Affiliated to VMSB Uttatrakhand Technical University, Dehradun

Laboratory Manual 2022-23

Branch: Subject :Network Analysis

Subject Code:
Electrical Synthesis Lab Semester: 3strd 2022-
(BEEP-304)
Engineering 2023

Faculty:

COURSE FILE: LABORATORY

Network Analysis and Synthesis LAB

BEEP-304
Department of Electrical Engineering
JB Institute of Technology

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 LAB MANUALS
EXPERIMENT NO.1

AIM: Verification of principle of Maximum power transfer and superposition with dc and ac sources.

Equipment required:
1. Digital multimeter.
2. 2 mm patch cords.
3. NV6509A.

Circuit diagram:
Circuit used to study Superposition theorem is shown in Figure on Kit NV6509A.

Theory:
The total current in any part of a linear circuit equals the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each
source separately. The Superposition theorem is an important concept in circuit analysis. It allows you to
determine a voltage across a component or a branch current by calculating the effect of each source
individually, and then algebraically adding each contribution. Superposition may be considered for circuit
analysis when
 There are two or more energy sources.
 The sources are either voltage or current sources.
 The circuit is not too complex.

There are six steps used in applying the Superposition theorem to a circuit.
1. Select one energy source.
2. Remove all other sources by replacing voltage source with a short while retaining any internal source
resistance.
3. Replacing current source with an open while retaining any internal resistances.
4. Connect multimeter between terminals 25 and 29 to measure current flowing through branch CD in
presence of both voltage sources, say it is I.
5. Remove one of the supply (say 6V AC supply) from branch GH by disconnecting patch cords
between terminal 27 and 31.
6. Short the terminal 27 and terminal 31 with the help of patch cord.
7. Measure the value of current flowing through branch CD in presence of single voltage source of 12V
AC supply, say it is I’
8. This time remove other supply (say 12V AC supply) from branch AB by disconnecting patch cords
between terminals 1 and 24, 2 and 28.
9. . Short the terminal 24 with terminal 28 with the help of patch cord.
10. Measure the value of current flowing through branch CD in presence of single voltage source of 6V
AC supply, Say it is I’’.
11. Compare the amount of current flowing in presence of both of the source with the sum of current
flowing in case of individual source. These currents must follow the relation I=I’+I’’
12. Repeat above procedure for other branches.

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 Result: current flowing through branches in case of individual(Yes/No), the sum of sources is
nearly equals to the amount of current flowing through the same branch in case of both of the sources.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Aim: Verification of Thevenin and Norton theorems in ac circuits.

Equipments required:
1. Digital Multimeter
2. 2 mm patch cords
3. NV6509A Kit
Circuit diagram:
Circuit used to study DC Norton’s theorem is shown in Figure on NV6509A Kit.

Theory:
Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin’s Theorem is a very powerful tool for simplifying a linear two-terminal network of fixed resistances and
voltage sources by replacing the network with a single voltage source in series with single resistor. When the
circuit is simplified, the single voltage source is called the Thevenin voltage source (providing Thevenin voltage
(VT)) and VT is equal to the open circuit voltage (VOC) at the terminals (a-b) of the original network. The single
resistor is called the Thevenin resistance (RTH) and is equal to the open circuit voltage (VOC) at the terminals
divided by the short circuit current (ISC) between the terminals of the original network.

Therefore, VTH =
VOC

and
RTH=VOC/ISC

The short circuit current (ISC) is measured by connecting an ampermeter between the
terminals (a-b) of the original network and recording the current reading. The short circuit
current (ISC) is calculated by drawing a short between the terminals of the original network and
calculating the current in the short.
An alternate method of determining the Thevenin resistance (RTH) is by replacing all voltage sources
with a short circuit and all current sources with an open in the original network and determining the
equivalent resistance is equal to the Thevenin resistance (RTH). The strength of the Thevenin theorem
lies in the fact that, although the Thevenin equivalent circuit is not the original circuit, it acts like the
original circuit in terms of the voltage and current at the terminals.

