ´(x)dx    x  x  dx
x2
 f ( x)  log x  c (i)
2
Now we need to find the value of c. For that, we are given with the value of F(1)
1
Putting x = 1, we get f (1)  log 1  c
2
5 1
 0 c  c = 2
2 2
Putting the value of c in (i), we get
x2
f ( x)  log x  2 .
2
QUIZRR 13
T yp e 2 : E xp r essing numer at or in t er ms of d enominat or
Illustration 7
x4  1
(a) x 2
1
dx
Here we will transform the numerator, such that it can be expressed in terms of denominator.
x + 1 = (x4 ă 1) + 2 = (x2 ă 1) (x2 + 1) + 2
4
x4  1 ( x2  1) ( x2  1)  2
 x 2
1
dx =
 ( x2  1)
dx
dx
 (x  (x
2
=  1) dx  2 2
 1)
x3
=  x  2 tan 1 x  c
3
ax  b
(b)  cx  d dx
Linear
This is a general form of type , you should follow this example very closely.
Linear
Again we will express numerator in terms of denominator.
a  bc 
ax + b =
c  ( cx  d )  ( d  a 
 
 bc 
ax  b ( x  d)   d 
a 
  cx  d
dx = a
c 

cx  d
dx
a   bc 
   cx  d 
1
=  dx   d   dx
c   a 
a   d  bc  1 
= x    log cx  d   c
c   a  c 
x7
(c)  x 1
dx
Now here, only x7 is in numerator, somehow we have to express it in terms of denominator.

x7 = (x7 + 1) ă 1
= (x + 1) (x6 ă x5 + x4 ă x3 + x2 ă x + 1) ă 1
14 QUIZRR
7
(using expansion of x + 1)
x7 dx
  (x x1
6
 =  x5  x4  x3  x2  x  1) dx 
x1
x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2
=       x  log x  1  c
7 6 5 4 3 2
x
(d)  (2 x  1) 2
dx
1
x
2
(2 x  1)  1
x  
dx = 1  2 x  1 dx  dx
  (2x  1) 2 
2  (2 x  1)2  (2 x  1) 2 

1 1 1  1  1 
=  2 log 2 x  1  2   2 x  1  = log 2 x  1  
   4  2 x  1
Type III :  f ( x ). g ( x )d x
E xp r essing one funct ion in t er ms of ot her funct ion
Illustration 8
3x  5
(a) Find  7x  9
dx . (b)  ( x  1) x  1 dx
Solution :
(a) [Here we will write 3x + 5 in the form a(7x + 9) + b]
Let 3x + 5 = a (7x + 9) + b
or 3x + 5 = 7ax + 9a + b
Equating the coefficients of similar powers of x from both sides,
3
we get 7a = 3      a
7
3 8
and 9a + b = 5     b  5  9a  5  9. 
7 7
Hence from (i), 3 x  5  3 (7 x  9)  8

7 7
3 8
(7 x  9) 
3x  5
Now
 7x  9
dx 
 7
7x  9
7 dx
QUIZRR 15
3 7x  9 8 dx
=
7
.
 7x  9
dx 
7  7x  9
1
3 8 
=
7
.
 7 x  9 dx 
7  (7 x  9) 2 dx
1 1
1  1 3 1
3 (7 x  9) 2 8 (7 x  9) 2 2 16
= .
7  1 
 .
7  1 
c =
49
(7 x  9) 2 
49
(7 x  9) 2  c
  1  .7    17
2   2 
2 2
= 7 x  9 (7 x  9  8)  c = (7 x  17) 7 x  9  c .
49 49
(b) 4 + x ă 1 = a (x + 1) + b
or (x ă 1) = ax + a + b
Equating the co-efficients of similar powers of x, we get
a = 1 and a + b = ă 1  b = ă 1 ă a = ă 2
 from (i), x ă 1 = (x + 1) ă 2
Now  (x 1) 
x  1 dx  [( x  1)  2] x  1 dx
3
=
 
(x  1) 2  2 x  1] dx  [(x  1)  2] x  1 dx
5 3
(x  1) 2 (x  1) 2
=  2. c
5 3
2 2
5 3 3
2 4  x 1 2 
= ( x  1) 2  (x  1) 2  c  2 (x  1) 2   c
5 3  5 3
5 3
2 (3 x  3  10) 2
= ( x  1) 2 . c ( x  1) 2 (3 x  7)  c
5 15 15
T yp e I V I nt egr at ion of E xp onent ial Funct ions :

Working Rule :
Express amx + n as bekx and then find the integral.
16 QUIZRR
Illustration 9
a
3x  3
Evaluate dx , a  0
Solution :
a 
3x  3
dx  a3 x .a3 dx
 
3x 3 x log a
3 3
= a a dx  a . e dx [ a x  ex log a ]
3 e
(3log a) x  ekx 
= a
3
 e(3 x log a) x dx = a .
3 log a  
 c  ekx dx  
k 
3 e
(3log a) x  ekx 

kx
= a .  c   e dx  
3log a  k 
a3 x  3
= c
3 log a
ax (a 3 ) x a3 x
Note :  a x dx 
log e a 
 a3 x dx 
 (a3 ) x dx 
log a3
c
3 log a
c
T yp e V. I nt egr at ion of T r igonomet r ical funct ions using t r ansfor mat ion met hod
Working Rule
1. Whenever the expression is given in terms of powers of sin or cos or tan etc, convert it to
the form sin k, cos k, tan  etc using following formulas
1  cos2 x 1  cos2 x
(i) sin 2 x  (ii) cos2 x 
2 2
3sin x  sin 3x 3 cos x  cos3 x

(iii) sin 3 x  (iv) cos3 x 
4 4
(v) tan2x = sec2x ă 1 (vi) cot 2 x  cosec 2 x  1
2. For the expressions of type sin mx cos nx, use the following formulas to get 2 separate
functions & then so we the question.
(i) 2 sinA sinB = cos (A ă B) ă cos (A + B)
(ii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A ă B) + cos (A + B)
(iii) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A ă B)
(iv) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) ă sin (A ă B)
(b) Then find the integral by using the standard formulae.
QUIZRR 17
Illustration 1 0
sec2 x
 cosec x dx  sin  cos
3 4
(a) Find 2 (b) xdx (c) xdx
Solution :
sec 2 x
 cos 
1
(a)  cosec x2
dx = 2
x
 sin2 xdx  tan2 xdx
 (sec   dx = tan x ă x + c
2
= x  1) dx  sec 2 xdx 
(b) sin3x = 3sin ă 4 sin3x
3sin x  sin 3 x
 sin 
3
Now xdx = dx
4
 sin xdx  4  sin 3xdx

3 1
=
4
3 1  cos3 x 
( cos x)    c
3 
=
4 4
3 cos 3x
= ă cos x  c
4 12
(c) We know, cos2 x  1  cos 2 x

2
2
 1  cos2 x  1 2
  4 (1  2cos2 x  cos 2 x)
4
 cos x = 
 2 
1 1  cos 4 x 
1  2cos2 x 
4  
=
2 
1 1 1 
=  1  2cos2 x   cos4 x 
4 2 2 
13 1  3 1 1
=   2cos2 x  cos4 x    cos2x  cos 4 x
42 2  8 2 8
3 1 1 
Now  cos
4
xdx =   8  2 cos2x  8 cos4 x  dx
18 QUIZRR
3 1 1
=
8  dx  2  cos3xdx  8  cos4 xdx
3 1 sin 2x 1 sin 4 x
= x .  . c
8 2 2 8 4
3 sin 2x sin 4 x
= x  c
8 4 32
Illustration 1 1
dx dx
(a) Find  1  sin  d  (b)  1  cos x (c)  1  sin x
Solution :
 
(a)  1  sin  d 
 1  cos     d
2 
 /2     2 x
=  2cos2 
 2
 d

 1  cos x  2 cos 2 
 
 
= 2
 cos  4  2  d
sin( / 4   / 2)  
= 2  c   2 2 sin     c
1 4 2

2
 
= 2 2 sin     c [ sin ( )   sin ]
2 4
      1   
Note : sin     sin cos  cos sin   sin  cos 
2 4 2 4 2 4 2  2 2
  
 1 = 2  sin  cos   c
 2 2 
dx dx
(b)  1  cos x   2cos 2
x/ 2
1 x 1 tan x / 2 x
=
2  sec 2
2
dx  .
2 1
 c  tan  c
2
2
QUIZRR 19
2nd Method :
dx 1  cos x
 1  cos x =  1  cos x 1  cos x dx
1  cos x 1  cos x
=  1  cos 2
x
dx 
 sin 2 x
dx
 1 cos x 
=   sin 2
x
  dx
sin2 x 
 (cosec x  cosec x cot x) dx

2
=
 cosec xdx  cosec x cot xdx

2
=
= ă cot x ă (ă cosec x) + c = ă cot x + cosec x + c.
dx dx
(c)  1  sin x   1  cos    x 
 
2 
dx  2 
=
 2sin ( / 4  x / 2)
2  1  cos   2sin 2 
 
= 1  x x
 cosec
2
   dx
2 4 2
1   cot ( / 4  x / 2)    x
= .  c  cot     c
2 1 4 2

2
Note : This problem can also be solved by multiplying numerator and denominator by 1 + sin x.
Illustration 1 2
(a) Evaluate  sin 3 x cos5 xdx

What should be the value of the constant o integration so that the integral is zero
when x = 0.
(b) Evaluate  sin x sin2x sin3xdx

dx
(c)  a sin x  b cos x
20 QUIZRR
Solution :
1
(a) Let I =  sin 3x cos5xdx  2  2cos5xsin 2 xdx
1 1
=
2  
(sin 8 x  sin 2 x) dx  [ sin 8 xdx  sin 2xdx]
2 
1  cos8 x  1  cos2 x 
   c
2  8  2  2 
=
cos8 x cos2 x
=   c
16 4
Given when x = 0, I = 0
cos0 cos0 1 1
 0=   c  c
16 4 16 4
1  4 3 3
= c  c;  c  
16 16 16
 sin x sin 2x sin 3xdx  2  (2sin 2x sin x)sin 3x dx

1
(b)

1
= (cos x  cos3 x) sin 3 xdx
2
1
=
4 
[ 2sin 3 x cos xdx 
 2cos 3x sin 3 xdx]
1
=
4 
[ (sin 4 x  sin 2x) dx 
 sin 6 xdx]
1
=
4 
[ (sin 4 xdx 
 sin 2xdx   sin 6 xdx]
1  cos4 x  cos 2x   cos6 x  
=        c
4  4  2   6  
cos 4 x cos2 x cos6 x

=    c
16 8 24
(c) This is a common type of question. In fact this method should be by hearted as you will
encounter this trigonometric problems also.
dx dx
I=
 a sin x  b cos x    a b cos x 
a 2  b2
 sin x 
 a 2  b2 a 2  b2 

QUIZRR 21
why we did this will become clear in the following steps
dx
=  a 2  b2
sin x cos   cos x sin  
a b
letting cos   , sin  
a 2  b2 a2  b2
why this ? we know cos2 + sin2 = 1
2 2
 a   b  a2 b2
      1
  a2  b2   a2  b2  a 2  b2 a2  b2
   
where tan  = a/b   = tană1 a/b
1 dx 1 dx
I
a 2  b2
 sin x cos   cos x sin    a 2  b2

 sin (x  )
1
=
a 2  b2
 cosec (x  a) dx
1
= log cos ( x  a)  cot ( x  )  c
a  b2
2
TRY IT YOURSELF : 1
dx x1
(a)  5  3x  4  3x (b)  x  1 dx
x3
(c)  cos x cos 2x cos3x dx (d)  (x  1) 2
dx
 elog x 
(e)  sin2 x cos 2 x dx (f)  
 x

 dx


22 QUIZRR
METHOD–II : INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION (CHANGE OF VARIABLE)
Let it be required to find the integral
 f (x) dx;
we cannot directly select the antiderivative of f(x) but we know that it exists.
Let us change the variable in the expression under the integral sign, putting
x =  (t) ... (1)
where  (t) is a continuous function (with continuous derivtive) ha ving a n inverse
function.
The dx = ´ (t) dt, we shall prove that in this case we have the following equation :
 f (x) dx   f [ (t)] ´ (t) dt ... (2)
The following are some instances of integration by substitution.
M et hod of Sub st it ut ion
f ´( x)
Type 1 :  f (x) dx
This is a very common type of substitution.
put f (x) = t, then
   f´(x) dx = dt, so the integral becomes
f ´( x) dt
 f (x) dx   t  log t  c
f ´( x)
  f (x) dx  log f ( x)  c
You can also remember this by the following method
derivative of denominator
 denominator
 log denominator  c
Let us prove sum standard results using this property.
Illustration 1 3
Find :
(a)  tan x dx (b)  cot x d x

(c)  sec x dx (d)  cosec x dx
QUIZRR 23
Solution :
Though we have already learnt the formulas for the above integrals, let us now prove them
tan x sec x
(a)  tan x dx   sec x
dx
d
and we know  sec x  tan x sec x
dx
f ´( x)
hence f ( x) form
  tan x  log sec x  c

cos x
(b)  cot x dx   sin x dx
d
(sin x)  cos x
dx
  cot x dx  log sin x dx

sec x (sec x  tan x)
(c)  sec x dx   sec x  tan x
dx
sec2 x  sec x  tan x

=  tan x  sec x
dx
d
(tan x  sec x)  sec 2 x  sec x tan x
dx
  sec x dx  log|sec x  tan x| c
cosecx (cos ec x  cot x)

(c)  cosec x dx   (cosec x  cot x)
dx
cosec 2 x  cosec x cot x

=  cosec x  cot x
dx
d
(cos ec x  cot x)   cosec x cot x  co sec 2 x
dx
  cosec x dx  log cos ec x  cot x  c

24 QUIZRR
Illustration 1 4
Evaluate the following :
1  tan x sec x
(a) 1  tan x
(b) log  sec x  tan x 
1 a
(c) (d)
x  x log x b  ce x
Solution :
f´
All the above question are of the type . Let us see how
f
1  tan x
(a)  1  tan x dx
Right now it is not in f´/f form. But if we put tan x = sin x / cos x
sin x
1
1  tan x cos x  sin x
  1  tan x
dx 
 1
cos x 
sin x  cos x  sin x
cos x
Now take another look at the last integral, do you see f´/f form
d
Bingo, yes we can  cos x  sin x  cos x  sin x
dx
1  tan x
  1  tan x dx  log cos x  sin x  c
sec x
(b)  log  sec x  tan x dx
d
dx
 log (sec x  tan x 
1
(sec x  tan x)

sec x tan x  sec 2 x = sec x 
sec x dx
 int egral
 log (sec x  tan x)  log log (sec x  tan x)  c
1
1 1 dx /x
(c)  x  log x

 x 1  log x

 1  log x dx
d 1
Now, 1  log x   x
dx  
dx
 x  x log x  log x  x log x  c
1

QUIZRR 25
a a
(d)  b  ce   e  be
x x x
c  (taking ex common)
ae x  a be x  a  be x

=   be x
c
 
 b   be
x
 
c  b   be x
c
Now
d
dx

be x  c   be x 
a
  b  ce x
 log be x  c
Illustration 1 5
Evaluate :
x2  1 x e 1  e x  1
(a)  xx 2
1 
dx
(b)  x e  ex
dx
sin 2 x dx dx
(c)  a cos 2
x  b sin x 2 (d) x x
dx
Solution :
x2  1
(a)  x (x 2
 1)
dx
f´
at first sight you will not be able to judge that its a type question.
f
1
1
x2  1 x2  1 2
 x(x 2
 1)
dx 
 1
x2 ( x  )
dx 
  x  x1  dx
x  
 x
now f´/f type is evident
d 1 1
(x  )  1  2
dx x x
x2  1 1
  x(x 2
 1)
dx  log x 
x
c
26 QUIZRR
xe1  ex1
(b)
xe  ex
dex
at first look this gives the feel of f´/f type but  ex1 , this is a block ade here.
dx
d
( xe  ex )  exe1  ex
dx
which we can get by multiplying the numerator e, thus integral becomes
ex  exe1  1  1
  x e  e
e x  
dx  log ex  xe  c
e
sin 2 x
(c)  a cos 2
x  b sin 2 x
dx
d
dx

a cos2 x  b sin 2 x  = 2a cos x (ă sin x) + 2b sin x (cos x)
= ă a (2 sin x cos x) + b (2 sin x cos x)

= (b ă a) sin 2 x
& we have sin 2x in numerator, for (b ă a) multiplying & dividing by (b ă a).
sin 2 x dx 1
  a cos 2
x  b sin x 2

b  a
log a cos2 x  b sin 2 x  c
dx
(d) x x
In this question students start substituting values like x = t2 etc., which is though also correct.
But let us see how without substituting such values we can cover this in f´/f type directly.
dx 1 1/2 x
x x

 x ( x  1)
dx  2
 x 1 
dx
now
d
dx
 x 1   1
2
x
dx
x x
 2 log x 1 c
QUIZRR 27
  f ( x )
n
Type II f ´( x ) dx
if we put f(x) = t, then

f´(x) dx = dt, hence integral converts to
tn1
 tn dt 
n1
c
f ( x )n 1
  f ( x )
n
 f ´( x ) dx   c
n 1
Let us take some examples.
Illustration 1 6
(a)  sec 4
x tan x dx (b)  x cos 3
x 2 sin x 2 dx
1
(c)
2 x
tan x sec 2 x (d)  sin 3
x cos x d x
(e) x 2
( x 3  1)10 dx
Solution :
 sec
4
(a) x tan x dx
d
 sec
3
We can write this as x (sec x tan x) dx and (sec x)  sec x tan x
dx
hence applying the above formula
sec 4 x
 sec 4 x tan x dx 
4
c
 x cos x sin x dx
3 2 2
(b)
=   x sin x  cos x
2 3 2
dx
d
(cos x2 )  (sin x2 ) (2 x)
dx
1  cos4 x2 
  x cos3 x2 sin 2 dx 
2

 4
  c

28 QUIZRR
2
1
(c) tan x sec 2 x dx
x
d
dx
(tan x )  sec 2 x  
 1 

2 x

tan2 x
2
1
 tan x sec 2 x dx 
x 2
 sin
3
(d) x cos xdx
d
(sin x)  cos x
dx
sin 4 x

 sin3 x cos x dx 
4
c
3
( x3  1)10 (3x2 dx) Sustitution u  x 21,
 
(e) 1
x2 ( x3  1)10 dx 
3 du  3 x dx
1 1 u11 1
=
3  u10 du  .
3 11
C
33
( x3  1)11  C
Typeă3  f  g ( x ) g´( x)dx

In this type, we substitute g (x) = t, then
g´(x) dx = dt
Hence integral reduces to  f (t) dt

NOTE : For this substitution g(x) should be continuous & differentiable function.
Illustration 1 7
Evaluate :
x2 x
(a) 1 x 6
dx (b)  a  x3
3
dx
1 x
 x 24  e a tan
(c)   10  dx
 x  1
(d)  1  x2
dx
QUIZRR 29
Solution :
x2
(a) 1  x 6
dx
see here (1 + x6) can be written as (1 + (x3)2) and we know

dx
 
d 3
x  3 x2
which is present in numerator.

 Substituting x3 = t
 3x2 dx = dt
dt
 x2 dx =
3
1 dt 1
 integral is,   3  1  t 2

3
tan 1 t  c
1
= tan 1 x3  c
3
x x1 / 2 dx
(b)  a 
dx 

a   x 
3 3
x 3/2 2 3/2 2
now here let x3/2 = t
3 1/2
 x dx  dt
2
2
 x1 / 2 dx  dt, which is numerator only.
3
 2 dt
 
 integral is  3 
a 
2
3/ 2
 t2
using standard formula for sină1 t
2 1 t  2  x3 / 2 
= 3 sin 3/ 2
   sin 1  3 / 2   c
a  3 a 
30 QUIZRR
x24  x  x dx
x24 dx
54 4
(c)
x 10
1
dx 
 x   1  x   1

5
2
5
2
Now let x5 = t
 5x4 dx = dt;  integral becomes
t4 dt 1  t4  1 t4  1  1
 5 t 2
1 

5   2  dt 
t  1 5  t2  1
dt
1  t4  1 1  1  (t2  1) (t2  1)  1  
= 5 2 
 t  1

 dt  
t2  1  5  
t2  1
dt 
  2  dt
 t  1  
1  2 1  1  t3 1 


= 5  (t  1) dt   2
dt     t  tan t
t  1  5  3 
putting the value of t in the integral
1  x15 5 1 5 
= 5  3  x  tan x   c
 
1 x 1
(d) [Here ea tan is a function of tană1x and d.c. of tană1x = = second function.
1  x2
Hence put z = tană1x]
1
Let z = tană1x, then dz  dx
1  x2
ea tan 1 x eaz 1 1
Now  1  x2
dx   eaz dz 
a
 c  ea tan x  c
a
Type 4 : Integration of algebraic functions which are of the form

P ( x)
P( x).(ax  b) n or
(ax  b)n
where P(x) is a polynomial in x and n is a positive rational number.
Working Rule :
Put z = ax + b
QUIZRR 31
Illustration 1 8
Evaluate  (5x  3) 2 x  1 dx .
Solution :
[Here P( x)  5 x  3 and 2x ă 1 is of the form (ax  b)n ].
dz dz
Let z  2 x  1 then  2,  dx 
dx 2
z1
Again  z  2 x  1; x
2
Now  (5x  3) 2 x  1dx
  z 1  dx
=  5    3 z
2   2
5 z  11 5 3 11 
=  4 4 
z dz   z 2 
4
z  dz

5 z  11  5 2 11 
=  4 4


z dz   z 3 
4
z  dz


3
5 11
=
4  z 2 dx 
4  z dz
5 3
5 3
5 z2 11 z 2 1 11 2
=  .  c  z2  z  c
4 5 4 3 2 6
2 2
3 3
z2  11   3 z  11  z2
= z  c  c
2  3 2  3 
Now putting back the value of z in terms of x.
3
= (2 x  1) . [3(2 x  1)  11]  c
2
3 3
= (2 x  1) 2 (2 x  1) 2 . (3x  4)
. (6 x  8)  c  c
6 3
Note : This problem can also be solved by the method of transformation.
32 QUIZRR
Illustration 1 9
x2
Evaluate  (a  bx ) 2
dx [I.I.T. 79]
Solution :
[Here P(x) = x2 and (a + bx)2 is of the form (ax + b)n]
dz dz
Let z = a + bx   b  dx 
dx b
za
Again  z  a  bx  x 
b
2
 z  a
x2   z2  2az  a2 1
 b  . dz 
Now
 (a  bx) 2
dx 
 z2 b  b2 z2 b
dz
1  z2 2az a2  1  2a 2 2
=
b3   z2  z2  z2  dz  b3
 
  1  z  a z  dz
 
1  dz 
=   dz  2a
b3  z  a2  z2 dz

1  2 z 
1
= 3  z  2a log| z|  a c
b  1 
1  a2 
=  z  2 a log| z|  c
b3  z 
1  a2 
= 3  a  bx  2a log| a  bx|  c
b  a  bx 
1  a2 
= 3  bx  2 a log| a  bx|    c´
b  a  bx 
 a
 where c  c  3 
 b 
QUIZRR 33
T yp e 5
W or king R ule :
If integrand contains any expression of the form sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, cosec, where  is a
function of x, then put z = .
W or ked out E xamp les
Illustration 20
e x 1  x 
(a) Find 
sin x
x
dx (b) 
cot  log x 
x
dx (c)  cos  xe  dx
2 x
Solution :
(a) [Here integrand contains sin x which is of the form of sin,
where   x which is a function of x, therefore, put z  x]
1
Let z = z  x then dz  dx
2 x
or dx  2 x dz  2 zdz  z  x 
 
sin x sin z
Now  x
dx   z
2 zdz  2 sin zdz
= 2   cos z   c   2cos x  c
(b) [Here integrand contains expression of the form cot,
where  = logx is a function of x, therefore, put z = logx]
1
Let z = logx then dz = dx
x
cot  log x 
Now  x
dx =  cot zdz
= log |sinz| + c [ cotxdx = log |sinx|]
= log |sin(logx)| + c.
(c) [Here integrand contains expression of the form cos,
where  = xex is a function of x, therefore, put z = xex]
Let z = xex, then dz = (1.ex + xex)dx = ex (1 + x)dx
ex 1  x 
Now  cos  xe  dx =  dzcos1 zx   sec
2 x
2
2
zdz
= tanz + c = tan(xex) + c.
34 QUIZRR
Illustration 21
x3 x5
(a) Evaluate  x4  1
dx (b)  1  x3
dx
e2 x x
(c) 1 e x
dx (d)  x 2
dx
Solution :
1
(a) [Here  x4  1
is a function of x4 + 1 and d.c. of x4 + 1 = 4x3 = 4. second function.
Hence put z = x4 + 1.]

Let z = x4 + 1 = then dz = 4x3 = 4dx.
x3 1
  1  dz 1 
Now
x4  1
dx =   
 z 4

4  z 2 dz
1
1 z2
1 x4  1
. c zc c
= 4 1 2 2
2
x5 x3
(b) [Here integrand =  1 x 3

1 x 3
. x2
x3 1  x3  1
and  is a function of 1 + x3
1  x3 1  x3
and d.c. of 1 + x3 = 3x2 = 3. second function. Hence put z = 1 + x3]

Let z = 1 + x3, then dz = 3x2dx
x5 x3  z  1  dz
Now  1 x 3
dx 
1 x 3
x2 dx 
  
z  3
1 z 1 1  z 1  1   
1
= 3  z
dz 
3  
 z
  dz 
z 3   z  z 2  dz




 3 1 
1  2 2 
3

1 z 2 z2 
    c  z  2 z  c
= 3 3 1  3 3 
 2   
2 
QUIZRR 35
=
2
9
z  z  3  c 
2
9
1  x3 1  x3  3  c  
=
2
9

1  x3 x3  2  c 
e2 x ex .ex  1  ex  1  x 1  ex  1
(c) [Here integrand = 1  e x
  
1  ex  1  ex 
 e and
1  ex
is a function of 1 + ex
and d.c. of 1 + ex = second function. Hence put z = 1 + ex]

Let z = 1 + ex then dz = exdx
e2 x ex z1
Now 1  e x
dx 
1  e x
ex dx 
 z
dz
 1
=   1  z  dz  z  log z  c
= 1 + ex ă log |1 + ex| + c
= ex ă log |1 + ex| + c´, where c´ = c + 1
x x  x2  1
 .
1
  x2
(d) [Here integrand = x 2 x2 x  x  2  x and is a function of x
x 2
1 1
and d.c. of x  . second function. Hence put z  x .]
2 x 2
1
Let z  x , then dz = dx
2 x
x x dx
Now  x2
dx =  x2
.
x
 z2  z2
=
   2 dz  2
 z  2
 z2
dz ...(i)
Let y = z + 2, then dy = dz
z2  y  2 2 y2  4 y  4
Now  z2
dz 
 y
dy 
 y
dy
 4 y2
=  

y  4  
y
dy 
2
 4 y  4 log y  c
36 QUIZRR
=
 z  22  4  z  2   4 log z  2  c
2
z2  4  4 z
=  4 z  8  4 log z  2  c
2
x44 x
=  4 x  8  4 log x2 c
2
x
 from (i),  x2
dx
= x  4  4 x  8 x  16  8log  
x  2  2c
= x  4 x  8log  
x  2  c´, where c´ = 2c ă 12
T yp e 6 : T r igonomet r ic I nt egr al
I nt egr at ion of t he for m :
 sin m x cos n xdx
W or king R ule :
(i) If power of sin x is odd positive integer, put z = cos x
(ii) If power of cos x is odd positive integer, put z = sin x
(iii) If powers of both sin x and cos x are odd positive integers, put z = sin x or z = cos x.
(iv) If power of neither cos x nor sin x is odd positive integer, see the sum of powers of sin x and
cos x.
(a) If the sum of powers is even negative integer, put z = tan x.
(b) If the sum of powers (m + n) is even positive integer and m, n are integers, express
the integrand as the algebraic sum of sines and cosines of multiple angles.
For this use the following formulae whichever is needed.
In this case method of transformation is used in place of method of substitution
1  cos2 x 1  cos 2 x
sin2x = , cos2 x 
2 2
3sin x  sin 3 x 3cos x  cos 3 x

sin3x = , cos3 x 
4 4
2sinxcosx = sin2x
QUIZRR 37
Illustration 22
 sin  cos
5 3
(a) Find xdx (b) x sin x dx
dx
(c)  sin x cos3 x (d)  sin
4
xdx
Solution :
(a) [H er e power of sin x is 5 which is odd positive integer, therefore, put z = cosx]
Let z = cosx then dz = ă sinxdx
 sin xdx  sin 4 x sin xdx   (sin 2 x)2 sin xdx

5
Now
 1  cos 
2
2
= x sin xdx
 (1  z )   dz
2 2
= [ z = cosx]
 z3 x5 
 1  2 z 
2
=  z4 dz    z  2  c
 3 5 
2 3 z5
= z .z  c
3 5
2 cos5 x
=  cos x  .cos3 x  c
3 5
(b) [Here power of cosx is 3 which is odd positive integer, therefore, put z = sinx]
Let z = sinx, then dz = cosxdx
 cos x sin x dx   cos2 x sin x cos xdx

3
Now
 1  sin 
2
= x sin x cos xdx
 5
=  1  z2  z dz    z  z 2  dz
 
 
3 7
3 7
z2 z2 2 2
  c  z2  z2  c
= 3 7 3 7
2 2
3 7
2 2
= sin 2 x  sin 2 x  c
3 7
38 QUIZRR
(c) [H er e power of sin x is ă 1 and that of cosx is ă 3. Since sum of powers of sinx
and cosx is ă 4 which is even and negative, therefore, put z = tanx.]
Let z = tanx, then dz = sec2xdx
dx sec 2 x sec 2 x
Now  sin x cos3 x  sin x cos3 x.sec2 x
 dx   sin x cos x dx [ sec2xcos2x = 1]
sec 2 x
 tan x sec
2
= xdx
 z 2 
1  z2  tan x  z  1 and sec xdx  dz
=  dz  
z 2 2
& sec x  1  tan x 
1  z2 1 
=  dz    z  z  dz
z
z2
= log z  c
2
tan 2 x
= log tan x  c
2
(d) [Here power of sinx is 4 and that of cosx is 0 and sum of their powers is 4 which is even
positive integer.
Therefore, we will have to express sin4x as sines and cosines of multiple angles.]
2
  sin x
2  1  cos 2 x 
 sin xdx  
4 2
Now dx    dx
 2 
 1  2 cos 2x  cos 
1 2
= 2 x dx
4
1 
dx  2  cos 2 xdx   cos2 2 xdx
4 
= 
1  sin 2 x 1  cos 4 x 
=  x  2. 2   dx
4  2 
1  1  sin 4 x 
=  x  sin 2 x  2 x 
4 
 c
4  
1 3 sin 4 x 
 x  sin 2 x  c
8 
=
4 2
3 sin 2 x sin 4 x
= x  c
8 4 32
QUIZRR 39
T yp e 7 : I nt egr als of t he for m :
m
 tan x sec n xdx or  cot
m
x co sec n xdx
W or king R ule :
m
I. For  tan x sec n xdx :
(i) If power of secx is even positive integer, put z = tanx.