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 Norton’s Theorem

Norton’s Theorem states that any linear two-terminal network of fixed resistances and voltage sources
may be replaced with a single current source in parallel with a single resistor. The single current source
is called the Norton current source (providing Norton current (IN)) and IN is equal to the short circuit
current (ISC) between the terminals of the original network. The single resistor is called the Norton
resistance (RN) and is equal to the Thevenin resistance in the Thevenin equivalent circuit. It is found by
following the same procedure that was used to find Thevenin resistance (RTH).
When a resistance RLoad is connected between the terminals a-b of the original network, the voltage
across the terminals (VAB) will be the same as the voltage across the terminals of the Thevenin
equivalent circuit if the same value resistance (RLoad) is connected across the terminals of Thevenin
equivalent circuit. The same statement can be made for the Norton equivalent circuit.

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 Procedure:
 Measure practical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of given circuit. Connect terminal 13
with +5V supply and terminal 16 with the ground as shown in figure.
 Measure current between terminals 14 and 17, for this, connect probs of multimeter between the
terminals 14 and 17. It is the required value of Norton current IN.
 To measure theoretical value of Norton's equivalent current IN. This is the value of current I
flowing through 475E resistor. Value of I is calculated with the help of basic current laws.
 Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN.

To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent Resistance RN of given circuit, proceed as

follows:

 Disconnect the 2mm patch cord between terminals 13 and supply.

 Connect terminals 13 and terminal 16 so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming
it negligible).
 Measure resistance between terminals 14 and terminal 17 using multimeter.
 It is the required value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RL.
 Measure theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN between terminals 14 and
terminal 17 of the given circuit by using fundamentals of resistance in series and parallel.
 Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN.
 To compare the given circuit with its Norton’s equivalent circuit proceed as follows:
 Connect terminal 13 with +5V supply and terminal 16 with Gnd.
 Set the value of load resistance (RL) of given circuit and load of equivalent circuit same and
equal.
 Connect multimeter between terminals 14 and 15 to measure load current IL flowing through
load resistance of given circuit.
 Connect terminal 22 and terminal 23 and Connect multimeter between terminals 18 and 19 and
examine the value of current. This current is same as IN of the Linear circuit.
 Now we will measure load current (IL) in equivalent circuit. Procedure is as follows:
 Connect terminal 18 and 19 with the help of patch cord. Similarly terminal 22 and 23 are also to
be connected.
 Connect a multimeter between terminals 20 and 21 to measure load current (IL) flowing through
load resistance of Norton’s equivalent circuit.
 Compare load current (IL) flowing through load resistance of linear circuit and load resistance of
equivalent circuit.

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Result:
 Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN = ………….
 Practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN =……………..
 Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN = ……...
 Practical value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN = ………… current is flowing through the load
resistance of(Yes/No), the value of linear circuit and load resistance of equivalent circuit.
In both the cases value of IL will be approximately equal. Hence Norton’s theorem is verified.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Aim: Verification of Telogen’s theorems for two network of the same topology.
Equipment’s required:
1. Digital multimeter
2. 2 mm patch cords

Circuit diagram:
Circuit used to verify AC Reciprocity theorem is shown in Figure on Kit NV6509A.

Theory:
The Reciprocity theorem is applicable only to single-source networks and states the following: The
current I in any branch of a network, due to a single voltage source E anywhere in the network, will
equal the current through the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in
the branch in which the current I was originally measured. The location of the voltage source and the
resulting current may be interchanged without a change in current. In other words, The current in any
branch of a network, due to a single voltage source E anywhere else in the network, will equal the current
through the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in the branch in
which the current I was originally measured.
If Vs = Vs’ then I1’ = I2 Actually exists: (I1’/ Vs’) = (I2/ Vs)

Procedure:
1. Connect 12V AC supply between terminal 24 and terminal 28.
2. Connect terminal 25 with terminal 29 and terminal 26 with terminal 30.
3. Connect multimeter between terminal 27 and 31 to measure current flowing through branch GH in the
Presence of single voltage source 12V AC supply in branch AB.
4. Interchange the position of supply and multimeter i.e., remove 2mm patch cord between terminal 1
and 24, 2 and 28, and multimeter from terminals 27 and 31 and connect 2mm patch cords between
terminals 1 and 27, 2 and 31, 25 and 29, 26 and 30.
5. Connect an multimeter between terminals 24 and 28 to measure current flowing through branch AB in
presence of 12V AC supply in branch GH.
6. Repeat above steps for the measurement of current flowing through any branch in the presence of
voltage source of 6V AC supply in other branch also. Measure the current flow after interchanging
position of supply and multimeter, as done above.
7. Compare the current flowing in first branch, when the source is in second branch, with the current
flow in second branch when the source is in first branch.