(ii) If power of secx is not even positive integer, then see the power of tanx.
(a) If power of tanx is odd positive integer, put z = secx.
(b) If power of tanx is even positive integer, then put sec2x ă 1 in place of tan2x and then
substitute z = tanx.
(iii) If power of tanx is zero and power of secx is odd positive integer greater than 1, then method
of integration by parts is used.
 sec xdx,  sec 5 xdx etc.

3
For example :
m
II. For  cot x cosec n xdx
(i) If power of cosecx is even positive integer put z = cotx.

(ii) If power of cosecx is not even positive integer, see the power of cotx.
(a) If power of cotx is odd positive integer, put z = cosecx.
(b) If power of cotx is even positive integer, put cosec2x ă 1 in place of cot2x and then
substitute z = cotx.
(iii) If power of cotx is zero and power of cosecx is odd positive integer greater than 1, then
method of integration by parts is used.
 cosec xdx,  cosec 5 xdx

3
For example :
Illustration 23
(a) Find  tan

n
x sec 2 xd x ,  n   1 (b)  sec
4
xdx
 tan  cos ec
3 4
(c) xdx (d) xd x
 tan
6
(e) xd x
Solution :
(a) [Here power of secx is 2 which is even positive integer, therefore, put z = tanx]
n n zn  1
c
 tan x sec xdx   z dz
2
Now = [ n  ă 1]
n 1
tan n  1 x
=  c.
n 1
40 QUIZRR
(b) [H er e power of secx is even positive integer, therefore, put z = tanx]
 1  tan 
4 2 2
Now  sec xdx =  sec x.sec 2 xdx = x sec 2 xdx
  z3 tan3 x
= 1  z2 dz  z   c  tan x  c.
3 3
(c) [Here power of secx is not even positive integer and power of tanx is odd positive integer
therefore, put z = secx]
Let z = secx, then dz = secxtanxdx
tan 2 x sec x tan x

 tan xdx  
3
Now dx
sec x
sec 2 x  1 z2  1
=  sec x sec x tan xdx   z dz
 1 z2
=  

z  
z
dz 
2
 log z  c
sec 2 x
=  log sec x  c
2
(d) [Here power of cosecx is even positive integer therefore, put z = cotx]
Let z = cotx, then dz = ă cosec2xdx
 cosec  co sec
2
Now 4
xdx = x.cos ec 2 xdx
 1  cot 
2
= x cosec 2 xdx
 1  z    dz    1  z  dz
2 2
=
 z3  cot3 x

=  z    c   cot x   c.
 3  3
(e) [Here power of tanx is even positive integer therefore, change tan2x into sec2x ă 1
and then put z = tanx]
  tan    sec 
3 3
 tan
6 2 2
Now xdx  x dx  x  1 dx
  sec 
6
= x  3sec 4 x  3sec 2 x  1 dx
 sec xdx  3  sec 4 xdx  3  sec 2 xdx   dx

6
=
QUIZRR 41
 sec xdx  3  sec 4 xdx  3 tan x  x

6
= ...(i)
Let z = tanx then dz = sec2xdx
 sec xdx  3  sec 4 xdx

6
Now
 sec x sec 2 xdx  3  sec 2 x sec 2 xdx

4
=
 1  tan   1  tan 
2
2
= x sec 2 xdx  3 2
x sec 2 xdx
 1  z   
2
= 2
dz  3  1  z2 dz
 1  2 z   
2
= 2
 z4 dz  3  1  z2 dz
z3 z5 z3
= z  2.   3 z  3.
3 5 3
z5 z3 tan5 x tan3 x
=   2z    2 tan x
5 3 5 3
Putting in (i), we get
tan 5 x tan 3 x
 tan 6 xdx  5

3
 2 tan x  3 tan x  x  c,
tan5 x tan 3 x
=   tan x  x  c.
5 3
Some st and ar d sub st it ut ions
Function of the form Substitution
1
1. a 2
 x 2 or x = a sin  or a cos 
a2  x2
dx
Example : I Let x = a sin   dx = a cos  d
a2  x2
a cos  d  x
So I     d    C  sin 1 C
2
a  a sin  2 2 1
42 QUIZRR
1 1
2. or x = a tan  or a cot 
a 2
 x 2
 a2  x2
dx
Example : I   Let x = 3 tan   dx = a sec2  d
9  x2
3sec 2  d 1  1 x
So I  
2
  d   C  tan 1  C
9sec  3 3 3 3
1
3. or x2  a 2 x = a sec  or a cosec 
x  a2
2
dx
Example : I  
x x4  1
x 
2
Here x4  1  2
1
Put x2 = sec
 2x dx = sec tan  d
I
sec  tan  d 1  1
  d    C  sec 1 x2  C  
 
So
2 sec  sec . sec 2   1 2 2 2
a  x a  x
4. or x = a cos 2
a  x a x
1x
Example : I   dx Let x = cos 2  dx = – 2 sin 2  d
1 x
1  cos 2 sin 
So I =   2 sin 2  d   2  .2sin  cos  d
1  cos 2 cos 
= 2  2sin 2  d   2  1  cos 2  d
=  2  sin 2  C   cos 1 x  1  x2  C
QUIZRR 43
x a  x
5. or x = a sin2  or x = a cos2 
a  x x
x9
Example : Evaluate  dx
2 x8  x9
x9
I=
 2 x8  x9
dx
x
=  2x
dx
putting x = 2 sin2
dx = 2 (2 sin  cos ) d
2sin 2 
 I
 2  2 sin 2 
2  2sin  cos   d 
sin 
= 4  cos  sin  cos  d
 
2 2
= 4 sin  d  2 2sin  d 
= 2  1  cos2 d
 sin 2 
= 2   c
 2 
= 2 ă sin 2 + c
x 1 x
6. or x = a tan2  or x = a cot2 
a  x x
x
9 x
44 QUIZRR
x
I
 9x
dx
putting x = 9 tan2
dx = 9 (2 tan  sec2) d
9 tan 2 
 I
 9  9 tan 2 
9 (2 tan  sec 2 ) d
tan 
=  1  tan  2
(18) tan  sec 2  d
tan 2  sec 2  d
= 18
 sec 

= 18 tan   tan  sec   d
put sec  = t
 sec  tan  d = dt
& then tan  = t2  1
 I  18  t2  1 dt
We will using this type later on, so we are leaving it here only. Once you have read this type do
come back to solve this.
 x  a
7.   or x  a  b  x  x = a cos2  + b sin2 
b  x 
1
 x  a  .b  x 
3
1
  x  a 3
 b  x
dx
putting x = a cos2  + b sin2 

dx = (b ă a) sin 2 d
QUIZRR 45
2  b  a  sin  cos  d 
 I

 a cos   b  a cos 
2 3
  b sin 2  2
  b sin 2 
2  b  a  sin  cos  d
= 
b sin    b 1  sin   a cos 
3
2
  a 1  cos2  2 2
2  b  a  sin  cos  d
=
 
 
3
2
  2
  2 2 
 b sin a sin  b cos   a cos 
 
2  b  a  sin  cos  d 
= 
 sin 
3
 b  a 3 2
 b  a  cos2 
sin  cos  d
= 2 b  a  b  a  2
cos  sin3 
2 2
 cosec  d  b  a cot   c
2
=
b  a 
x  a
8.
 x  b or x  a   x  b x = a sec2  ă b tan2 
xa
Example : Evaluate  xb
dx
xa
I
 xb
dx
put x = a sec2 ă b tan2

dx = 2 (a ă b) sec2 tan d
 
a sec 2   1  b tan 2 
 2  a  b sec 2
 I  tan  d
a sec 2
  b 1  tan   2
46 QUIZRR
 a  b tan2 
=   a  b  sec 2

2  a  b sec 2  tan  d 
tan 
 sec   a  b sec
2
= 2  tan  d

= 2  a  b tan   sec  tan  d 
let sec  = t
sec  tan  d = dt & tan  = t2  1
 I = 2 (a ă b)  t2  1 dt
We are leaving this integral here as we will cover this type in the following segments.
1
9. x ă a = t2 or x ă b = t2
x  a   x  b
1
 x  1 x  2 
dx
I
  x  1  x  2 
putting x ă 2 = t2  dx = 2t dt
2t dt dt
I
 t 2
 1 t2
2
 t2  1
2
= 2 log t  t  1  c {do not worry about this result, we will do this one in
topic some special integrals later}
QUIZRR 47
dx
Example :  ( x  1)( x  2)
putting x = a sec2  ă b tan2

dx = 2 a sec  (sec  tan ) ă 2b tan  sec2 
= 2 (a ă b) sec2 tan  d
also note that a = 1 & b = 2 here, so putting these values also
 2 sec 2  tan  d
I
  sec 2
  2 tan 2   1   sec 2
  2 tan 2   2 
 2 sec 2  tan  d
=    tan    sec 
2 2
 2 sec 2  tan 
=  tan  sec 
d

=  2 sec  d    2 log sec   tan   c
METHOD 3 : INTEGRATION BY PARTS
Integral of product of two functions

= (1st function) ï (Integral of 2nd function) ă Integral of {(differential of 1st function) ï Integral
of 2nd function}
In symbols :
d 
 f ( x). g ( x) dx  f ( x).  g ( x) dx    f ( x).  g( x) dx dx
 dx 
or  u.vdx  u  vdx ă  u´( vdx)dx
W or king R ule :
(i) Integrals of functions of the form uv may be found by method of integration by parts when
u and v are two different functions not connected by their derivatives.
In finding integrals by this method proper choice of functions u and v is essential. Although
there is no fixed law for taking u and v and their choice is possible by practice, yet following
rule is helpful in the choice of functions u and v.
If the two functions are different types, take that functions as, u which comes first in the
word ILATE.
48 QUIZRR
where I stands for Inverse circular function
L stands for Logarthmic function
A stands for Algebraic function
T stands for Trigonometrical functions
and E stands for Exponential function
(ii) If both the functions are trigonometrical, take that function as v whose integral is simpler.
(iii) If both the functions are algerbraic take that functions as u whose d c is simpler.
Note :
1. Integral can be used by the method of integration by parts if the integrand is the product
of two functions u and v, where d c of u is not a factor of v and d.c. of v is not a factor
of u.
2. If logarithmic or inverse circular function occurs in the numerator and its d.c. is not a factor
of the integrand use integration by parts.
3. Sometimes integration by parts may be used by taking integrand as u and 1 as v.
Illustration 24
(a) Find the value of  x 3 . log x dx (b)  x sin 3 xdx

(c)  x cos 2
xdx (d)  x sin 2 x . cos 3 x dx
Solution :
x3 . log
 x dx
(a) (integrating by parts)
II I
d 
  dx log x.  x
3 3
= log x .  x dx  dx dx

x4 1 x4 x4 x4
= log x .  . dx  .log x  C
4 x 4 4 16
(b) [Here x is an algebraic function and sin 3x is a trigonometric function and
A occurs before T in ILATE, therefore, we take x as u and sin3x as v]
 cos3 x   cos3 x 
 x sin 3xdx = x  
 3    1.  
 
3 
dx
x cos 3 x 1
= 
3

3  cos 3xdx
x cos3 x 1 sin 3 x
=   . c
3 3 3
x cos 3 x sin 3 x
=   c
3 9
QUIZRR 49
 1  cos 2 x 
 x cos  x 
2
(c) I xdx   dx
2 
 xdx  2  x.cos 2xdx

1 1
=
2
[Here x is an algebraic function and cos2x is a trigonometric function therefore,
we take x as u and cos2x as v.]
1 x2 1  sin 2 x  sin 2 x  
= .
2 2
  x.
2 2

  1 . 2  
 dx
x2 1 1
=
4
 x sin 2 x 
4 4  sin 2xdx  c
x2 x 1
=  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  c
4 4 8
1 1
(d) I   x sin 2 x .cos 3 x dx   2 x cos3 x sin 2 x dx   x  sin 5 x  sin x dx
2 2
1 1
=  x sin 5 x dx   x sin x dx ...(1)
2 2
 cos 5 x   cos 5 x 
Let I1   x sin
I
5x dx  x   5  
II
 1.  5 
dx
x cos 5 x sin 5 x
=  
5 25
& I2 =  xsin
x dx  x   cos x    1.   cos x  dx   x cos x  sin x
I II
Put I1 & I2 in equation (I)
x cos 5 x sin 5 x x cos x sin x

 I    C
10 50 2 2
Illustration 25
Evaluate x 2
sin xdx
Solution :
[Here x2 is an algebraic function and sinx is a trigonometric function therefore, we take x2 as u
and sinx as v.]
50 QUIZRR
 x sin dx = 
x2   cos x   2 x ( cos x) dx
2
 x cos xdx
2
=  x cos x  2
using by parts again to solve the question

 1.sin x dx
2
= x cos x  2  x.sin x 

= x2 cos x  2  x sin x    cos x    c
= x2cosx + 2x sinx + 2cosx + c
Illustration 26
Evaluate  cos xd x [I.I.T. 77]
Solution :
[Here integral contains cos x and x is a function of x therefore, first we put z = x .]
1
Let z= x, then dz  dx
2 x
1
or, dz  dx  dx = 2z dz
2z
Now,  cos xdx =

  cos z 2zdz  2  z cos zdz

= 2  z sin z 
  1.sin z dz  2z sin z  2   cos z  c
= 2zsinz + 2cosz + c
= 2 x sin x  2cos x  c  z  x
 
Illustration 27
(a) Evaluate  log xdx (b)  (log x) dx2
(c)  x log(x  1)dx (d) x

3 x2
e dx
QUIZRR 51
(a) I =  log xdx   1.log x dx

[Here logx is logarithmic function and this is second letter, in ILATE,
therefore take logx as u and 1 as v.]
1 

=  log x  x   . x  dx  x log x 
x   dx
= xlogx ă x + c.
  log x 
dx  1.  log x dx
2 2
(b) I =
 1 
= (logx)2 . x ă   2 log x. x . x  dx
= x (logx)2 ă 2  log xdx
= x (logx)2 ă 2  1.log xdx
 1  

= x  log   2  log x  . x   . x  dx
2
 x  
= x  log x  2 x log x  2 dx  c 
2
= x  log x 2  2 x log x  2 x  c
x2  1 x2 
(c) I =  x log  x  1 dx  log  x  1  .
2
 


 x  1 2 
.

dx
x2 x2

1
= log  x  1  dx ...(i)
2 2 x1
x2
Now to evaluate  x1
dx
Let z = x + 1, then dz = dx, also x = z ă 1
x2 ( z  1) 2 z2  2 z  1
  x1
dx =
 z
dz 
 z
dz
 1 z2
=   z  2   dz 
 z 2
 2 z  log z
=
 x  12  2  x  1  log x  1
2
52 QUIZRR
 x  12 
From (i), I  x log( x  1)  1  
2
 2  x  1   log x  1   c
2 2 2 
 
=
x2
log  x  1 
 x  1  x  1  1 log x  1  c
2
2 4 2
=
x2
log  x  1 
 x  1   x  1 log x  1  c´
2
2 4 2
(d) Let x2 = z, then 2xdx = dz
x e x e
3 x2 2 x2
Now, I = dx  xdx
 ze dz  2  ze   1.e  dz

dz 1
 ze
z z 1 z z
= 
2 2
1 z 1 z 1 2 1 2
= ze  e  c  x2 ex  ex  c
2 2 2 2
Illustration 28
x  sin x
Evaluate
 1  cos x dx
Solution :
x  sin x x sin x
I =  1  cos x dx   1  cos x dx   1  cos x dx
x x
2sin cos
x
=  2 cos 2 x
dx 
 2
2cos 2 x
2 dx
2 2
1 x x
 x. sec  tan 2 dx
2
= dx 
2 2
 x x 
tan tan
1 2 dx  x
=  x.
2 1
2  1.
1


  tan 2 dx
 2 2 
x x x x
= tan
2 2 
 tan dx 
 tan
2
dx  x tan  c
2
QUIZRR 53
Illustration 29
Evaluate  sin 1
xdx
Solution :
 sin  1.sin x dx
1 1
I = xdx 
 1 
ă1
= (sin x).x ă   x  dx
 1  x2 
 
x
= x sin x ă ă1  1  x2
dx
...(i)
x
To evaluate  1  x2
dx
Let z = 1 ă x2, then dz = ă 2xdx

x

1
dx 1  dz  

1
Now
1  x2
= 
z 2

 2  z 2 dz
 1
1  z2 
=    z   1  x2
2  1 
 
 2 
 from (i), I = xsină1x + 1  x2  c
Illustration 30
Evaluate  sec 1
x dx
Solution :
 sec 
1
I = x dx  (1.sec 1 xdx)
 1  
= sec 
1
x x    x
1
.  . x dx
x  1 2 x  

1
1
  x  1 2 Tdx
1 
= x sec x
2
54 QUIZRR
1
1 1  x  1 2
= x sec x . c
2 1
2
1
= x sec 1 x   x  1  2  c
= x sec 1 x  x1  c
Illustration 31
x sin 1 x
Evaluate  1  x2
dx
Solution :
x 1
. sin 1 x sin1 x 
[Here integrand = 2 and d.c. of which is a factor of the function
1 x 1  x2
1
therefore, first of all we will substitute z = sină1x.]
1  x2
1
dz  dx
Let z = sină1x then and sinz = x
1  x2
x sin 1 x
Now, I =  1  x2
dx 
 sin z. z dz   z sin zdz

= z   cos z   1   cos z  dz   z cos z   cos zdz
=  z cos z  sin z  c   sin 1 x   1  x2  x  c [ sinz = x]
=  1  x2 sin 1 x  x  c
T wo st and ar d for ms of int egr al
(i) e x
 f ( x )  f ´ x   dx  e x f ( x )  c
e  f ( x)  f ´( x) dx   ex f ( x)dx   ex f ´( x) dx
x

e e
x x x
= e f ( x)  f ´( x) dx  f ´( x) (on integrating by pats) = ex f(x) + c
QUIZRR 55
(ii)  [ xf ´( x )  f ( x )]d x  x f ( x )  c
 [ xf ´( x)  f (x)]dx   xf (x)dx   f (x) dx
= x f ( x)   f (x)dx   f (x)dx  x f (x)  c
Illustration 32
xe x  x2  1 
(a) Evaluate  1  x  2
dx (b)
 ex   dx
  x  1 2 
 
x2  x  1
  [log log x   log x 
2
(c) 3
e x dx (d) ]dx is
x 2
1  2
 1 1 
(e)
    dx
 log x  log x  2 
 
Solution :
xex 1 x1
 1  x   1  x  e dx
x
dx 
(a) I = 2 2
 
 1 x 
  x 1
e   dx
=
 1  x 
2 2
 1  x2 
 
   
1 1
=  ex    dx
 1  x  1  x 2  
  
1
=  ex [ f ( x)  f ´( x)]dx , where f ( x) 
1 x
x x 1 ex
= e f ( x)  c  e . c c
1x 1 x
56 QUIZRR
 x2  1   2 x  x
 ex 
 ex  1 
 e dx  2 e
 dx x x
(b) = dx  dx
  x  1 2    x  1  2
 x  12
   
x11
ex  2
 e .  x  1
x
dx
= 2
  1 
x  1

x
= e  2 e   2
dx
 x  1  x  1  
Now using the formula for ex[f + f´], as
d  1  1 ex
=     ex  2 c
dx  x 1  ( x  1)2 x1
 
2  2 
x  x1 x 1 x
(c) I =  3
ex dx 
 ex 
 3
 dx
3
 x2  1  2

 x2  1 2
 
x2  1   2

  
  x 
1  
=  ex 
 2
 3 
dx

 x  1  x2  1
    
2 
 
e
x
as [ f ( x)  f ´ ( x)]dx, = exf(x) + c
1 1 2x
where f ( x)  & f ´  
2
x 1  2  ( x  1)3 / 2
2
1 ex
 c c
x2  1 x2  1
(d) Put log x = t

 x = et and dx = et dt
 1 t 1 t 1  1
e
t
 I log t  2   e  log t  t   e  t  2 
 t     t 
1
We have added and subtracted et . to give the form ex [f (x) + f´(x)]
t
QUIZRR 57
1  x 
 I  et log t  et .   x log(log x) 
t  log x 
(e) Let z = logex  x = ez

 dx = ezdz
 1 
 dx     ez dz

1 1 1
 
Now I =  log x  log x  

2
  z z2 
 1  1 
e
z
=     2  dz
 z  z 
e
z 1
= [ f ( z)  f ´ ( z)]dz, where f ( z) 
z
z 1 x
= e f  z   c  e . z  c  log x  c
z
Note : If logarithmic or inverse circular function occurs in the denominator put it equal to z.
I nt egr als of
(i) eaz cos (bx + c) (ii) eaz sin (bx + c)
Applying the rule of integration by parts, we obtain
eaz eaz
=
a
cos  bx  c  
 
a
b sin  bx  c  dx
eaz b
cos  bx  c  
e sin  bx  c  dx
az
= ...(i)
a a
e sin  bx  c  dx
az
Similarly we have
eaz eaz
=
a
sin  bx  c  
 a
. b cos  bx  c  dx
eaz b
sin  bx  c  
e cos  bx  c  dx
az
= ...(ii)
a a
e cos  bx  c  dx be required, we substitute the R.H.S. of (ii) for the last term
az
If the value of
e sin  bx  c  dx be required, we substitute the R.H.S. of (i) for the

az
of (i) and if the value of
last term of (ii). In the former case we get
58 QUIZRR
az
eaz b b2
cos  bx  c   2 eaz sin  bx  c   2
az
=
a a a
 b2  az

 a  
 1  2  e cos  bx  c  dx
az a cos  bx  c   b sin  bx  c 
= e
a2
a cos  bx  c   b sin  bx  c 

az
 eaz cos  bx  c  dx = e
a 2  b2
Similarly we have
a sin  bx  c   b cos  bx  c 

az
eaz sin  bx  c  dx = e
a 2  b2
To put the results in another form, we determine two numbers r and a such that
a = r cos  and b = r sin 
These give
r= a 2

 b2 ,   tan 1  b / a 
r cos  bx  c  a 

az
 eaz cos  bx  c  dx = e
a 2  b2
 b
cos  bx  c  tan 1 
az  a
= e
a 2  b2
Similarly
 b
sin  bx  c  tan1 
 a
e sin  bx  c  dx = eaz
az
a 2  b2
QUIZRR 59
Illustration 32
Evaluate
(i) e 3x
sin 4 x dx , (ii) e 4x
cos 2 x cos 4 x d x ,
(iii)  xe 2x
cos x d x
Solution :
(i) From the formula proved above in we get
e3 z  4
 e3 x sin 4 x dx =
3 2
4 2

sin  4 x  tan 1 
 3
e2 x  4
= sin  4 x  tan 1 
5  3
1
(ii) Now, cos 2x cos 4x = [2cos 2x cos 4x]
2
1
= (cos 6x + cos 2x)
2
e
4x
 cos 2x cos 4 x dx
1 4x 1
 e
4x
= e cos 6 x dx  cos 2 x dx
2 2
1 e4 z  6 1 e4 x  2
= . cos  6 x  tan 1   . cos  2 x  tan 1 
2 2
4 6 2  4 2
4 2
 22   4
e4 x  1  3 1  1 
=  cos  6 x  tan 1   cos  2 x  tan 1  
2  52  2 20  2 
 xe
2x
(iii) To evaluate cos x dx, we apply the rule of integration by parts. Taking x and e2z cos
x as two factors, we have

using the formuala in this case also
 x e
I
2x

cosx  x e
II
2x
 
cos x dx  1. e2 x cos x dx
e2 z  1 e2 x  1
 x.
5
cos  x  tan1   1.
 2 5  
cos  x  tan1 dx
2
60 QUIZRR
Again,
 1
e cos  x  tan 1  dx
2z
 2
 x  1 1  1 
 xe cos  x  tan 1   cos  x  2 tan 1  
2z
= cos x dx  e2 z 
 5  2 5  2 
Illustration 34
Evaluate  sin  log x  dx [I.I.T. 73]
Solution :
[Here integrand contains, expression of the form sin, where  = logx which is a function of x;
therefore, put z = logx.]
1
Let z = logx; then dz  dx
x
dx
or dz  or ezdz = dx as logex = z  ez = x
ez
 sin  log x dx   sin z e dz

z
Now, I =

z z
= sin z.e  cos z.e dz
   sin z e dz]
z z z
= e sin z  [ e cos z 
 e sin zdz
z z z
= e sin z  e cos z 
 I = ez (sinz ă cosz) ă I
 
 ez sin zdz  I 

or, 2I = (ez (sinz ă cosz)
ez
 I =  sin z  cos z   c
2
x
= [sin(logx) ă cos(logx)] + c
2
[ ez = x and logx = z]
QUIZRR 61
METHOD 4 : INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION

We have divided this method into 2 types, depending upon the denominator.
1. If denominator has non repeated factors
2. If denominator has repeating factors
T yp e 1 : For non-R ep eat ing r oot s

When denominator can be expressed as non repeating factors
i.e. D(x) = (x ă 1) (x ă 2)... (for linear factors)
2
= (ax + bx + c) (px + qx + r)... (for quadratic factors)
Note that 1  2  3
let us understand the concept with illustrations.
Illustration 35
(for linear factors)
6 2x  3 x  1 dx
(a)  x  1  x  1 (b) x 2
9
dx (c)   2 x  1  x  2   x  3 
Solution :
 (x  1) (x  1) dx
6
(a)
for partial fraction method, we write the function as
6 A B
 
( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1)
we have taken A & B as constants as the factors in denominator are linear.