Result:  (Yes/No), the current flowing in branch one, when the source is in the second
branch is equal to the current flowing in second branch, when the source and multimeter are
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interchanged.

EXPERIMENT NO-5
AIM:- Determination of Z and Y parameters for a network .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltmeter (0-20)V Digital 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
4 Resistors 2.2k Ω ---------- 1 NO
1k Ω ---------- 1 NO
680 Ω ----------- 1 NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

1. GIVEN CIRCUIT:

PRACTICAL CIRCUITS:
2. When I1 = 0:

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 3. When I2 = 0:

4. When V1 = 0:

5. When V2 = 0:

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 THEORY:
A pair of terminals between which a signal may enter or leave the network is known as port. If a
network has one such type pair of terminals it is known as One-Port Network and that have two such
type of ports is known as Two-Port Network.
If we relate the voltage of one port to the current of the same port, we get driving point admittance. On
the other hand, if we relate the voltage of one port to the current at another port, we get transfer
admittance. Admittance is a general term used to represent either the impedance or the admittance of a
network. We will consider a general two-port network composed of linear, bilateral elements and no
independent sources. The voltage and current at port -1 are V1 and I1 and at port -2 are V2 and I2. The
position of V1 and V2 and the directions of I1 and I2 are customarily selected. Out of four variables
only two are independent. The other two are expressed in terms of the independent variable of network
parameters. The relation between the voltages and currents in terms of Z and Y parameters are as
follows.

V1=Z11 (I1) +Z12 (I2)

V2=Z21 (I1) +Z22 (I2)
I1=Y11 (V1) +Y12 (V2)
I2=Y21 (V1) +Y22 (V2)

Z-PARAMETERS:
𝑍11 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 / I2 =0
𝑍12 = 𝑉1 𝐼2 / I1 =0
𝑍21 = 𝑉2 𝐼1 / I2 =0
𝑍22 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 / I1 =0

Y-PARAMETERS:
𝑌11 = 𝐼1 𝑉1 / 𝑉2 = 0
𝑌12 = 𝐼2 𝑉1 / 𝑉1 = 0
𝑌21 = 𝐼2 𝑉1 / 𝑉2 = 0
𝑌22 = 𝐼2 𝑉2 / 𝑉1 = 0

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open circuit the port – 1 i.e., I1=0, find the values ofV1, I2 and V2.
3. Short circuit the port-1 i.e. V1 =0, find the values of V2, I1and I2.
4. Open circuit the port – 2 i.e., I2=0, find the values of V1, I1 and V2.
5. Short circuit the port-2 i.e. V2 =0, find the values of V1, I1and I2.
6. Find the Z and Y parameters of the given two port network.

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 THEORITICAL VALUES:

V1
Z11 = ⃒ I =0
V2 2

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 PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

RESULT:

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 Experiment No.6
AIM: Determination Of Transmission And Hybrid Parameters Of A Two-Port Network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

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 THEORY: The relation between the voltages and currents of a two port network in terms of ABCD
and h–parameters is given as follows.

ABCD PARAMETERS:

V1=AV2-BI2
I1=CV2-DI2

H-PARAMETERS

V1=h11I1+h12V2
I2=h11I1+h22V2

ABCD PARAMETERS:

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 𝐴 = 𝑉1 𝑉2 / I2 =0
𝐵 = −𝑉1 𝐼2 / 𝑉2 =0
𝐶 = 𝐼1 𝑉2 / I2 =0
𝐷 = −𝐼1 𝐼2 / V2 =0

H-PARAMETERS:

ℎ11 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 / V2 =0
ℎ12 = 𝑉1 𝑉2 / I1 =0
ℎ21 = 𝐼2 𝐼1 / V2 =0
ℎ22 = 𝐼2 𝑉2 / I1 =0

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open circuit the port – 1 i.e., I1=0 find the values ofV1, I2 and V2.
3. Short circuit the port-1 V1 =0 find the values of V2, I1and I2.
4. Open circuit the port – 2 i.e., I2=0 find the values of V1, I1 and V2.
5. Short circuit the port-2 i.e. V2 =0 find the values of V1, I1and I2
6. Find the ABCD and h-parameters of the given two port networks from the above data.

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

RESULT:

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COURSE END SURVEY

Sample Questionnaire

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Verification Details
Date Verified by Remarks, if any

Name Designation

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