Now we find the values of A & B by solving the R.H.S. & equating the coefficients of L.H.S. &
R.H.S.
Numerator in R.H.S. = A (x + 1) + B (x ă 1)
= (A + B)x + (A ă B)
we know there is no term of x in numerator on L.H.S.
this, equating
A +B =0&
A ă B = 6
 B = ă 3, A = 3
6 3 3
  
( x  1)( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1)
now solving the integral
62 QUIZRR
3 dx 3 dx
 (x  1) (x  1) dx   x  1   (x  1)
6
= 3 log |x ă 1| ă 3 log |x + 1| + c
2x  3 2x  3
(b) x 2
9
dx 
 ( x  3)( x  3)
dx
applying partial fractions
2x  3 A B
I
 (x  3)(x  3) dx    x  3   x  3 dx ...(i)
using the method

(2x ă 3) = A (x ă 3) + B (x + 3)
= (A + B)x + 3 (B ă A)
 A +B = 2
3 1
 A ,B=
2 2
putting these values in equation (i)
3 1
/ 2 dx / 2 dx
I =  x3

 (x  3)
3 1
= log x  3  log x  3  c
2 2
T r ick
We can also solve the partial fractions by the following easier method.
Note : This method is valid only for linear factors in denominator.
2x  3 A B
 
( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3) ( x  3)
for A
2x  3 2( 3)  3  9 3
A   
x3 x3 33 6 2
this means remove the term under A from denominator & put that root (i.e. x +  = 0) in the term
to get the value of A.
Similarly B
2x  3 2(3)  3 3 1
B   
x 3 x3 33 6 2
QUIZRR 63
2x  3 3 1  1 1 
     
( x  3) ( x  3) 2  x  3  2  x  3 
which the same result as we got by the previous method.
( x  1) dx
(c)  (2 x  1) (x  2)(x  3)
now by partial fraction
( x  1) A B C
  
(2 x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3) 2 x  1 ( x  2) ( x  3)
since there are linear factors, we can use the trick discussed in the previous part.
1
x1 /2  1 6
A  
( x  2) ( x  3) x   1 /  1   1  35
2   2  2  2  3 
  
x1 21 1
B  
(2 x  1) ( x  3) x  2  2(2)  1 2  3  5
x1 31 2
C  
(2 x  1) ( x  2) x  3  2(3)  1 3  2  7
Hence the integral becomes
6 dx dx dx
 (2 x  1)  5  x  2  7  (x  3)
1 2
=
35
6 1 1 2
=  2  log 2 x  1  5 log x  2  7 log x  3  c
35  
Illustration 36
(quadratic factors)
x dx dx x2  1
(a)
( x  1) (1  x )2 (b) x 3
1
(c)  (x 2
 2) (2 x 2  1)
dx
Solution :
By quadratic factors we mean that some (not all) factors of the denominator are quadratic, which
cannot be factorized further into linear factors and also they are non repeating.
x dx
(a)  (x  1) (x2
 1)
64 QUIZRR
2
see here x + 1 cant be broken further, for quadratic factor we represent the function as follows.
x A Bx  C
  2
2
( x  1) (x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1)
Note here that Bx + C is linear in nature because the denominator has quadratic factor.
TIP : We heep the degree of numerator one less than that of the denominator. The reason being
to be able to use the formula type f´/f
 x = A (x2 + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 1)
= (A + B)x2 + (B + C)x + A + C
Equating powers on both side we get
A +B = 0 ...(i)
B +C = 1 ...(ii)
A +C = 0 ...(iii)
Solving (i), (ii) & (iii)
1 1
A   1/2 , B  ,C
2 2
 integral becomes
x 1
1  / 2 dx
/ 2 dx
I =
 ( x  1)

 2
( x2  1)
1 1 1 x  1 dx
= 2  x  1 dx  2  x2  1
1 1  x 
 x
1
= log x  1   2 dx  2
dx
2 2  x  1  1 
1 1 1 
= log x  1   log x2  1  tan 1 x  C
2 2 2 
dx
(b) I
x 3
1
here x3 ă 1 can be further factorized, so factorizing it.
x3 ă 1 = (x ă 1) (x2 + x + 1)
now it cant be further factorized.
dx
 I=
 (x  1) (x2
 x  1)
 using partial fraction
1 A Bx  C
  2
2
( x  1) (x  x  1) ( x  1) x  x  1
QUIZRR 65
 1 = A (x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x ă 1)
1 = (A + B)x2 + (A + C ă B) + (A ă C)
equating powers
A +B = 0 ...(i)
A +B = 0 ...(ii)
A ă C = 1 ...(iii)
Solving (i), (ii) & (iii)
1 2
A  1/3 , B  /3 & C 
3
1
1 dx / 3 x  ( 2 / 3 ) dx
 I = 3  x1

 x2  x  1
1 dx 1 x2
= 3 x1  3 x 2
 x1
dx
1 1 1 (2 x  1  3) 
=
3
log x  1  
3  2  x2  x  1 
 dx {we will try to break it into f´/ f form}
1 2x  1 3 dx 
x 
1 1
= log x  1   2
dx  
3 3  2  x1 x2  x  1 
1 1 1  1 3dx
x
2
= log x  1   2 log x  x  1  6 2
3 3    x1
Leave the last integral, we learn how to solve this type of integral shortly.
x2  1
(c)  (x2
 2) (2 x2  1)
dx
here both factors in denominator can not be factorized further.
x2  1 Ax  B Cx  D
 2 2
 2

( x  2) (2 x  1) ( x  2) (2 x2  1)
note here that both numerators are linear because denominator in both factors is quadratic.
x2 + 1 = (Ax + B) (2x2 + 1) + (Cx + D) (x2 + 2)
x2 + 1 = (2A + C)x3 + (2B + D)x2 + (A + 2C)x + B + 2D
equating terms on both sides
2A + C = 0 ...(i)
2B + D = 1 ...(ii)
66 QUIZRR
A + 2C = 0 ...(iii)
B + 2D = 1 ...(iv)
A = 0, B = /3, C = 0, D = 1/3
1
1 1
/3 / 3 dx
 I = 2
( x  2)
dx 
 (2x 2
 1)
1 dx 1 dx
= 3 x 2
2

3  2 (x 2
 1/2 )
tan 1
1 1 
=  
3 2 
x
2

1
6
 2  tan 1 x 2 C
Note : In quadratic factor part we have not used the trick method as it is applicable only when
all factors are linear.
T yp e 2
When repeating factors are present i.e. when denominator is of the form
k1
D(x) = (x ă ) (x ă )k2 ... {for linear factor}
= (ax2 + bx + c)k1 (px2 + qx + c)k {for quadratic
(1) If function is linear.
N( x)
i.e. we write it as following
( x  a) ( x  b)2 ( x  c)3
A B1 B2 C1 C2 C3
= ( x  a)  ( x  b)  2
 
( x  c) ( x  c) 2

( x  b) ( x  c)3
i.e. if (x ă b) has power 2 then there will be two terms for it, (x ă b) & (x ă b)2
& if (x ă c) has power 3, then 3 terms i.e. (x ă c), (x ă c)2 & (x ă c)3
First Method
It is the normal method of equating coefficients of equal degree on both sides. Though it might
become complicated as the degree of factors increase.
Second (Trick) Method

By this method we can find the values of A, B2 & C3 as we did in the Trick method in case of
linear factors.
QUIZRR 67
N(x) N(a)
A 2 3

( x  b) ( x  c) xa
( a  b) 2 ( a  c)3
N(x) N(b)
B2  2 3

( x  a) ( x  c) xb
(b  a)2 (b  c)3
N(x) N( c)
C3  2 3

( x  a) ( x  b) xc
( c  a) (c  b)2
The values of B1, C1 & C2 are found as in the previous method ie., by comparing the coefficients
on both sides.
(2) If function has quadratic factors
N( x)
i.e of the form etc.
(ax  bx  c) ( px2  qx  c)2
2
we represent this function as following
Ax  B P1 x  Q1 P2 x  Q2
=  
2
ax  bx  c  px 2
 qx  r   px 2
 qx  r 2 
There is no trick method for this type, use the standard method of equating coefficients.
Illustration 37
1 ( x 2  1) x d x
(a) x 3
( x  1)2 ( x  1)
dx (b)  (x 2
 1)2 ( x  3)
Solution :
dx
(a) I
x 3
( x  1)2 ( x  1)
as stated in formula part
1 A1 A 2 A 3 B1 B2 C
     
3
x ( x  1) ( x  1) 2 x x2
x3 ( x  1) ( x  1) 2 ( x  1)
by trick method we can find the values of A3, B2 & C
1
A3  3
1
( x  1) ( x  1) x0
68 QUIZRR
1 1
B2  3

x ( x  1) x 1
2
1 1
C 3 2

x ( x  1) x1
4
for A1, A2, B1 we have to use normal method

1  A1 (x2) (x ă1)2 (x + 1) + A2 x (x ă 1)2 (x + 1) +
A3 (x ă 1)2 (x + 1) + B1 (x3) (x ă 1) (x + 1)
+ B2 (x3) (x + 1) + c (x3) (x ă 1)2
equating powers on both side
A1 + B1 + C = 0 ...(i) by equating x5
ă A1 + A2 + B2 + 2C = 0 ... (ii) x4
ă A1 ă A2 + B1 ă B2 + B3 + C = 0 ... (iii) x3
Solving them by putting the values of A3, B2 & C
7
We get A1 = 2, A2 = 1, B1 
4
7 1 1
2 dx dx /4 / 2 dx /4
 I
 x

x x 
2
 3

( x  1)

 (x  1)  x  1
2

1 1 7 1 1 1
= 2 log x   2  log x  1   log x  1
x 2x 4 2 ( x  1) 4
( x2  1) xdx
(b) I
 (x 2
 1)2 ( x2  3)
first of all we can see here that if we substitute x2 = t here the xdx gets removed
2xdx = dt.
(t  1) dt
I =  2 (t  1)2 (t  3)
1 (t  1) dt
= 2  (t  1)2 (t  3)
now it becomes the normal question of Type 2 linear factors.
t1 A1 A2 C
  
2
(t  1) (t  3) (t  1) (t  1) 2 (t  3)
QUIZRR 69
finding A2 & C by trick method
t1 11
A2 = (t  3)   1
t1
13
t1 4
C = (t  1)   1
t3
4
for A1 equating powers

t + 1 = A1 (t ă 1) (t ă 3) + A2 (t ă 3) + C (t ă 1)2
equating coefficients of t2
A1 + C = 0
 A1 = ă 1
1   dt  1 dt 1 
I = 2    dt
 t  1 (t  3) 
2
(t  1)
1  1 
=   log t  1   log t  3   C
2  t1 
putting back the value of t
1  2 2 1 
I =   log x  1  log x  3  C
2  t  1
 x2  3 
1 1 
= 2 log  C
x2
 1 t  1
 
Illustration 38
dx
(a)  ( x  1)2 ( x  2)( x 2  4)
Solution :
Tip : For type where denominator is a combination of linear (repeating/non repeating) factors
and quadratic, (non-factorizable) factors, we can find some values by trick method.
For example, here
1 A1 A2 B ( x  D)
    2
2 2
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) ( x  4)
70 QUIZRR
we can find the values of A2 & B by trick method.
How do determine whether A1 or A2 will be given by trick method ?
The answer is, the numerator of highest degree of that particular linear factor can be determined
by trick method.
for ex., in t he quest ion 1 degr ee of (x ă 1) is 2. Hence in partial fractions the term with (x ă 1)2
in denominator can be determined by trick method.
1 1
 A2 = ( x  2)( x2  4) 
5
x1
1 1
B = ( x  1)2 ( x2  4) 
8
x2
for A1, C & D we have to equate coefficients of x4, x3 & x2, to get
A1 + B + C = 0 ...(i)
ă 3A1 + A2 ă 2B ă 2C + D = 0 ...(ii)
6A1 ă 2A2 + 5B + 4C ă 2D = 0 ...(iii)
Solving (i), (ii), (iii) we get
3 1 7
A1  ,C ,D
25 200 100
3 dx 1 dx 1 dx 1 2x 7 dx
 I
25  x  1  5  ( x  1)2 
8  x  2  400  x2  4 dx  100  x2  4
3 1 1 1 1 7 1 x
= log x  1   log x  2  log x2  4    tan 1  C
25 5 ( x  1) 8 400 100  2  2
Sp ecial T yp e
When integrand consists of even powers of x only
Illustration 37
x 2

 1 x2  2 
Integrate
x 2
 3  x 2
 4
Solution :
For these kind of question, we can put x2 = t for making partial fractions & then put the value
back for finding integrand.
QUIZRR 71
x 2

 1 x2  2   (t  1) (t  2)
x2  t
x 2
 3  x 2
 4 (t  3) (t  4)
since the term is not in proper rational form, we will first convert it into that.
(t  1) (t  2)
1 1
(t  3) (t  4)
(t  1) (t  2)  (t  3) (t  4)
= 1
(t  3) (t  4)
now degree of denominator is greater than numerator making it a proper fraction (as t2 term will
cancel out).
( 4 t  10)
= 1  now using partial fraction for this part.
(t  3) (t  4)
4 t  10 2t  5
Let, I1  2 dt
(t  3) (t  4) (t  3) (t  4)
2t  5 A B
 
(t  3) (t  4) t  3 t  4
2t  5
A = t4  1
t3
2t  5
B = t3 3
t4
 Net function becomes
2 6
1 
t3 t3
putting back the value of t
2 6
1 2
 2
x 3 x 4
integrating it
dt dt
I =  dx  2 x2  3  6  x2  4
2 x 6 x
= x tan 1  tan 1  C
3 3 2 2
72 QUIZRR
Some Sp ecial int egr als
dx 1 xa dx 1 a  x
Set-I 1.  x2  a 2 
2a
log
xa
c 2.  a 2  x2 
2a
log
a x
c
dx 1 x
3.  x2  a 2  tan 1 c
a a
Illustration 40
dx dx dx
(i)  1  4x 2 (ii)  1  25 x 2 (iii)  9x2  1
Solution :
dx 1 dx
(i) I =  1  4 x2 
4 1
 x2
4
 x
1 dx 1 1 1 1
  . tan 1 1
   c  tan (2 x)  c
= 4 1
2
2
4 1 2
  2
  x 2  
2
dx 1 dx
(ii) I =  1  25 x2 
25  1
 x2
25
1
x
1 dx 1 1 5 1 1  5x

= 25  1  2
 .
25  1 
log
1
c
10
log
1  5x
c
2 2 5  x
  x   5
5
dx 1 dx 1 dx
(iii) I =  9 x2  1  9  1

9  1
2
x2  2
x  
9
3
1
x
1 1
log 3  c  1 log 3 x  1  c
= 9 1 1 6 3x  1
2  x
3 3
QUIZRR 73
Illustration 41
Evaluate :
3x 2x 2x 3
(i)  1  2x4 dx (ii)  1  4x dx (iii)  4  x8 dx
Solution :
3x
(i) I =  1  2 x4 dx
1
Putting x2 = t  2x dx = dt  dx  dt
2
3 dt 3 1 dt 3 dt
  . 1  
1 / 2 
2 2
I = 2 1  2t 2 2  t2 4  t2
2
3 1
= 4.
1/ 2
tan 1
t
1/ 2
c
3
2 2
tan1  
2t  c 
3
2 2
tan1  
2 x2  c
2x 2x 2x
(ii) I  1  4x dx   1  (22 ) x
dx   1  (2 x )2 dx
dt
Putting 2x = t  2x log 2 dx = dt  2x dx = log 2
1 dt 1 1t 1 1  2x
I
log 2  1  t2

2 log 2
log
1t
c
2 log 2
log
1  2x
c
2 x3
(iii) I  4  x8 dx
1
Putting x4 = t  4x3 dx = dt  2x3 dx = dt
2
1 dt 1 dt
I = 2 2
 
2 2  t2
2
4t
1 1 t 1 x4
= . tan 1  c  tan 1 c
2 2 2 4 2
74 QUIZRR
dx x dx
Set-II 1.   sin 1
a
c 2.  2 2
 log x  x 2  a 2  c
a 2  x2 x a
dx dx 1 x
3.  2 2
 log x  x 2  a 2  c
4.  
a
sec 1
a
c
x a x x a2 2
Illustration 42
dx dx dx
(i)  4  9x 2 (ii)  2
5x  2
(iii)  4x2  1
Solution :
dx
(i) I =  4  9 x2
dx

 4 
9   x2 
9 
dx 1 x 1 3x
=  2
2

3
sin 1  c  sin 1
2 3 2
c
3    x2 3
3
dx dx 1 dx
(ii) I =  5x 2
2

  2

5   2
2
5  x2   2
 5 x   
 5
2
1  2
2 1 2
log x  x  c log x  x2  c
= 5  5  5 5
 
dx dx
(iii) I =  4x 2
1

  1
4  x2  
 4
2
1 dx 1 1 1 1
=
2  1
2

2
log x  x2   
 2
c
2
log x  x2 
4
c
x2   
 2
QUIZRR 75
Illustration 43
dx dx
Evaluate : (i) x 2
(log x )  25
(ii)  1 e 2x (iii) 
a  x
a  x
dx
Solution :
dx
(i) I = x (log x)2  25
1
Putting log x = t  dx  dt
x
dt
=  2
t  25
 log t  t2  25  c  log x  (log x)2  25  c
dx dx dx e x
(ii) I =
 1  e2 x

 2x  1 

e x
e 2 x  1

 e 2 x  1
dx
e  2x  1
e 
Putting eăx = t  eăx dx = dt  eăx dx = ă dt
dt
I =

 2
t 1
  log t  t2  1  c   log e x  e2 x  1  c
ax ax ax

(iii) I =  ax
dx 
 
ax ax
dx
( a  x)2 ax a x
=  a x2 2
dx 
 2
a x 2
dx 
 2
a x 2
dx 
 a  x2
2
dx
x x
= a sin
1
a

 a 2  x2
dx
Putting a2 ă x2 = t2  ă 2x dx = 2t dt  xdx = ă t dt
1 x t dt x x
I = a sin a   t2
 a sin 1
a 
 1 dt  a sin 1  t  c
a
1 x
= a sin  a2  x2  c
a
76 QUIZRR
x a2 x
Set-III 1.  a 2  x2dx  a 2  x2  sin 1  c
2 2 2
x a2
2.  x2  a 2 dx 
2
x2  a 2 
2
log x  x2  a2  c
x x a2
3.  x 2  a 2 dx 
2
x2  a 2 dx 
2
x2  a2 
2
log x  x2  a 2  c
Illustration 44
x2
Evaluate : (i)  16  9x 2 dx (ii)
 4
 1 dx (iii)  3 x 2  2 dx
Solution :
 16 
(i) I =  16  9 x2 dx 
 9
 9
 x2  dx

 4
2 
2  2 3 
4
  x  4   x2    .sin 1 x   c
2
= 3    x dx = 3
3  2  3  2 (4 / 3) 
 
 
3 x  16  16 3x 3x  16  8 3x
=  x2  sin 1 c =   x2   sin 1 c

2  9   6 4 2  9  3 4
x2 x2  4 x2  4
(ii) I =
 4
 1 dx 
4
dx 
 2
dx
1 1 x (2)2 
= 2  x2  (2)2 dx 
2

 2
x2  (2)2 
2
log x  x2  (2)2   c

x
= x2  4  log x  x2  4  c
4
2
 2  2
  
2
3 x  2 dx  3  x2   dx  3 2
x  dx
(iii) I =
 3  3 
 
  2
2 
   
3 
2 2
x 2  2   2
2

3 x   log x  x  c
   3 
= 2  3 2   
 
 
3 2 1 2
= x x2   log x  x2  c
2 3 6 3
QUIZRR 77
Illustration 45
x2
Evaluate : (i) 3 x x
9  1 dx (ii) x 3
1 x 8
dx (iii)  x2  1
dx
Solution :
3  3
x
(i) I = 9 x  1 dx  3 x (32 ) x  1 dx = x
(3 x )2  1 dx
dt
Putting 3x = t  3x log 3 dx = dt  3x dx =
log 3
1 1 t 1 
I =
log 3  t2  1 dt 
log 3  2
t2  1 
2
log | t  t2  1|  c

1  3x 1 
= log 3  32 x  1  log |3 x  32 x  1   c
 2 2 
3x 1
= 9x  1  log 3 x  9 x  1  c
2 log 3 2 log 3
x
3
(ii) I = 1  x8 dx
1
Putting x4 = t  4x3 dx = dt  x3 dx = dt
4
1 1 t 1 t
I =
4  1  t2 dt  
4 2
1  t2  sin 1   c
2 1
t 1 x4 1
= 1  t2  sin 1 t  c  1  x8  sin 1 x4  c
8 8 8 8
x2 x2  1  1
(iii) I =  x2  1
dx 
 x2  1
dx
x2  1 1
    
1 1
 dx  x2  1  dx x2  1 dx  dx
= =
x2  1 x2  1 x2  1 x2  1
x 1 x 2 1
= x2  1  log x  x2  1  log x  x2  1  c = x  1  log x  x2  1  c
2 2 2 2
78 QUIZRR
INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL & IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS
dx dx
Integral of the form
 ax 2
 bx  c
,
 2
a x  bx  c
and
 ax 2  bx  c dx
For evaluating such integral we make the coefficients of x2 in ax2 + bx + c as one. Complete the
square by adding and subtracting the square of half of the coefficient of x to get the form
 b 
2 c b2  
a  x      
2a  2
  a 4 a  
Illustration 46
Evaluate :
dx dx
(i) x 2
 4x  7
(ii)  1  6x  9x 2
dx dx
(iii)  9  8x  x2
(iv)  2 x 2  3x  2
(v)  1  4x  x 2 dx (vi)  2 x 2  3 x  4 dx
Solution :
dx dx
(i) I = x 2
 4x  7

 (x 2
 4 x  4)  (7  4)
[Adding and subtracting square of half of coefficient of x]
dx dx
=  (x  2) 2
3

 (x  2)   3 
2 2
1  x  2
= tan1  c
3  3 
dx dx
 1  6x  9x x
1
(ii) I = 
2 9 2 2 1
 x
3 9
1 dx
= 
9  22 1 1 1
2
x  x    
 3 9 9 9
QUIZRR 79
[Adding and subtracting square of half of coefficient of x]
1 dx 1 dx
=
9  1 2
2

9  1
2
 2
2
x     x     
 3 9  3  3 
2 1
x
1 dx 1 1
=
9  2
2
 1
2
 .
9 2 2
log 3
2
 x
3 c
1
    x   3 3 3
 3   3
1 2  3x  1
= log c
6 2 2  3x  1
1 1
=  
dx  dx
(iii) I
9  8 x  x2  [ x2  8 x  9]
1 1
=   [( x2  8 x  16)2  9  16]
dx 
  [(x  4) 2
 25]
dx
1 1  x  4
=  25  ( x  4)2
dx 
 (5)2  ( x  4)2
dx  sin 1 
 5 
c
dx dx
(iv)  2
2x  3x  2
=
  3 
2  x2  x  1 
 2 
dx dx

1
2 
= =
 3   2 3 9  9
2  x2  x  1   x  2 x  16   1  16
 2   
1 dx
2 
=
2
 2 3 25
x   
 4 16
1 dx
2 
=
2 2
 2 3 5
x     
 4 4
80 QUIZRR
2 2
1 3  3 5 1 4x  3 3
= log x   x      c = log  x2  x1  c
2 4  4 4 2 4 2
(v)  1  4x  x2 dx
=   [ x2  4 x  1] dx 
  [ x2  4 x  4  1  4] dx
=   [ x  2)2  5] dx 
 5  ( x  2)2 dx
x2 5  x  2
= 5  ( x  2)2  sin 1  c
2 2  5 
x2 5  x  2
= 1  4 x  x2  sin 1  c
2 2  5 
 3 
(vi) I =  2 x2  3 x  4 dx 
 2  x2  x  2  dx
 2 
3
=  2 x2 
2
x  2 dx
 2 3 9  9
= 2
 x  x 
 2
2
16  16
dx
2 2 2
 3  3  23 
 
23
= 2 x    dx  2  x     
dx
 4  16  4  4 
  23 
2 
 3   
x  4 4 
2 2
 3
2
 23   3  3
2
 23  
2 x      log x    x     c
= 
 4   4  4 
 2  4  2 4   
 
 
4x  3 3 23 3 3
= x2  x1  log x   x2  x3 c
4 2 2 16 2 4 2
QUIZRR 81
Illustration 47
Evaluate :
x2  x  1 ex 2(log x )2  3 (log x )  4
dx
(i) 2
x  x 6
dx (ii) x
5  4e  e 2x (iii)
 x
dx
Solution :
x2  x  1 1
(i) I = x 2
 x6
dx 2
x + xă 6 ) x + xă 1 2
x2 + x ă 6
ă ă +
5
5 1
I =
1  x 2
 x6
dx 
 1 dx  5  2
x x6
dx
1 1
= x5
 1
2
25
dx  x  5
 1
2
 5
2
dx
x  2  4 x  2   2
     
1 5
x 
1 2 2  c  x  log x  2  c
= x5 log
2.
5 1 5
x  x3
2 2 2
ex
(ii) I =  5  4 ex  e2 x
dx
Putting ex = t  ex dx = dt
dt
I = 
5  4t  t2
dt dt
I =   [t2  4t  5]

 1  [(t  2)2  5  4]
dt dt
=   [(t  2)  9]2

 9  (t  2)2
dt  t  2  ex  2 
=  sin 1    c  sin
1
  c
 3   3 
(3)2  (t  2)2  
82 QUIZRR
2 (log x)2  3 (log x)  4

(vi) I =
 x
dx
1
Putting log x = t  dx  dt
x
 3  3
I =  2t2  3t  4 dt 
 2  t2  t 
 2
2  dt 
  2 t2 
2
t  2 dt
2
 3
 
3 9 9 23
= 2 t2  t 2 dt  2 t    dt
2 16 16  4 16
2 2
 3  23 
= 2
 

t    
4  4 
 dt
  23 
2 
 3   
t  4
2 2
 3
2
 23   4  3  3
2
 23  
= 2
 
 2
 t  4    4 
   

2
log t  
4  t  4    4 
   
 c

 
 
3
t
4 3 23 3 3
= t2  t2  log t   t2  t2  c
2 2 16 2 4 2
4 log x  3 3 23 3 3
= (log x) 2  log x  2  log log x   (log x)2  log x  2  c
4 2 2 16 2 4 2
I nt egr als of t he for m
px  q px  q
 ax 2
 bx  c
dx ,
 a x 2  bx  c
dx
and ( px  q ) a x 2  bx  c d x
For evaluating such integrals we choose suitable constants A and B such that
d 
px  q  A  ( ax2  bx  c)   B
 dx 
A and B can be determined by equating the coefficient of x and the constant terms on both sides.
This enables us to separate the given integral into two integrals.
QUIZRR 83
Illustration 48
x3 x 2  5x  3
dx
(i)
x2  4x  5
(ii)  (3 x  2) x 2  x  1 (iii)
x2  3x  2
dx
Solution :
x3
(i) I =  x2  4 x  5
dx
d 
Putting x + 3 = A  ( x2  4 x  5)   B
 dx 
 x + 3 = A (2x + 4) + B
Comparing the coefficient of x, we get
I = 2A  A = 1/2
Comparing the constants, we get
3 = 4A + B  3= 2 + B  B = 1
1 / 2 (2 x  4)  1
 I =
 x2  4 x  5
dx [Using (i)]
1 2x  4 1
=
2  2
x  4x  5
dx 
 2
x  4x  5
dx
Putting x2 + 4x + 5 = t in 1st integral  (2x + 4) dx = dt
1 1 1
I = 2  t
dt 
 (x  2) 2
1
dx
1
= .2 t  log | x  2  ( x  2)2  1|  c
2
= x2  4 x  5  log | x  2  x2  4 x  5|  c
(iii) I =  (3x  2) x2  x  1 dx
 d 
Let 3x ă 2 = A  ( x2  x  1)   B
 dx 
 3x ă 2 = A (2x + 1) + B
84 QUIZRR
3
3 = 2A           A 
2
Comparing the constant terms
3 7
ă 2 = A + B      ă 2  B  B
2 2
3 7
 I =   2 (2x  1)  2  x2  x  1 dx
 (2 x  1) 
3 7
= x2  x  1 dx  x2  x  1 dx
2 2
Putting x2 + x + 1 = t in 1st integral
 (2x + 1) dx = dt
2 2 2
 1 3 2 3/2 7  1  3
  
3 7 1
2 
I = t dt   x    1  dx = . .t   x     dx
2 2  2 4 2 3 2   2 
 1 
 x 2
 3
2 2
 3
2

7
= ( x2  x  1)3 / 2   2  1 3 1  1
x      x   x    c
 2 
  3 / 8 log  
2 2  2   4  2
 2  2   
 2 
2 3/2 7 (2 x  1) 21 1
= ( x  x  1)  x2  x  1  log x   x2  x  1  c
8 16 2
x2  5 x  3 1
(iii) I = 2
dx 2 2
x  3x  2 x + 3x + 2 ) x + 5x + 3
x2 + 3x + 2
ă ă ă
2x + 1
2x  1 2x  1
I = 1  x 2
 3x  2 
dx  1 dx 
x 2
 3x  2
2x  1
= x  2
x  3x  2
dx
 d 
Let 2x + 1 = A  ( x2  3 x  2)   B
 dx 
 2x + 1 = A (2x + 3) + B
QUIZRR 85

2 = 2A             A = 1
Comparing the constant terms, we get
1 = 3A + B  B = ă 2 [ A = 1]
1 (2 x  3)  2 2x  3 1
 I = x  2
x  3x  2
dx  x 
x2
 3x  2
dx  2
x 2
 3x  2
dx
1

2
= x  log x  3 x  2  2 2 2
dx
3 1
x  2   2
   
3 1
x 
2 1 2 2 c
= x  log x  3 x  2  2. log
1 3 1
2. x 
2 2 2
x1
= x  log x2  3 x  2  2 log c
x2
px 2  qx  r
Integrals of the Form :  a x 2  bx  c
dx
For evaluating such integrals we choose suitable constants, A, B and C such that
 d 
px2 + qx + r = A (ax2 + bx + c) + B  ( ax2  bx  c  C
 dx 
A, B and C can be determined by equating the coefficients of x2, x and constant terms respectively
on both sides.
This enables us to separate the given integral into three integrals which are easily integrable.
Illustration 49
Evaluate :
x2  3x  6 5  4x  2 x 2
(i)  x2  x  1
dx
(ii)  1  x  x2
dx
x2  2
(iii)  3  x2
dx
86 QUIZRR
Solution :
x2  3 x  6
(i) I =  x2  x  1
dx
 d 
Let x2 + 3x + 6 = A (x2 + x + 1) B  ( x2  x  1   c
 dx 
 x2 + 3x + 6 = A (x2 + x + 1) + B (2x + 1) + c
Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get
1= A
3 = A + 2B      2B = 2  B = 1
6 = A + B + C      C = 4
( x2  x  1)  (2 x  1)  4

I
 x2  x  1
dx
x2  x  1 2x  1
  
1
dx  dx  4 dx
=
x2  x  1 x2  x  1 x2  x  1
1 1
=  x2  x  1 dx 
 t
dt  4
 x2  x  1
dx
[where t = x2 + x + 1]
2 2
 1  3 1
=   x  2    2  dx  2 t  4
   
  1
2
 3
2
dx
 x  2    2 
   
2
 3
1  
x 2
 3
2
2  2
 3
2
2  1  1  1
=  x       log x    x     
2  2  2  2 2  2  2 
3 1
2 x2  x  1  log x   x2  x  1 + c
8 2
2x  9 35 1
= x2  x  1  log x   x2  x  1  c
4 8 2
QUIZRR 87
5  4 x  2 x2
(ii) I =  1  x  x2
dx
 d 
Let 5 ă 4x ă 2x2 = A (1 ă x ă x2) + B  (1  x  x2 )   C
 dx 
 5 ă 4x ă 2x2 = A (1 ă x ă x2) + B (ă 1 ă 2x) + C
Comparing the coefficients of x2, we get
ă 2 = ă A  A = 2
ă 4 = ă A ă 2B    ă 2 = ă 2 B  B = 1
5 = A ă B + C    C = 4
2 (1  x  x2 )  ( 1  2 x)  4
 I =  1  x  x2
dx
1  x  x2  1  2x
  
1
2 dx  dx  4 dx
=
1  x  x2 1  x  x2 1  x  x2
 1  2x 1
=
2
 1  x  x2 dx 
 1  x  x2
dx  4
 1  x  x2
dx
2 2
 5  1 1 1
=
2
  
 2 
 

x 
2 
dx 
 t
dt  4
  5
2
 1
2
dx
[where t = 1 ă x ă x2]
    x  
 2   2
  5
2 
 1    1   1
x  2 2   x   x 
2 2
 5  1  2   2 1  x  x2  4 sin 1 2 c
2  x    sin 1  
=  2      5 

 5 
 2  2 2
    
 2   2 
 
2x  1 5  2x  1  1  2 x  1 
= 1  x  x2  sin 1  2
  2 1  x  x  4 sin  c
2 4  5   5 
2x  5 21  2x  1 
= 1  x  x2  sin 1  c
2 4  5 
88 QUIZRR
x2  2
(iii) I
 3  x2
dx
 d 
Let x2 ă 2 = A (3 ă x2) + B  (3  x2 )   c
 dx 
 x2 ă 2 = A (3 ă x2) + B (ă 2x) + c
Comparing the coefficients of x2, we get
1 = ă A  A = ă 1
0 = ă 2B        B = 0
ă 2 = 3A + C    C = ă 2 ă 3 (ă 1) = 1
 (3  x2 )  1  (3  x2 )
  
1
 I = dx  dx  dx
2 2
3x 3x 3  x2
1
=  3  x2 dx 
 3  x2
dx
 
1
 ( 3)2  x2 dx  dx
 3
= 2 2
 x
x 3  x  1 x
=  3  x2  sin 1     sin c
2 2  3  3
x 3  x  1 x
=  3  x2  sin 1    sin c
2 2  3 3
x 2 1 1  x 
=  2 3  x  2 sin  c
 3
x2  1
Integrals of the form : x 4
 kx 2  1
dx
For evaluating such integrals, divide the numerator and denominator by x2. Complete the square
2 2
 1  1
of denominator to get the form  x    a or  x    a
 x   x
Then the integral can be evaluated by using the method of substitution.
QUIZRR 89
Illustration 50
Evaluate :
x2  1 1
(i) x 4
1
dx (ii) x 4
1
dx
x2  1 x2  3x  1
(iii) x 4
 x2  1
dx (iv) x 4
 x2  1
dx
Solution :
x2  1
(i) x 4
1
dx
Dividing numerator and denominator by x2, we get
1 1 1
1 2
1 2
1
x2
x x dx 
1  x 1 
x dx 
 2
dx
 2
I = 2
 2
  2  2 1 2
x2

 x2
 x   
 x
1  1 
putting x   t   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
 1
dt 1 t 1 x x
I = t 2
 ( 2) 2

2
tan 1
2
c
2
tan 1  c
 2 
 
1  x2  1 
tan 1  c
=
2  2 x 
 
1 1 2
(ii) I = x 4
1
dx 
2 x 4
1
dx
1 x2  1  x2  1 1 x2  1 x2  1
= 2  x4  1
dx 
2 x 4
1

x4  1
dx
1 x2  1 1 x2  1
= 2 x 4
1
dx 
2 x 4
1
dx
Now proceed as in part (i) to get
90 QUIZRR
1  x2  1  1 x2  1  2 x
I = tan 1    log 2 c
2 2  2x  4 2 x  1  2x
 
x2  1
(iii) I = x 4
 x2  1
dx
Dividing numerator and denominator by x2, we get
1 1 1
1 2
1 2
1
x2
I = x 2
1
x
1
dx 
x 2 1
x

 2  2  1
dx 
 1
2
dx
x2

 x  x   1
 x
1  1 
Putting x   t   1  2  dx  dt
x  x 
1
x 1
dt 1 t1 1 1 x2  1  x
I =   log
t2  1 2 t1
 c  log
2
x
1
x 1
 c  log
2 x2
 1  x
c
x2  3 x  1 x2  1 x
(iv) I = x 4 2
 x 1
dx 
x 4
 x 12
dx  3
x 4
 x2  1
dx
Dividing numerator and denominator by x2 in 1st integral and

Putting x2 = t
 2x dx = dt
1
 x dx  dt in 2nd integral.
2
1
1
x2 3 dt
I = x 2
1
1
dt 
2 t 2
 t1
2
x
1
1
x2 3 dt
=
 1
2
dx 
2  1
2
 3
2
x    3  t     
 x  2  2 
QUIZRR 91
1
Putting z = x ă
x
 1 
 dz   1  2  dx in 1st integral
 x 
 1
dz 3 1 t  
I =  z   3
2 2

2 3
tan 1  2  c
 3 
2  2 
1 z  2t  1 
= tan 1  3 tan1  c
3 3  3 
 1
1 1
x x 1
 2 x2  1 
tan    3 tan  c
= 3  3   3 
 
1  x2  1   2 x2  1 
tan 1   3 tan 1 c
=
3  3 x  
3 
  
dx
Integrals of the form : P Q
where P and Q are linear or quadratic expression in x

Integrals of this form can be of three types :
1. Q is linear and P is linear or quadratic.
For evaluating such integrals, put Q = t2
2. Q is quadratic and P is linear.
1
For evaluating such integrals, put P =
t
3. Both P and Q are pure quadratic.
1
 For evaluating such integrals, put x  .
t
92 QUIZRR
Illustration 51
Evaluate :
dx dx
(i)  ( x  2) x 1 (ii)  1  x dx
x
(iii)  (x 2
 1) x
Solution :
dx
(i) I
 (x  2) x1
Here P is linear and Q is also linear i.e., type 1.

Putting x ă 1 = t2  x = t2 + 1  dx = 2t dt
2t dt t x1
 (t  t   3
2 2 2
I  dt  tan 1 c tan 1 c
2
2
 3) t 2 2 3 3 3 3
x x
(ii) I =  1  x dx   (1  x) x
dx
(1  x)  1 1 x 1
=  (1  x) x
dx 
 (1  x) x

(1  x) x
dx
1 1 1 1
=  x

(1  x) x
dx 
 x
dx 
 (1  x) x
dx
1
= 2 x  (1  x) x
Putting x = t2  dx = 2t dt
2t dt 2
I =
2 x
 1  t  2
t2
2 x
1  t 2
dt
= 2 x  2 tan 1 t  c  2 x  2 tan 1 xc
dx
(iii) I =  (x 2
 1) x
Putting x = t2  dx = 2t dt
2t dt 2 t2  1  t2  1
I =  t 4
1  t2

t 4
1
dt 
 t4  1
dt
QUIZRR 93
1 1
1 1
t2  1 t2  1 2
t2 dt
= t t t t
dt  dt  t dt 
4
1 4
1 2 1 2 1
 2

t t2
1 1
1 2
1
t2
=  1
t
2
dt 
 1
2
dt
t    2 t    2
 t  t
1 1
Putting t   z in 1st integral Putting t   y in 2nd integral
t t
 1  1
to get  1  2  dt  dz to get  1  2  dt  dy
 t   t 
dz dy z y 2
 z   2   y   2
1 1
 tan 1  log c
2 2
I = 2 2 2 2 2 2 y 2
1 1
t t  2
1 1 t  1 t
tan log c
= 2 2 2 2 1
t  2
t
1 t2  1 1 t2  1  2 t
= tan 1  log c
2 2t 2 2 t2  1  2t
1  x  1 1 x  1  2x
= tan 1   log c
2  2x  2 2 x  1  2x
Illustration 52
dx
Evaluate :  ( x  2) x2  6x  7
Solution :
dx
I =  (x  2) x2  6 x  7
94 QUIZRR
1 1 1
Putting x  2   x   2  dx   2 dt
t t t
1 1
 dt 
dt
t2
I =
1 1  1
2


 1 4
t
6
  4   12  7
  2  6   2  7 t 2 t t
t  t   t 
1 1
dt  dt
dt
=   
t  t 
2
1 2
 1 1  2t  t 1  2t  t2
t2 t t
dt dt  t  1
= ă  2  (t  1)2

 ( 2)2  (t  1)2
  sin 1 
 2 
 c
 1 
 x  2  1   x1  1  x1 
=  sin 1    c   sin1    c = sin    c
 2   2 ( x  2)   2 ( x  2) 
 
 
Illustration 53
dx
Evaluate :  (3  4 x 2
) 4  3x 2
Solution :
dx
I =  (3  4 x ) 2
4  3 x2
1 1
Putting x   dx   2 dt
t t
1 1
 dt  dt
2
t2  t dt
I =  
t
4 3

 (3t 2
 4) 4t2  3

 (3t 2
 4) 4t2  3)
3  2  4  2
 t  t t2 t
2 1 2
Putting 4t2 ă 3 = z2  t  ( z  3)
4
QUIZRR 95
1 1
 2t dt  (2z) dz       t dt  z dz
4 4
1  z dz  dz
I = 4   3 (z 2 
 3)  4  z2

 3z2
 9  16
4
 
dz 1 dz
= 
 3z 2
 25

3 z 2

25
3
1 dz 1  z 
= 
3   5 
2

3
tan 1   c
5/ 3 
z2   
 3
1 3 z 1  3 4t2  3 
1
=  3 tan  c   tan 1  c
5 3  5 
 
 12 
 12t2  9   9 
2
= 
1
tan 1    c   1 tan 1  x  c
3  5  3  5 
   
 
 
1  12  9 x2 
=  tan 1  c
3  5x 
 
V. I nt egr at ion of I r r at ional Funct ions

Types of functions (intergrand) Approach
  a x  b  a / n  ax  b
1. f x,     a , b , c , d , , n  R  Substitute :  tn
cx  d  cx  d
  
1/2
 x 2 

1
Example : Evaluate   . dx
 2x  3  x
x2 2
 3t2  2   2t dt
Solution : Substitute 2 x  3  t x
  1  2t2     dx 
 
1  2t 
2 2
96 QUIZRR
 1  2t2    2t dt 
t2 dt
 I2
 t.  2
 

 3t  2   1  2t 
2

4
   3t 2

 2 1  2t2 

Let t2 = y
y A B
Now using partial fraction 3 y  2 1  2 y  3 y  2  1  2 y , we get A and B and then
      
we evaluate the integration with respect to t after replacing y by t2.
Substitute :
2. 
f x,  a x  b 
a /n
, a x  b
/m
 a x + b = tp , where p is L.C.M. of m and n.
dx
Example : Evaluate   x  1   x  11 / 4

Solution : Substitute x + 1 = t4 (  p is 4)  dx = 4t3 dt
 4t3 dt   t2   t2  1  1 
 I =   2
t t
  4    dt  4
 t  1
 
 t1 
 dt
t2
 t  1 dt  4 
1
= 4 dt  4.  4t  4 log t  1  C
t1 2
T yp e V

  
n
4. f  x  a 2  x2  Workrule : x  a2  x2  t
 
x  
2
Example : Evaluate a 2  x2 dx
 a2  t2  1 a2 
x
  2t       dx    2  dt
Solution : Substitute x  2 2
a x t
   2 2t 
 t2 a 2 
 I 
2

   dt
2 
dx
;
5. p m + p  N, m + p > 1 Workrule : a + bx = tx
x m
a  bx 
dx
Example : Evaluate x 2/3
 2  3x
4/
3
QUIZRR 97
2
Solution : Substitute 2 + 3x = tx  dx  dt
 t  3 2
2
dt
 t  3 2 dt
 I
 2t 
4/
3

 2. t 4/
3
 
  3
t
Now you can evaluate it easily.
dx
L1  x  L 2  x 
6. m n Work rule
L1 ( x)
(i) If n > m; L ( x)  t
2
L2 ( x)
(ii) If n < m; L ( x)  t
1
7. x m (a + bx n )p dx Work rule
(i) I f p  I, substitute x = ts
where s is L.C.M. of denominator of m & n.
m 1
(ii) If is an Integer, substitute a + bxn = ts
n
is the denominator of fraction p.
m 1
(iii) If  p substitute axăn + b = ts
n
s is denominator of rational number p.
Illustration 54
Find the value of
3 dx
x2 

6
x x
(a)
 
x 1 3
x 
dx (b)
 1
10

x .  x /4  1
 
dx
(c)
 4
 x  13  x  2 5
98 QUIZRR
Solution :
(a) Here L.C.M. of 3 and 6 is 6.
 we put x = t6
 dx = 6 t5dt
t
6
 t dt  6. t  t  1 dt  6. t
 t4  t 5 3
dt
Hence I = 6.  t 1  t 
6  1  t 
2
5
 2
3
dt  6.
1  t 2
3 4 3 4 1
= t  6 tan 1 t  C  x / 6  6 tan 1 x / 6  C
2 2
(b) Hence  is integer      put x = t4  dx = 4t3 dt
4t3 dt
I = t 2
 t  1 10
t  t  1  1 dt  4
  t  1   t  1   t  1   t  1
9 10
= 4 10
dt  4 10
dt  4 dt
=  4  t  1 8  4  t  1 9  C
8 9
1 1 4
=   C
   
2 8 9
4 4
x 1 9 x 1
dx
(c) I =  3/ 5/
 x  1 4 .  x  2 4
dx x1 3
=  x 1 3/
4
Put
x2
t  
 x  2 2
dx  dt
    x  2 2
 x 2
1/4
4  x 1

1 4 1/4
I = t3 / 4 dt  t C   C
3 3 3  x  2
Sp ecial I nt egr at ion

Type I : Integration of the form
x2  q
(I) x 4
 px2  q
QUIZRR 99
Working Rule
Divide numerator & denominator by x2
q
1 2
i.e.
x 2
 p
x
q
dx
x2
 q
now substitute t   x  
 x 

 q
then dt   1  2  dx
 x 
dt
t 2
2 q  p
 2 2 q 
because t  x  2  2 q 
 x 
now solve this integral as it is in standard form, so you can use direct formula also.
Type II
dx
x 4
 px2  q
1 x
2
  
q  x2  q 
q 
write this in form 4 2
2 x  px  q
break it

1 x2  q x2  q 
= 
2 q   x4  px2  q
dx 
 x4  px2  q
dx 

now solve both the integrals as in type I.
Type III
x2  r
x 4
 px2  q
dx
For this type, express x2 + r as
100 QUIZRR
x2 + r = l x 2

 q + m x2  q  
where l + m = 1
& q l  m  r
& then break fractions as in type 2 to solve it according to type 1.
VI . I nt egr at ion of T r igonomet r ic Funct ions
T ype I
Integrals of the form :
dx dx dx
 a  b cos x or  a  b sin x or  a  b cos x  c sin x
Working Rule :
x x
2 tan 1  tan 2
Put sin x  2 and cos x  2
x x
1  tan 2
1  tan 2
2 2
x
whichever is needed and then put z = tan
2
Illustration 55
dx
Evaluate  4  5sin x
dx dx
Solution : I =  4  5sin x   2 tan
x
4  5. 2
x
1  tan2
2
x
1  tan2
=  4  1  tan 2 x
2
x
dx
   10 tan
 2 2
x
sec 2
=  4 tan 2 x
2
x
 10 tan  4
dx
...(i)
2 2
QUIZRR 101
x 1 2 x
Let z = tan , then dz  sec dx
2 2 2
2dz dz
From (i), I =  4z 2
 10 z  4

 2z2
 5z  2
dz dz
2 z z
1
= 
2 5  2 2 5 25 25
 2 z.   1
  z  1
 2  4 16 16
1 dz
=
2  5 3
2 2
...(ii)
z     
 4 4
5
Let y  z  , then dy = dz
4
1 dy 3
From (ii), I 
2 y 2
a 2
where a 
4
5 3
1 1 y a z 
1
c = . 1 4 4 c
= . log
2 2a y a 2 2. 3 log z  5  3
4 4 4
x
2 tan 1
1 2z  1 1 2
= 3 log 2 z  2  c = 3 log c
   x 
2  tan  2 
 2 
Illustration 56
1
Evaluate  3 sin x  cos x
dx
Solution :
Let 3 = r sin and 1 = r cos. Then
3 
r  32  12  2 and tan  
1

3
1 1
  3 sin x  cos x
dx 
 r sin  sin x  r cos  cos x dx
102 QUIZRR
 x 
  sec(x  )dx  r log tan  4  2  2   C
1 1 1 1
 dx 
r cos  x   r
1   x  1 x  
 log tan      C  log tan     C
2  4 2 6  2  2 12 
Type II
sin x cos x p sin x  q cos x

Integrals of the form  a sin x  b cos x dx ,  a sin x  b cos x dx , or  c sin x  b cos x d x
where a  0, b  0
W or king R ule :
Step ă 1 : Put Numerator = A (dinominator) + B (derivative of denominator.) where a  0, b  0
Step ă 2 : Then equate the coefficients of sinx and cosx to find A and B.
Illustration 57
3 sin x  2 cos x dx
(i)  3 cos x  2 sin x dx (ii)  3  4 cot x
Solution :
3 sin x  2 cos x
(i) I
 3 cos x  2 sin x dx
d 
Let 3 sin x + 2 cos x = A (3 cos x + 2 sin x) + B  [3 cos x  2 sin x 
 dx 
 3 sin x + 2 cos x = A (3 cos x + 2 sin x) + B (ă 3 sin x + 2 cos x)
Comparing the coefficient of sin x and cos x, we get
3 = 2A ă 3B and 2 = 3A + 2B
Solving them, we get
12 5
A= and B = 
13 13
12 5
(3 cos x  2sin x)  ( 3 sin x  2 cos x)
 I =
 13 13
3 cos x  2 sin x
dx
12 3 cos x  2 sin x  3 sin x  2 cos x

 3 cos x  2 sin x dx  13 
5
= dx
13 3 cos x  2 sin x
QUIZRR 103
12 5 dt
=
13 
1 dx 
13 t 
where t = 3 cos x + 2 sin x
 dt = (ă 3 sin x + 2 cos x) dx
12 5 12 5
= x log t  c  x log 3 cos x  2 sin x  c
13 13 13 13
dx dx sin x dx
(ii) I
 3  4 cot x   3  4 cos x   3 sin x  4 cos x
sin x
 d 
Let sin x = A (3 sin x + 4 cos x) + B  (3 sin x  4 cos x 
 dx 
 sin x = A (3 sin x + 4 cos x) + B (3 cos x ă 4 sin x)
Comparing the coefficients of sin x and cos x, we get
1 = 3A ă 4B and 0 = 4A + 3B
Solving them, we get
3 4
A= ,B
25 25
4
(3 sin x  4 cos x)  (3 cos x  4 sin x)
3
 25
 I = 25
3 sin x  4 cos x
3 sin x  4 cos x 3 cos x  4 sin x

 3 sin x  4 cos x dx  25  3 sin x  4 cos x dx
3 4
= 25
3 4 dt
25
= 1 dx 
25 t 
where t = 3 sin x + 4 cos x
 dt = (ă 3 cos x + 4 sin x) dx
3 4 3 4
I = x log t  c  x log 3 sin x  4 cos x  c
25 25 25 25
Illustration 58
sin x
Evaluate  sin x  cos x
dx [I.I.T. 78]
Solution :
Let sinx = A(sinx ă cosx) + B d.c. of (sinx ă cosx)
or, sinx = A(sinx ă cosx) + B(cosx + sinx)
104 QUIZRR
or, sinx = (A + B)sinx + (B ă A)cosx ...(i)
Equating the coefficients of sinx and cosx, we get
A + B = 1 (i) and B ă A = 0 ...(ii)
1 1
Solving (i) and (ii) we get A  ,B
2 2
1 1
From (i), sin x   sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x
2 2
sin x
Now I =  sin x  cos x dx
1 1
 sin x  cos x   cos x  sin x
=
 2 2
sin x  cos x
dx
sin x  cos x cos x  sin x

 sin x  cos x dx  2  sin x  cos x dx
1 1
=
2
cos x  sin x
 dx  2  sin x  cos x dx
1 1
=
2
x 1
=  log sin x  cos x  c
2 2
[Putting, z = sinx ă cosx, so that dz = (cosx + sinx)dx]
a sin x  b cos x  c
T yp e 3. I nt egr als of t he for m
 p sin x  q cos x  r
Working Rule :
To evaluate this type of integrals, we use the following algorithm
(i) Write Numerator =  (Diff. of denominator) + ø (Denominator) + v
i.e. a sin x + b cos x + c =  (p cosx ă q sinx) + ø (psin x + q cosx + r) + v
(ii) Obtain the values of  and ø by equating the coefficient of sinx and cosx and the constant
terms on both the sides
(iii) Replace numerator in the integrand by  (p cosx ă q sinx) + ø (p sinx + qcosx + r) + v to
obtain
a sin x  b cos x  c
 p sin x  q cos x  r dx
p cos x  q sin x p sin x  q cos x  r
 p sin x  q cos x  r dx    p sin x  q cos x  r  v  p sin x  q cos x  r dx
1
= 
QUIZRR 105
 p sin x  q cos x  r dx
1
=  log p sin x  q cos x  r  x  v
(iv) Evaluate the integral on RHS in step III by using the method discussed earlier.
Illustration 59
3 cos x  2
Evaluate  sin x  2 cos x  3 d x
Solution :
3 cos x  2
I
 sin x  2cos x  3 dx
Let 3 cos x + 2 =  (sinx + 2cosx + 3) + ø (cosx ă 2 sin x) + v
Comparing the coefficients of sinx, cosx and constant term on both sides, we get
 ă 2ø = 0, 2 + ø = 3, 3 + v = 2
6 3 8
  , and v  
5 5 5
  sin x  2 cos x  3     cos x  2sin x  v

 I =  sin x  2cos x  3
cos x  2sin x
  sin x  2 cos x  3 dx  v  sin x  2cos x  3 dx
1
 I =  dx  
 I =  x + ø log |sinx + 2cosx + 3| + vI1, where
 sin x  2cos x  3 dx
1
I1 
2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
Putting sin x  , cos x  , we get
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1
 2 tan x / 2 
2 1  tan 2 x / 2 3
dx
I1 = 
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
1  tan 2 x / 2 sec 2 x / 2
=  2 tan x / 2  2  2 tan 2
x / 2  3(1  tan 2 x / 2)
dx 
 tan 2
x / 2  2 tan x / 2  5
dx
x 1 2 x 2 x
Putting tan  t and sec dx = dt, or sec dx = 2 dt, we get
2 2 2 2
106 QUIZRR
 x 
tan  1 
2dt dt 2 1  t  1  1 
I1 
t 2
 2t  5
2
  t  1 2
 tan 
 22 2  2 
  tan 

2
2


 
 x 
 tan 2  1 
Hence, I =  x + ø log |sinx + 2cosx + 3|+ v tan 1  C
 2 
 
8
Where   6 ,   3 and v  
5 5 5
T yp e 4. I nt egr als of t he for m
1 1 1 1 1
 a sin 2 2
x  b cos x
dx .
 a  b sin 2
x
dx ,
 a  b cos 2
x
dx,
  a sin x  b cos x 2
dx,
 a  b sin 2
x  cos2 x
dx
W or king R ule :
To evaluate this type of integrals we use the following algorithm :
(i) Divide numerator and denominator both by cos2x
(ii) Replace sec2 x, if any, in denominator by 1 + tan2 x
(iii) Put tan x = t so that sec2 x dx = dt
1
This substitution reduces the integral in the form
 at 2
 bt  c
dt
(iv) Evaluate the integral obtained in step III by using the methods discussed earlier.
Illustration 60
dx dx
(i)  3 sin 2
x  8 cos x  1 2 (iv)  3  2 sin 2
x
Solution :
dx
(i) I =  3 sin 2
x  8 cos2 x  1
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x, we get
sec 2 x dx sec2 x dx
I =  3 tan 2
x  8  sec 2 x

 3 tan 2
x  8  tan 2 x  1
QUIZRR 107
sec 2 x dx
=  4 tan 2
x9
Putting tan x = t  sec2 x dx = dt
dt 1 dt 1 dt
I

= 4t
2
9

4 t 2

9

4  3
2
4 t2   
 2
1 1 t 1 2t
tan 1  c  tan 1 c
= 4 3 3 6 3
2 2
1  2 tan x 
tan 1  c
3 
=
6 
dx
(iv) I
 3  2 sin 2
x
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 x, we get
sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx
I =  3 sec 2
x  2 tan 2 x

 3 (tan 2
x  1)  2 tan2 x
dx
sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx
=  3 tan 2
x  3  2 tan 2 x
dx 
 tan 2
x3
dt 1 t 1  tan x 
I =  t   3
2 2

3
tan 1
3
c
3
tan 1 
 3 
c

20 Indefinite Integration Revision Notes Quizrr

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I nt egr at ion, int egr and and int egr al

Indefinite Integral : If d {F( x)}  f ( x) then also d {F( x)  c }  f ( x) where c is an arbitrary

Hence F(x) + c1 is a particular integral of f(x).

T ab le of st and ar d element ar y int egr als

Other trigonometric integrals

 tan x d x  log sec x  c

We will do the proofs of these later.

Some Pr op er t ies of t he I nd efinit e I nt egr al

3. If  f (x) dx  F(x) + C then  f ( x  b) dx  F(x  b)  C

METHOD–I METHOD OF TRANSFORMATION

T yp e 1. I nt egr at ion of Algeb r aic funct ions :

sin 3 x  cos3 x sin3 x cos3 x

 (sin 2x  cos2x)dx   sin 2xdx   cos2xdx

Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Putting the value of c in (i), we get

T yp e 2 : E xp r essing numer at or in t er ms of d enominat or

Now here, only x7 is in numerator, somehow we have to express it in terms of denominator.

Hence from (i), 3 x  5  3 (7 x  9)  8

T yp e I V I nt egr at ion of E xp onent ial Funct ions :

3sin x  sin 3x 3 cos x  cos3 x

(v) tan2x = sec2x ă 1 (vi) cot 2 x  cosec 2 x  1

(b) sin3x = 3sin ă 4 sin3x

 sin xdx  4  sin 3xdx

(c) We know, cos2 x  1  cos 2 x

 (cosec x  cosec x cot x) dx

 cosec xdx  cosec x cot xdx

= ă cot x ă (ă cosec x) + c = ă cot x + cosec x + c.

(a) Evaluate  sin 3 x cos5 xdx

(b) Evaluate  sin x sin2x sin3xdx

 sin x sin 2x sin 3xdx  2  (2sin 2x sin x)sin 3x dx

cos 4 x cos2 x cos6 x

why we did this will become clear in the following steps

why this ? we know cos2 + sin2 = 1

where tan  = a/b   = tană1 a/b

 f (x) dx   f [ (t)] ´ (t) dt ... (2)

The following are some instances of integration by substitution.

M et hod of Sub st it ut ion

You can also remember this by the following method

Let us prove sum standard results using this property.

(a)  tan x dx (b)  cot x d x

  tan x  log sec x  c

  cot x dx  log sin x dx

sec2 x  sec x  tan x

  sec x dx  log|sec x  tan x| c

cosecx (cos ec x  cot x)

cosec 2 x  cosec x cot x

  cosec x dx  log cos ec x  cot x  c

ae x  a be x  a  be x

now f´/f type is evident

= ă a (2 sin x cos x) + b (2 sin x cos x)

if we put f(x) = t, then

Let us take some examples.

Typeă3  f  g ( x ) g´( x)dx

Hence integral reduces to  f (t) dt

see here (1 + x6) can be written as (1 + (x3)2) and we know

which is present in numerator.

now here let x3/2 = t

using standard formula for sină1 t

putting the value of t in the integral

Hence put z = tană1x]

Type 4 : Integration of algebraic functions which are of the form

[Here P( x)  5 x  3 and 2x ă 1 is of the form (ax  b)n ].

Now  (5x  3) 2 x  1dx

W or ked out E xamp les

where   x which is a function of x, therefore, put z  x]

Hence put z = x4 + 1.]

and d.c. of 1 + x3 = 3x2 = 3. second function. Hence put z = 1 + x3]

and d.c. of 1 + ex = second function. Hence put z = 1 + ex]

 sin m x cos n xdx

3sin x  sin 3 x 3cos x  cos 3 x

 sin xdx  sin 4 x sin xdx   (sin 2 x)2 sin xdx

 cos x sin x dx   cos2 x sin x cos xdx

T yp e 7 : I nt egr als of t he for m :

(i) If power of secx is even positive integer, put z = tanx.